外文翻譯---挖掘機開墾森林土壤與修正方案

1、<p><b>　　附錄</b></p><p>　　Reclamation of forest soils with excavator tillage and organic amendments </p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　In early 1994, a r

2、esearch project was initiated to evaluate the success of several techniques aimed at restoring productivity to degraded soils on landings near Vama Vama Creek, 44 km east of Prince George in Central British Columbia. Soi

3、ls were developed from morainal parent materials, the usual surface soil texture was silt loam. Two organic amendments were used in this study, including freshly prepared wood chips and old sawdust. An excavator equipped

4、 with a site preparation rake was used to </p><p>　　Keywords: Forest soil rehabilitation; British Columbia; Soil disturbance; Soil conservation; Soil productivity; Landing and road rehabilitation </p>

5、<p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　Soils on forest landings in central British Columbia are frequently characterized by compaction and nutrient depletion (Carr, 1988a). Degraded soils on landings and other

6、 areas where soils have been disturbed by forest operations often support only meager growth of planted conifers (Arnott et al., 1988). In many cases, soil conditions are so degraded that planting is not attempted on lan

7、dings. </p><p>　　Restoring soil productivity on degraded soils requires that growth-limiting conditions be alleviated (Bulmer, 1998). Tillage is frequently employed to decompact soils and improve soil produc

8、tivity(Andrus and Froehlich, 1983). On coarse-textured soils, tillage alone may provide significant benefits for growth of conifers such as lodgepole pine, although the long-term consequences of soil nutrient depletion m

9、ay be of concern. On fine-textured soils,tillage results have been inconsistent (Carr, 198</p><p>　　Several approaches could be employed to re-establish stable soil structure after tillage of fine-textured s

10、oils. A cover crop of deep rooted grasses and legumes could be established to provide organic matter and enhance biological activity in the root zone,thereby encouraging the development of stable soil aggregates. Another

11、 approach that has been proposed involves the incorporation of organic amendments into the surface soil layer to bring organic and mineral soil materials in contact with eac</p><p>　　This project was develop

12、ed in order to gain more information about methods for restoring productivity to compact and nutrient-poor soils. We evaluated the effect of several combinations of tillage and the addition of organic amendments on soil

13、properties and the establishment and early growth of lodgepole Pine.</p><p>　　2. Materials and methods</p><p>　　2.1. Study sites</p><p>　　The study was carried out on three forest l

14、andings 44 km east of Prince George, in the SBSwk1 biogeoclimatic subzone. Soils were developed from morainal parent materials. The usual surface soil texture was silt loam, but in at least one location, a clay-rich B ho

15、rizon was encountered. Coarse fragment content varied between 15 and 40%. The landings were located on level or gently sloping areas. Prior to treatment, there was little vegetation growth on the Landings.</p><

16、;p>　　2.2. Experimental design</p><p>　　Nine treatments were applied to 5 m6 m plots, as described in Table 1. Two control plots were established on each landing. The two organic amendments used were wood

17、chips produced as part of treatments to reduce ®re hazard on the adjacent cutblock, and well-rotted sawdust from an old sawmill site. These materials are typical of soil amendments that may be available at remote re

18、habilitation sites. The chips had typical particle size of 0.1 m 0.05 m 0.005 m,while the sawdust particles had all dim</p><p>　　2.3. Treatments</p><p>　　Treatments were carried out in the summ

19、er of 1994 using an excavator equipped with a five-tooth site preparation rake. Soils were tilled to a depth of 0.50 m, and organic amendments were subsequently shoveled onto the plots to obtain an even distribution of t

20、he material. Amendments were either left as a mulch or subsequently incorporated into the surface 0.20 m of the soil.</p><p>　　Pine seedlings (PSB 313) were planted at 1 m spacing on all plots. A legume seed

21、 mix was applied in the summer of 1995, but very poor establishment of the legume cover crop occurred due to dry weather.Grass and legume cover has been maintained at a low level throughout the experiment. All plots, inc

22、luding controls, were fertilized in the summer of 1995, using a combination of urea (45-0-0) and a complete NPK fertilizer (18-18-18). Nitrogen was applied at a rate of 225 kg N ha-1, which represents</p><p>

23、;　　2.4. Soil analysis and tree productivity measurements</p><p>　　Composite soil samples were collected in October,1994 from the recently treated plots. Samples were air dried, passed through a 0.002 m sieve

24、, and analyzed at the Pacific Forestry Centre. Soil temperature and moisture were evaluated approximately every two weeks during the summer of 1995 by obtaining three readings with a hand-held thermometer that was insert

25、ed 0.15 m below the mineral soil surface. Tree survival and early growth was monitored after one,two, and three growing seasons. Tree heigh</p><p>　　3. Results and discussion</p><p>　　3.1. Soil

26、properties</p><p>　　Soil temperature results are presented in Fig. 1.Even though no analysis was done on the data, and replication was limited, general conclusions appear to be justified. Daytime soil temper

27、atures tended to be lower for mulch treatments compared to soils without added amendments. Plots where organic amendments</p><p>　　had been tilled into the surface had intermediate soil Temperatures.</p&g

28、t;<p>　　The sawdust had a much lower C : N ratio than the wood chips (Fig. 2), reflecting higher N concentrations for woody materials that have experienced several years of decomposition. P, Ca, Mg and Fe concentr

29、ations also appeared to be slightly higher in the sawdust material (data not shown). Concentrations of other elements did not appear to vary consistently between the sawdust and wood chip amendments. </p><p>

30、;　　C : N ratios of surface mineral soils ranged from16.5 to 72.9. Incorporated sawdust increased the C : N ratio of the ®ne fraction of mineral soils compared to plots without added amendments. Incorporated wood chi

31、ps also resulted in a slight increase in mineral soil C : N, even though the wood chips were generally much larger than 0.002 m. Carbon concentrations of surface mineral soils were affected by several factors,including t

32、he presence of buried wood and other organic materials in the untrea</p><p>　　A 0.05 m layer of wood chips is equivalent to an addition rate of 500 m3 ha-1. The chips had dry bulk density of 152 kg m-3, so t

33、he addition rate is equivalent to 76 000 kg ha-1 of organic matter, or approximately 44 000 kg ha-1 of carbon. Incorporation of wood chips at a rate of 44 000 kg ha-1 of C into the surface 0.20 m of a hypothetical minera

34、l soil with a bulk density of 1200 kg m-3, would increase the C concentration by 1.8%. Only a portion of this C would end up in the ®ne fraction of soi</p><p>　　3.2. Tree survival and early growth</p

35、><p>　　Seedlings on plots with tillage alone produced the most volume over the 3 year period (Fig. 3). Trees growing in plots where sawdust was used as an amendment tended to have more volume after 3 years than

36、 trees growing where wood chips were used as the amendment. Heavy applications of wood chips left as a surface mulch resulted in the lowest volume growth after 3 years. Survival rates were over 90% for all treatments (Fi

37、g. 4). The silty soils were prone to frost heave, and high mortality rates an</p><p>　　water was present, while lower rates were observed for adjacent plots that had received organic amendments.</p>&

38、lt;p>　　Although data on soil moisture content are not presented here, several effects of the treatments on soil moisture status and availability to tree roots could be considered as causing the observed growth respons

39、e. Lower soil moisture contents may result from better drainage from areas with raised surfaces, resulting in warmer soil temperatures and increased aeration of the root zone. During dry periods,increased soil organic ma

40、tter contents of soils treated with sawdust or chip incorporation may </p><p>　　4. Conclusion</p><p>　　After 3 years, trees were growing best in areas that were treated by tillage alone, and tre

41、es growing on areas where old sawdust was used as a soil amendment had more volume than trees growing in areas where wood chips were used as a soil amendment. Control plots with no treatment had intermediate growth. Soil

42、 temperature appears to have a large influence on tree growth rates on these plots. Survival after 3 years was high, indicating that commonly available techniques for landing rehabilitation</p><p>　　Some of

43、the variation in early growth results may relate to differences in initial conditions on the landings.The results also likely reflect the condition of the planting stock shortly after leaving the nursery, along with cond

44、itions at the time of planting. These effects have diminished after 3 years and significant treatment effects were observed. Treatment effects are expected to become even more dramatic in subsequent years as the establis

45、hment effects diminish further.</p><p>　　The old sawdust had chemical (low C : N) and physical (smaller particle size, expected higher water holding capacity) that may be implicated in the improved growth, b

46、ut the data available to date and analyses that have been carried out so far do not allow further interpretation of the cause for the improved growth of trees on the plots treated with sawdust.</p><p>　　Ackn

47、owledgements</p><p>　　Funding for establishment of this project in 1994and 1995 was provided by a grant from Canada's Green Plan to the Canadian Forest Service. Since1996, continued measurements have bee

48、n made possible by the BC Ministry of Forests. Support for this project was also provided by Carrier Lumber. Field assistance during plot installation and for subsequent measurements was provided by Matthew Plotnikoff an

49、d Colin Peters. </p><p>　　References</p><p>　　Andrus, C.W., Froehlich, H.A., 1983. An evaluation of four</p><p>　　implements used to till compacted forest soils in the Pacific</p

50、><p>　　northwest. Res. Bull. 45. For. Res. Lab., Oregon State</p><p>　　University, Corvallis, OR.</p><p>　　Arnott, J.T., Carr, W.W., Waines, A.C., 1988. Establishing forest</p>

51、<p>　　cover on winter landings in the central interior of British</p><p>　　Columbia. For. Chron. 64, 121±126.</p><p>　　Bulmer, C.E., 1998. Soil rehabilitation in British Columbia: a<

52、;/p><p>　　problem analysis. Land Manage. Handbook 44. BC Min. For.,</p><p>　　Victoria, B.C.</p><p>　　Carr, W.W., 1988a. Nutritional and soil compaction aspects of</p><p>　

53、　establishing forest cover on winter landings in the Fort St.</p><p>　　James area.. FRDA Report 047. BC Min. For. and Can. Fore.</p><p>　　Serv., Victoria, BC.</p><p>　　Carr, W.W., 1

54、988b. The rehabilitation of degraded forest soil in</p><p>　　British Columbia: an overview. In: Lousier, J.D., Still, G.W.</p><p>　　(Eds.), Degradation of forested land: forest soils at risk. Pr

55、oc.</p><p>　　10th BC Soil Sci. Workshop, February, 1986. Land Manage.</p><p>　　Rep. No. 56. BC Min. For., Victoria, BC, pp.197±204.</p><p>　　McNabb, D.H., 1994. Tillage of comp

56、acted haul roads and landings</p><p>　　in the boreal forests of Alberta. Canada. For. Ecol. Manage. 66,</p><p><b>　　179±194.</b></p><p>　　Tisdall, J.M., Oades, J.M.

57、, 1982. Organic matter and water stable</p><p>　　aggregates in soils. J. Soil Sci. 33, 141±163. </p><p>　　挖掘機開墾森林土壤與修正方案</p><p>　　BC省的森林,卡拉瑪卡研究站,水庫路3401,弗農(nóng),加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省c7 V1

58、B 2 審核1999年10月6日。</p><p><b>　　摘要：</b></p><p>　　在1994年初發(fā)起的一個研究項目評估成功的幾種技術(shù)，旨在恢復(fù)瓦馬瓦馬溪以東44公里附近中環(huán)不列顛哥倫比亞省喬治王子上岸退化土壤生產(chǎn)力。土壤從材料開發(fā)，通常表面土壤質(zhì)地為粉質(zhì)壤土。兩個有機修訂這項研究中，包括新制的木屑和舊木屑。一臺挖掘機配備整地耙來耕地土壤深度0.50米

59、。隨后添加有機添加物的地塊，要么離開覆蓋或納入0.20米的土壤表面。氮225公斤每公頃的速度被應(yīng)用到這次研究，據(jù)估計500±700公斤公頃的約三分之一，被要求固定應(yīng)用為在木質(zhì)殘留物的分解。挽救措施是處理好了，但3年后，樹木的長勢最好的領(lǐng)域分別用單獨耕作。老鋸末作為一項修正案量比在木片的地方已被用于生長的樹木有更多的樹木生長。沒有治理的對照地塊中間有增長。土壤溫度和化學(xué)性質(zhì)進行了其對經(jīng)濟增長的影響評估。＃2000 愛思唯爾科學(xué)B

60、V保留所有權(quán)利</p><p><b>　　1.介紹：</b></p><p>　　眾多的特點，在不列顛哥倫比亞省中部的森林著陸土壤板結(jié)，養(yǎng)分耗竭（卡爾，1988a）。退化的土壤上和其他地區(qū)的土壤已經(jīng)不妥善的森林經(jīng)營活動往往只支持種植針葉樹（Arnott等人，1988）輕微增長。在許多情況下，土壤條件退化，種植不試圖上岸。</p><p>　　

61、土壤生產(chǎn)力恢復(fù)退化的土壤上生長限制條件得到緩解（布爾默，1998）。經(jīng)常采用松軟土壤耕作，提高土壤的生產(chǎn)力（安德魯斯和弗勒利希，1983）。在粗質(zhì)地的土壤，耕作可提供黑松等針葉樹的增長，雖然土壤養(yǎng)分長期枯竭的后果可能會是關(guān)注的問題。在®NE質(zhì)感土壤，耕作結(jié)果不一致（卡爾，1988B;麥克納布，1994年），部分原因是一個狹窄的范圍內(nèi)可以進行有效的耕作，水分含量，而且還因為穩(wěn)性團聚體需要防止耕作后不久再次出現(xiàn)樹體狀況不佳。穩(wěn)定的

62、土壤團聚形成土壤礦物顆粒時，建立土壤有機質(zhì)（蒂斯和奧德的，1982年）。</p><p>　　有幾種方法可以重新建立穩(wěn)定的土壤后免耕土壤結(jié)構(gòu)。根深蒂固的牧草和豆科植物可以建立覆蓋作物根區(qū)域中提供有機質(zhì)和提高生物活性，從而鼓勵發(fā)展穩(wěn)定的土壤團聚體。已經(jīng)提出的另一種涉及到土壤表層帶來土壤有機和無機材料相互接觸方法，并有可能鼓勵摻入有機物穩(wěn)性團聚體的形成。 </p><

63、;p>　　這個項目是為了獲得更多的信息的方法恢復(fù)緊湊、貧營養(yǎng)的土壤生產(chǎn)力。我們對土壤理化性質(zhì)評估性耕作，并建立和早期生長的黑松添加有機添加物的幾種組合的效果。</p><p><b>　　材料與方法</b></p><p><b>　　2.1研究網(wǎng)站</b></p><p>　　這項研究進行了三個森林著陸喬治王子市以

64、東44公里，在生物地球化學(xué)氣候分區(qū)。土壤開發(fā)的材料。通常的表面土壤質(zhì)地為粉砂壤土，但至少有一個位置，遇到富含粘土的B層。粗碎屑含量介于15％和40％。著陸位于水平或平緩地區(qū)。處理之前，很少有植有生長。</p><p><b>　　2.2實驗設(shè)計</b></p><p>　　9個5米x6米處理應(yīng)用，如表1中所述。兩個控制地上建立每次著陸。兩個有機添加物使用木屑作為處理的

65、一部分減少®相鄰的切口塊重再次危害，以及舊鋸木廠腐爛的木屑。這些材料是典型的土壤改良劑，可能是遠程康復(fù)站點。該模片有典型的顆粒尺寸為0.1mx 0.05米x 0.005米，而木屑顆粒有所有尺寸小于0.003米。</p><p><b>　　2.3治理</b></p><p>　　在1994年的夏天進行治理使用的挖掘機配備一個®VE齒整地耙。土壤耕種

66、的深度0.50米，有機修正隨后鏟到地塊，以獲得均勻分布的材料。修訂要么離開覆蓋或隨后并入0.20米的土壤表面。所有種植松苗（PSB313）的地塊樹苗在1米的間距。豆科植物種子組合被應(yīng)用在1995年的夏天，但是非常貧瘠的土地由豆科植物建立作物覆蓋，由于天氣干燥，在整個實驗草和豆科植物一直維持在一個較低的水平。在1995年的夏天，所有的細節(jié)，包括控制，受精使用尿素（45-0-0）和一個完整的氮磷鉀復(fù)合肥（18-18-18）的組合。適用于氮氣

67、225公斤每公頃，據(jù)估計約占500±700 KGN公頃比例的三分之一，以固定在分解的木質(zhì)殘留物作為補償。該地塊收到50公斤K2O和P2O5每公頃。</p><p>　　2.4土壤分析和樹生產(chǎn)力測量</p><p>　　1994年10月采集復(fù)合土樣，從最近處理的情況。樣品在空氣中干燥后，通過0.002篩，并在起搏®C林業(yè)中心分析了。土壤溫度和濕度在1995年夏天進行了大約

68、每兩個星期與手持式溫度計評估，插入0.15米以下的礦質(zhì)土壤表面獲得三讀通過。一個，兩個，三個生長季節(jié)后，林木成活率和早期生長監(jiān)測。樹高和卡尺，隨著評估確定樹的條件。立木蓄積量被確定為一個圓柱體的體積與基地的樹苗直徑等尺寸，高度等于苗高。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)果與探討</b></p><p><b>　　3.1土壤性質(zhì)</b></p

69、><p>　　土壤溫度的結(jié)果示于圖中。雖然沒有分析1.上的數(shù)據(jù)，和復(fù)制是有限的，一般的結(jié)論是正當(dāng)?shù)?。白天土壤溫度與不加修正的土壤覆蓋相比往往會有較低的治理效果。有機修正耕種的地塊中間土壤溫度。</p><p>　　已經(jīng)歷了數(shù)年的分解，證明鋸末比木片的C：N比率低得多（圖2），木質(zhì)材料表現(xiàn)出了較高的氮濃度。鋸末材料中磷，鈣，鎂，鐵含量也顯得略高（數(shù)據(jù)未示出）。其他元素的濃度并沒有出現(xiàn)變化木屑和木

70、片之間一致。</p><p>　　土壤表面礦質(zhì)C：N比率從16.5到72.9不等。與不加修訂地塊相比加入鋸末增加的C：N比。加入木片也導(dǎo)致礦質(zhì)土壤C：N略有增加，即使木片一般遠大于0.002米的。表面礦質(zhì)土壤的碳含量受多種因素影響，包括對土壤碳濃度的有機添加物的效果的存在下埋木材和其它有機材料在未經(jīng)處理的降解。降解在一個未經(jīng)處理的土壤礦質(zhì)土壤表面，高C濃度可能陰沉木和森林地板材料的存在造成。</p>

71、<p>　　木片是0.05米層相當(dāng)于加入速率500立方米每公頃的。該芯片有干容重152公斤每立方米，所以除率相當(dāng)于76 000公斤每公頃有機物，或約44萬公斤的碳每公頃。加入木屑44 000公斤的每公頃，入面0.20米的一個假設(shè)的礦質(zhì)土壤體積密度為1200公斤每立方米的速度，治理幾年后的土壤中將增加C的濃度為1.8％ ®NE分數(shù)，只有一小部分，這個C會耗盡，但它有望成為土壤碳循環(huán)的一部分，和部分最終將有助于

72、4;NE土有機質(zhì)含量。相比之下，鋸末的摻入會預(yù)計將導(dǎo)致總碳濃度變化相似，但土分數(shù)早晚將出現(xiàn)，因為最初的粒徑比木屑鋸末小得多。正如預(yù)期的那樣，圖2鋸末表面被納入該地塊具有較高的礦質(zhì)土壤表面的有機物質(zhì)水平高于其他處理。其他營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)濃度在表面礦質(zhì)土壤中是可變的，并沒有表現(xiàn)出明顯的治理的趨勢所產(chǎn)生。</p><p>　　3.2樹的生存和早期生長</p><p>　　單獨耕作地塊上幼苗產(chǎn)生量超過3年

73、期（圖3）。樹木生長在木屑被用來作為一個修正的重復(fù)中往往比生長的樹木在3年后的木片被用作修正有更大的體積。離開表面覆蓋的木片應(yīng)用在3年后的最低量增長。所有的治理生存率分別為90％以上（圖4）。粉砂質(zhì)土壤很容易凍脹，在潮濕的地區(qū)滲水高死亡率和幼苗霜凍造成的損害上觀察控制和僅耕種的地塊，而觀察相鄰地塊有機修訂已經(jīng)收到較低的利率。</p><p><b>　　圖一 </b></p&g

74、t;<p>　　對土壤水分含量的數(shù)據(jù)，這里就不介紹了，幾個方面的影響可以被視為導(dǎo)致對土壤水分的狀態(tài)和可用性樹根響應(yīng)生長的處理。土壤水分含量較低，可能從地區(qū)有凸起的表面導(dǎo)致在溫暖的土壤溫度和增加根區(qū)的曝氣更好的排水系統(tǒng)。在干旱期間，增加土壤有機質(zhì)含量與鋸末或芯片摻入土壤處理可提高土壤水分儲留，并為植物提供水分。表面覆蓋物也可以提高保濕性，雖然絕緣覆蓋物表面，可能會導(dǎo)致較低的溫度下。有幾個因素，包括夏季干旱的程度，在某年內(nèi)將確

75、定土壤水分存儲或改變幼苗生長的熱性能變化的益處或不利影響。在一般情況下，只有輕微的夏季水分在SBSwk1。</p><p><b>　　圖二</b></p><p><b>　　圖四</b></p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　三年后，樹木的長勢最好的

76、治理領(lǐng)域，單獨耕作，樹木生長的地方老鋸末被用作土壤改良劑有更多的劑量比在木屑被用作土壤改良劑的地方樹木生長。沒有治理的對照地塊中間有增長。土壤溫度出現(xiàn)在這些地塊上對樹木生長率有很大的影響。三年后存活率高，早期生長的針葉樹苗適合的狀態(tài)，表明常用的技術(shù)著陸康復(fù)可以恢復(fù)土壤條件。</p><p>　　在早期生長的結(jié)果中的變化中的某些的可能涉及到同上的地方.在初始條件有區(qū)別的搜尋結(jié)果，也很可能在離開的兒童起居室中，沿與上

77、面的時間條件種植下后，短期內(nèi)反映的種植條件。這些影響已經(jīng)減少3年后不能觀察療效。預(yù)計在隨后的幾年中變得更為顯著地治理效果，效果更進一步。</p><p>　　老鋸末有化學(xué)（低C：N）和物理（粒徑較小，預(yù)計較高的持水能力）可能會牽連改進增長，是已開展至今的日期和分析的數(shù)據(jù)不允許進一步改善樹木生長鋸末治理地塊的原因解釋。</p><p><b>　　致謝：</b><