外文翻譯---旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力羅馬尼亞的案例（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　2450單詞，13500英文字符，4500漢字</p><p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）</b></p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　題 目： 旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力：</p><p><b>　　羅馬尼亞的案例 </b

2、></p><p>　　系部名稱： 經(jīng)濟(jì)管理系 專業(yè)班級(jí)： </p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名： xxx 學(xué) 號(hào)： </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： xxx 教師職稱： 副教授 </p><p>　　201

3、年 月 日</p><p>　　The International Competitiveness of Trade in Tourism Services: </p><p>　　Evidence from Romania</p><p>　　Ana Bobirca ，Cristiana Cristureanu </p><p>

4、　　——Advances in Tourism Economics 2009, Part 3, 189-192, </p><p>　　Abstract: Tourism is the only service activities that can provide trade opportunities for any level of development of the country. However,

5、 it is also a large extent because of the country's capacity and performance in the global economy and also has a clear benefit to the uneven distribution of industry, which they need to improve their competitiveness

6、.</p><p>　　Since the early 1990s, Romania's tourism industry has experienced significant changes in export volume, growth rate and structure. These fluctuations affect the relative competitive position o

7、f Romania in the international tourism market and cause changes in the balance of its tourism trade. At the same time, new and more jumbled the European construction, caused a significant change in the regional tourism c

8、ompetitiveness in Romania.</p><p>　　In this context, this paper attempts to propose a framework to focus on the relationship between competitiveness and tourism trade performance, and to assess the internati

9、onal competitiveness of the tourist trade in services in Romania.</p><p>　　The international competitiveness of international tourism</p><p>　　The concept of international competitiveness, altho

10、ugh controversial, elusive, but has now been recognized, and all over the world continue to attract the attention of scholars and policy makers.</p><p>　　So far, have been taken to improve the international

11、competitiveness of measures have been considered at the economic level (Jiarui Li, 2003) usually refers to a country's production of goods and services to meet the test of international markets, while maintaining and

12、 to increase the ability of the citizen's income (European Commission, 2007).</p><p>　　Competitiveness ultimately depends on a country's business success in domestic and international markets, the co

13、mpetitive attention focused on enterprise-level competitiveness (Porter, 1990), for this generally understood to refer to "... the company to maintain and better, to expand its global market share to increase and th

14、e ability to expand profit "(Clark and cover, 1998, the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, 1993).</p><p>　　Therefore, although the widespread international competitiveness as with the

15、 theoretical basis of the national economy and international trade have been less in the academic literature. Therefore, the nature of a country's international competitiveness, efficiency and limitations are still u

16、nclear (Cole Dwyer, 2000, Krugman, 1994, 1996). International competitiveness, consolidate and maintain trade advantage trade advantage relative to the rest of the world refers to a country's trade in goods a</p&g

17、t;<p>　　Whenever a country's economic welfare through increased trade flows, or through the from initial equilibrium terms of trade change and increase international competitiveness will be improved the (Cole

18、Dwyer, 2000). Therefore, the international competitiveness of the definition for an economy to attract its export demand and investment supply demand capabilities and the ability to enhance the living standards of citize

19、ns in all social norms. This in turn depends on the macro-and micro-economic po</p><p>　　A review of the literature and empirical evidence available to support international competitiveness can be explained

20、to a certain extent, this view of a country's ability to export (Lok and Wolff, 1993, Ge Boge, etc.). There is, in fact, is a circular relationship between export performance and international competitiveness. Export

21、s is a measure of international competitiveness. The improvement in exports will lead to enhance the competitiveness of a country. This effect is the skills, knowledg</p><p>　　Competitive, however, should no

22、t be only equivalent to a country's ability to export. Where the evolution of the share of the export market is also an important element of the trade competitiveness, while the latter is only part of a country's

23、 competitiveness is defined as the Lisbon Declaration by the European through the provision of more and higher quality of employment, to improve and enhance the standard of living in and greater social cohesion. The worl

24、d market share of the gain or loss of</p><p>　　2. Overview of the international trade in tourism services in Romania</p><p>　　Travel and tourism in Romania in the early years of economic transit

25、ion period after the negative results, showing a positive return, and the next decade of growth outlook is much stronger than the EU.The Romanian tourism's contribution to GDP was 4.8%, 174 tourism-intensive countrie

26、s in the world, ranked 162. However, the prospects for the growth of the tourism sector in Romania in the regional and world ranking better than its neighbors and competitors in the next 10 years, the contribution to<

27、/p><p>　　Romania travel and tourism's contribution to GDP in 2006 was 1.9%, will rise to 2.5% in 2016, in the EU, the travel and tourism's contribution to GDP in 2006 was 3.9% (World Travel and Touri Gl

28、obal travel and tourism industry employment accounted for 8.7% of global employment, Romania's travel and tourism industry employment in 2006 is estimated at 485,000 people, or 5.8% of total employment, or 17.4 parts

29、 have a tourism job. Compared employment, 4.2% of total employment in Europe (860), 3.1% of</p><p>　　The vast majority of international tourists in Romania from Europe. Since 2000, about 95% of the visitors

30、to this area every year. In addition to these, more and more - 75% based on 2004 data - to tourists from five countries bordering with Romania: Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro.</p><p

31、>　　3. The evaluation of tourism service trade competitiveness research methods</p><p>　　As tourism service trade and international competitiveness assessment methods, the basic approach is taken in this s

32、tudy based on one to improve the competitiveness of the tourism economy is able to improve the economic basis of the idea of the scale of certain travel services exports. Similarly, the decline in the competitiveness of

33、the economy, a country to increase its scale of travel services imported from other countries. Competitiveness of countries (or departments), large or small display</p><p>　　In addition, a country in the pro

34、cess of insertion in the international economy is not only related to the progress of its exports, but also related to the behavior and actions of other competitors. The model is adapted from the de la Guardia, Moleiro,

35、and Guevara Fernandez (de la Guardia, etc., 2004) introduced the dynamic nature of the market, and through their implementation of the ex-post evaluation of service competitiveness by providing a level of competitiveness

36、 in international trade and</p><p>　　Commercial advantage through the evolution of tourism exports show - this reflects the improvement of the competitiveness and reform through tourism imports, reflecting t

37、he deteriorating commercial advantage.</p><p>　　Based on the above, changes in international tourism service trade competitiveness is measured by analyzing the different variables:</p><p>　　The

38、first variable is the market share or to participate in the market, and measuring the market share of a country or the country's tourism sector;</p><p>　　The second variable is the analysis of the countr

39、y's export structure. This variable reflects the relative weight of the tourism sector in the country's total exports;</p><p>　　Finally, through the import structure of the market, the tourism sector

40、 is the driving force in the import market analysis can determine.</p><p>　　The combination of these two variables, the tourism industry as a service export sector as operative, missed opportunities, decline

41、 and retreat, equivalent to the previously mentioned significance.</p><p>　　4. The research results</p><p>　　4.1 Indicators</p><p>　　The evolution of the market share that the pen

42、etrating power of tourism as a service export sector of each country in the international economy.</p><p>　　The data shows that, during the analysis, the EU-25 economies is a major travel service provider in

43、 the world, because their overall accounted for 45% of the world tourism exports provide.</p><p>　　From the point of view of the individual countries, the quota increase of travel services in the world marke

44、t economy, according to the orderly, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg.</p><p>　　During the analysis, the majority of countries in the process they enter the currency through the exp

45、ort of tourism services slight loss. Reflects this trend, countries are Poland, Estonia, Germany, the United Kingdom.</p><p>　　4.2 The tourism competitiveness matrix</p><p>　　Because it has been

46、 shown that a national tourism service competitiveness assessment procedures, including the first simultaneous analysis of the market share held by a country on the export of tourism services tourism service trade (expor

47、ts) and the whole world changes.</p><p>　　The results of this analysis are reflected in Table 12.2, which has decided to countries based on these criteria detection.</p><p>　　Second tourism comp

48、etitive evaluation process including the simultaneous analysis of the behavior of the export structure of the economy as a whole and the national trade structure changes, especially in the tourism trade in services (see

49、Table 12.3).</p><p>　　The third and most complex tourism competitiveness evaluation process including the simultaneous analysis of the path of the commercial specialization behavior of its economy and the in

50、ternational trade performance (see Table 12.4).</p><p>　　In turn, the degree of specialization and international trade of a country's commercial development in the same direction or the opposite directio

51、n. Therefore, the tourism industry as a country's export sector specialization can win or lose weight, and at the same time, expand or reduce the scale of travel services in international trade.</p><p>　

52、　5. The Conclusion: Romania in the European tourism market competitive position</p><p>　　When the import growth of world tourism (20%), the EU's 25 countries are losing market share (market share growth

53、rate of -0.68%), Romania is also (-4.65% market share growth rate). Romania serious decline in market share in the EU-25 market (-20.86% market share growth), which compared to the world is a fact, despite the European t

54、ourism growth in imports, but Romania urban market share in the world market. faster than the speed of losing market share in the European market. It is worth mention</p><p>　　In fact, tourism services in Ro

55、mania is losing market share, is strengthening and improvement of international tourism services, which allow it to miss the opportunities classification.</p><p>　　The contribution of tourism to world servic

56、es imports growth (2.31%), but reduced its contribution to the EU-25 exports (0.38%). In Romania, the decrease in the contribution of tourism to export more (6.14%). As for the 25 EU countries, they travel services impor

57、ts contribution rate of 0.98% (lower than the world level), travel services more severe reduction in the contribution of exports to Romania (27.85%). This indicates that Romania from being reduced travel to the EU-25 exp

58、orts and reduce t</p><p>　　This result is not the same, because if Romania an important foreign exchange earnings from international the early partial expansion or contraction, that derive the result is not

59、the same.</p><p>　　The loss of the tourism sector, in Romania's export structure reflects the smaller currency entering through these exports, thus affecting the economy's external balance, therefore

60、, the possibility of its economic future growth.</p><p>　　Therefore, this integrated approach led to the conclusion that the the Romania international tourism trade in services, both in the 25 countries of t

61、he European Union (a greater extent) or the world is experiencing a decline in market share, in the context of the expansion of international trade in tourism services contribution of exports and the degree of specializa

62、tion.</p><p>　　Macroeconomic impact from a country to reduce the quota remains in the world market, or the structure of its exports to modify or reduce the degree of specialization is different depending on

63、the international economic departments of their own behavior and this change.</p><p>　　On the macroeconomic side, from the front of the travel services exports to contact and after Lenovo is different, depen

64、ding on their structure and quality. In other words, the impact on the economy is very different depending on the structure of tourism services exports. Apply to this paper for the study of international competitiveness

65、of the tourism services, the lack of competitive research, at least from a statistical stance, it seems that is not specific enough or executive power is not en</p><p>　　Despite the efforts made by the inter

66、national agencies in order to tourism services sector is just progress than usually provide more extended family and with accurate statistics are necessary. Travel services, lack of information is particularly serious. S

67、hortcomings in this regard so that any studies are difficult, because the department has a pivotal position in the department. More details in this regard are avoided in this reason, in the current paper.</p><

68、p>　　We build a first necessary to contribute to the assessment of the tourism sector in Romania deeper and more complex steps, aimed at improving the competitiveness of the industry and help design a policy map.</p

69、><p>　　Become a full member of the EU to overcome the existing weaknesses of the Romanian tourism service trade competitiveness may have a positive effect. The last couple of years to repeat the above analysis

70、may better reveals the consequences of tourism service trade competitiveness in the EU member.</p><p>　　旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力：羅馬尼亞的案例</p><p>　　安娜 ﹒博比爾克，克瑞斯緹娜﹒克瑞斯瑞圖</p><p>　　——2009年旅游經(jīng)濟(jì)的進(jìn)步，第三

71、部分，第189-192頁(yè)</p><p><b>　　摘 要</b></p><p>　　旅游業(yè)是唯一的可以為任何發(fā)展水平的國(guó)家提供貿(mào)易機(jī)會(huì)的服務(wù)活動(dòng)。然而，它也是一個(gè)很大程度因?yàn)閲?guó)家的能力和在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中的表現(xiàn)而又有明確的利益分配不均行業(yè)，而這又需要提高自己的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。</p><p>　　自20世紀(jì)90年代初，羅馬尼亞旅游業(yè)經(jīng)歷了出口量，生長(zhǎng)

72、速率和結(jié)構(gòu)的重大變化。這些不同的波動(dòng)都影響了羅馬尼亞在國(guó)際旅游市場(chǎng)上相對(duì)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地位并引起了其旅游貿(mào)易平衡的變化。同時(shí)，新的和更多的錯(cuò)雜的歐式建筑，引起了羅馬尼亞的區(qū)域旅游競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的顯著變化。</p><p>　　在此背景下，本文試圖提出一個(gè)框架，以競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和旅游貿(mào)易表現(xiàn)之間的關(guān)系為重點(diǎn)，來(lái)評(píng)估羅馬尼亞的旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。</p><p>　　1、國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力視角：國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力之與國(guó)際旅游業(yè)

73、的相關(guān)性</p><p>　　國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的概念，盡管有爭(zhēng)議，難以捉摸，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)得到認(rèn)可，并繼續(xù)吸引世界各地的學(xué)者和決策者的關(guān)注。</p><p>　　到目前為止，為提高國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力已采取措施，都被認(rèn)為是在經(jīng)濟(jì)層面進(jìn)行的(加瑞利，2003)通常是指一個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù)，以滿足國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的考驗(yàn)，并同時(shí)保持和增加公民的收入的能力(歐洲委員會(huì)，2007)。</p><p>

74、;　　由于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力最終取決于一國(guó)企業(yè)在國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際的市場(chǎng)成功，所以對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的注意力都集中在企業(yè)層面的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力上(波特，1990)，對(duì)于此的普遍理解是指“……該公司保持，并更好的是，擴(kuò)大其全球市場(chǎng)份額，增加和擴(kuò)大利潤(rùn)的能力” (克拉克和蓋，1998, 經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織，1993)。</p><p>　　因此，雖然廣泛流傳但是國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力作為與國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)和其國(guó)際貿(mào)易相關(guān)的理論基礎(chǔ)已經(jīng)不太在學(xué)術(shù)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行分析。因此，一個(gè)國(guó)家國(guó)際

75、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的性質(zhì)，效益和局限性仍然含糊不清(科爾德威爾，2000,克魯格曼，1994, 1996)。</p><p>　　國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，是指一個(gè)國(guó)家在貨物和服務(wù)貿(mào)易方面鞏固和保持貿(mào)易優(yōu)勢(shì)相對(duì)于世界其他地區(qū)的貿(mào)易優(yōu)勢(shì)。</p><p>　　每當(dāng)一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)福利通過(guò)貿(mào)易流量的增加，或通過(guò)從初始平衡狀態(tài)的貿(mào)易條件的改變而增加，他的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力都會(huì)得到提高(科爾德威爾，2000)。</p>

76、<p>　　貿(mào)易理論表示，經(jīng)濟(jì)福利依賴于一個(gè)國(guó)家有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的貨物和服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)。這實(shí)際上意味著當(dāng)生產(chǎn)符合一國(guó)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的情況時(shí)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力能得到保障。如果一國(guó)能在國(guó)際上表現(xiàn)良好并在出口市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)成功，這可能就是他們健全的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的標(biāo)志。</p><p>　　因此，在國(guó)際上，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力定義為一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體能夠吸引其出口需求和投資供給需求的能力和在所有社會(huì)規(guī)范內(nèi)提升公民生活水平的能力。這反過(guò)來(lái)又取決于宏觀和微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政

77、策，影響生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)率要素和經(jīng)營(yíng)成本的法規(guī)和制度。</p><p>　　一個(gè)可用的文獻(xiàn)回顧和實(shí)證證據(jù)支持國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力可以解釋為在一定程度上，一個(gè)國(guó)家的出口能力這一觀點(diǎn)(道樂(lè)和沃爾夫，1993, 格博格等. 2004)。還有就是，事實(shí)上，是出口表現(xiàn)和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力之間的循環(huán)關(guān)系。出口是國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的第一衡量指標(biāo)。出口情況的改善會(huì)導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)國(guó)家的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力提升。這種效果是一個(gè)企業(yè)的技能，知識(shí)，創(chuàng)新和運(yùn)用新技術(shù)并能夠在一個(gè)成功的

78、商業(yè)方式中利用技術(shù)機(jī)會(huì)等的結(jié)果。</p><p>　　另一方面，為了在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的全球市場(chǎng)努力成功實(shí)現(xiàn)出口，一個(gè)國(guó)家被迫提高競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的國(guó)家，它的經(jīng)濟(jì)更強(qiáng)大。因此，它更有能力在全球市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，以吸引具有較高的知識(shí)，技能，水平人們?nèi)ベ?gòu)買新技術(shù)等，并改善其出口業(yè)績(jī)，以及達(dá)到更好的出口業(yè)績(jī)。反過(guò)來(lái)，這可能有利于更多的創(chuàng)新，引起其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的提高。</p><p>　　因此，出口業(yè)績(jī)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不應(yīng)該

79、被視為孤立的，因?yàn)樗鼈兪窍嗷ヒ来娴摹?lt;/p><p>　　然而，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不應(yīng)該只等同于一個(gè)國(guó)家的出口能力。其中，出口市場(chǎng)份額的演變也是貿(mào)易競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的重要元素, 而后者僅僅是一個(gè)國(guó)家的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力組成部分由歐洲里斯本宣言定義為通過(guò)提供更多和更高質(zhì)量的就業(yè)，改善和提高其居住生活水平和產(chǎn)生更大的社會(huì)凝聚力。個(gè)別國(guó)家收益或損失的世界市場(chǎng)份額往往被視為他們的貿(mào)易競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力指數(shù)。然而，市場(chǎng)份額的增長(zhǎng)也取決于結(jié)構(gòu)性因素。由于需求的變化，在一

80、個(gè)時(shí)期的開(kāi)始一個(gè)國(guó)家的地域和行業(yè)專業(yè)化的一個(gè)重要因素是塑造未來(lái)的市場(chǎng)份額的增長(zhǎng)。同樣，國(guó)家適應(yīng)這種出口變化的能力，也會(huì)影響最終結(jié)果。</p><p>　　2、羅馬尼亞國(guó)際旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易的概述</p><p>　　目前，羅馬尼亞的旅行和旅游業(yè)在早年經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期的負(fù)的成績(jī)之后，顯示了正回報(bào)，并且未來(lái)十年的增長(zhǎng)前景樂(lè)觀，遠(yuǎn)強(qiáng)于歐盟。</p><p>　　羅馬尼亞的旅游業(yè)對(duì)G

81、DP的貢獻(xiàn)率為4.8%，在174個(gè)旅游密集的國(guó)家地區(qū)中以及世界上，排第162名。然而，羅馬尼亞旅游部門的增長(zhǎng)前景在區(qū)域和世界上的排名比其鄰國(guó)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手更好，即在未來(lái)10年里對(duì)GDP的貢獻(xiàn)率為6.7%和排名為12（世界旅行和旅游發(fā)展委員會(huì)，2007）。</p><p>　　羅馬尼亞的旅行和旅游業(yè)在2006年對(duì)GDP的貢獻(xiàn)率為1.9%，2016年將上升到2.5%，而在歐盟，2006年旅行和旅游業(yè)對(duì)GDP的貢獻(xiàn)率為3.

82、9%（世界旅行及旅游發(fā)展委員會(huì)，2007）。</p><p>　　全球旅行和旅游業(yè)就業(yè)人數(shù)占全球就業(yè)人數(shù)的8.7%，2006年羅馬尼亞的旅行和旅游業(yè)就業(yè)估計(jì)為485000人，占總就業(yè)人數(shù)的5.8%，或每17.4份工作中有一份是旅游方面工作。相比歐洲4.2%的就業(yè)總?cè)藬?shù)（860個(gè)就業(yè)人數(shù)），當(dāng)前265000份旅行和旅游業(yè)工作占總就業(yè)的3.1%（世界旅行和旅游發(fā)展委員會(huì)，2007）。</p><p

83、>　　在羅馬尼亞國(guó)際游客絕大多數(shù)都來(lái)自歐洲。自2000年，約有95％的游客每年都是這個(gè)區(qū)域內(nèi)的。除了這些，越來(lái)越多—75%根據(jù)2004年的數(shù)據(jù)—是從與羅馬尼亞接壤的五國(guó)來(lái)的游客：烏克蘭，摩爾多瓦，保加利亞，匈牙利，塞爾維亞和黑山。</p><p>　　3、評(píng)價(jià)旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的方法</p><p>　　作為旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的具體評(píng)估方法，在這項(xiàng)研究中采取的基本方法是建立在一個(gè)

84、改善旅游競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的經(jīng)濟(jì)是一個(gè)能夠提高其一定旅游服務(wù)出口規(guī)模的經(jīng)濟(jì)這個(gè)想法基礎(chǔ)上的。同樣，經(jīng)濟(jì)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力下降，是一個(gè)國(guó)家提高其來(lái)自其他國(guó)家的旅游服務(wù)進(jìn)口規(guī)模。一個(gè)國(guó)家（或部門）或大或小的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力顯示了該國(guó)參與的性質(zhì)和程度—通過(guò)其出口—進(jìn)行的進(jìn)口市場(chǎng)分析，即一個(gè)國(guó)家利用其它國(guó)家從本國(guó)增加進(jìn)口的方法來(lái)提高其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力（曼德，1991）。</p><p>　　此外，一個(gè)國(guó)家在插入國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)的過(guò)程中不僅關(guān)系到其出口的進(jìn)展，還關(guān)系到其他

85、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的行為和行動(dòng)。該模型是改編自德拉瓜迪亞，莫萊羅，和瓦拉德斯（德拉瓜迪亞等，2004）介紹的市場(chǎng)的動(dòng)態(tài)性質(zhì)，并通過(guò)他們工作實(shí)施事后評(píng)估服務(wù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，通過(guò)提供一個(gè)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力水平和專業(yè)化程度生產(chǎn)中的變化作為描述性的參考。</p><p>　　商業(yè)優(yōu)勢(shì)通過(guò)旅游出口的演變顯露—這反映競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的改善，并通過(guò)旅游進(jìn)口的改革，反映了日益惡化的商業(yè)優(yōu)勢(shì)。</p><p>　　基于上述，國(guó)際旅游

86、服務(wù)貿(mào)易競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力變化通過(guò)分析不同變量進(jìn)行測(cè)量：</p><p>　　第一個(gè)變量是市場(chǎng)份額或在市場(chǎng)參與，和測(cè)量一個(gè)國(guó)家或該國(guó)旅游部門提供的市場(chǎng)份額；</p><p>　　第二個(gè)變量是所分析國(guó)家的出口結(jié)構(gòu)。這變量反映了旅游部門在該國(guó)出口總額中的相對(duì)重量；</p><p>　　最后，通過(guò)市場(chǎng)的進(jìn)口結(jié)構(gòu)，旅游部門在所分析的進(jìn)口市場(chǎng)的推動(dòng)力程度就可以確定了。我們定義這種旅游服務(wù)

87、的格局為這種經(jīng)濟(jì)撤退活動(dòng)，除了會(huì)失去市場(chǎng)份額，其在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的影響力也會(huì)下降。</p><p>　　結(jié)合這兩個(gè)變量，旅游業(yè)作為服務(wù)出口部門可以列為執(zhí)行、錯(cuò)過(guò)機(jī)遇，下降和撤退，等價(jià)于之前提到的意義。</p><p><b>　　4.、研究結(jié)果</b></p><p><b>　　4.1指標(biāo)</b></p>&l

88、t;p>　　市場(chǎng)份額的演變表明了旅游業(yè)作為國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)中每個(gè)國(guó)家的服務(wù)出口部門的穿透能力。</p><p>　　數(shù)據(jù)顯示，在分析期間，歐盟25國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)體屬于世界主要的旅游服務(wù)提供商，因?yàn)樗麄冋w在世界旅游出口提供中占45%。</p><p>　　總之，由這些國(guó)家組成的這個(gè)團(tuán)體稍微減少了旅游服務(wù)的全球配額的持有比例（-0.68%的增長(zhǎng)率）。</p><p>　　從個(gè)別

89、國(guó)家的角度來(lái)看，在世界市場(chǎng)上其旅游服務(wù)配額增加的經(jīng)濟(jì)體，按秩序來(lái)是波蘭、愛(ài)沙尼亞、立陶宛、英國(guó)、盧森堡。</p><p>　　在分析期間，大多數(shù)國(guó)家在他們通過(guò)旅游服務(wù)出口進(jìn)行貨幣進(jìn)入過(guò)程中有輕微的損失。反映出這種趨勢(shì)的國(guó)家是波蘭、愛(ài)沙尼亞、德國(guó)、英國(guó)。</p><p>　　4.2旅游競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力矩陣</p><p>　　因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)表明，一個(gè)國(guó)家的旅游服務(wù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的第一次評(píng)估

90、程序包括同步分析一個(gè)國(guó)家持有的關(guān)于旅游服務(wù)出口的市場(chǎng)份額和整個(gè)世界旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易（出口）發(fā)生的變化。</p><p>　　分析的結(jié)果反映在表12.2，其中國(guó)家根據(jù)這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢測(cè)已經(jīng)決定了。</p><p>　　第二個(gè)旅游競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力評(píng)估過(guò)程包括同步分析整體經(jīng)濟(jì)出口結(jié)構(gòu)的行為和國(guó)家貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生的變化，尤其是旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易（見(jiàn)表12.3）。</p><p>　　第三個(gè)也是最復(fù)雜的旅

91、游競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力評(píng)估過(guò)程包括同步分析其經(jīng)濟(jì)的商業(yè)專業(yè)化行為和整個(gè)國(guó)際貿(mào)易所表現(xiàn)的路徑（見(jiàn)表12.4）。</p><p>　　反過(guò)來(lái)，一個(gè)國(guó)家的商業(yè)專業(yè)化程度和國(guó)際貿(mào)易在同方向或反方向發(fā)展。因此，旅游業(yè)作為一個(gè)國(guó)家的出口部門在專業(yè)化分工中可以贏得或失去重量，同時(shí)，旅游服務(wù)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的規(guī)?？梢詳U(kuò)大或減少。</p><p>　　5、結(jié)束語(yǔ)：羅馬尼亞在歐洲旅游市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地位</p>&l

92、t;p>　　當(dāng)世界旅游業(yè)的進(jìn)口增長(zhǎng)時(shí)（20%），歐盟25個(gè)國(guó)家正失去市場(chǎng)份額（-0.68%的市場(chǎng)份額增長(zhǎng)率），羅馬尼亞也是（-4.65%市場(chǎng)份額增長(zhǎng)率）。羅馬尼亞在歐盟25國(guó)市場(chǎng)上市場(chǎng)份額的嚴(yán)重下降（-20.86%的市場(chǎng)份額增長(zhǎng)率），這相比于世界說(shuō)明了一個(gè)事實(shí)，盡管歐洲旅游進(jìn)口增長(zhǎng)了，但羅馬尼亞在世界市場(chǎng)市區(qū)市場(chǎng)份額的速度快于在歐洲市場(chǎng)失去市場(chǎng)份額的速度。值得一提的是，這種新增長(zhǎng)比世界旅游進(jìn)口的增長(zhǎng)緩慢（6.12%相比20%）。這

93、可能意味著，雖然來(lái)自歐盟25國(guó)的游客數(shù)量比來(lái)自世界其他地區(qū)的游客數(shù)量要高，但是收入結(jié)構(gòu)卻不同。</p><p>　　事實(shí)上，羅馬尼亞的旅游服務(wù)正在失去市場(chǎng)份額，而國(guó)際旅游服務(wù)的提高正在加強(qiáng)，這允許其錯(cuò)過(guò)分類的機(jī)遇。</p><p>　　盡管旅游業(yè)對(duì)世界服務(wù)進(jìn)口的貢獻(xiàn)增長(zhǎng)了（2.31%），但是其對(duì)歐盟25國(guó)服務(wù)出口的貢獻(xiàn)減少了（0.38%）。在羅馬尼亞，旅游業(yè)對(duì)出口的貢獻(xiàn)減少的更多（6.14

94、%）。至于歐盟25個(gè)國(guó)家，他們的旅游服務(wù)對(duì)進(jìn)口貢獻(xiàn)率為0.98%（比世界水平低），而旅游服務(wù)對(duì)羅馬尼亞出口貢獻(xiàn)的減少更為嚴(yán)重（27.85%）。這表明羅馬尼亞來(lái)自向歐盟25國(guó)的旅游出口正在減少，并且比向世界的旅游出口減少的更多，在這個(gè)背景下旅游服務(wù)的市場(chǎng)份額正在增加。</p><p>　　這導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果是不一樣的，因?yàn)槿绻_馬尼亞的一個(gè)來(lái)自國(guó)際活動(dòng)的重要外匯收入部分早擴(kuò)張或收縮，那推導(dǎo)出的結(jié)果不一樣的。</p&

95、gt;<p>　　旅游部門的虧損，在羅馬尼亞的出口結(jié)構(gòu)中反映出較小的貨幣通過(guò)這些出口進(jìn)入，從而影響了經(jīng)濟(jì)的外部平衡，因此，其經(jīng)濟(jì)未來(lái)的可能性是增長(zhǎng)。</p><p>　　因此，這種綜合方法導(dǎo)致的結(jié)論是羅馬尼亞國(guó)際旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易，無(wú)論是在歐盟25個(gè)國(guó)家（一個(gè)更大的程度上）還是世界上正在經(jīng)歷市場(chǎng)份額的下跌，在國(guó)際旅游服務(wù)貿(mào)易擴(kuò)大的背景下，對(duì)出口和專業(yè)化程度都有貢獻(xiàn)。</p><p>

96、;　　宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)影響來(lái)自于一個(gè)國(guó)家減少保持在世界市場(chǎng)上的配額，或者它的出口結(jié)構(gòu)被修改或降低其專業(yè)化程度是不同的取決于國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)自身的行為和發(fā)生這種變化的部門。</p><p>　　在宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)方面，來(lái)自旅游服務(wù)出口的前向聯(lián)系和后向聯(lián)想是不同的，這取決于他們的結(jié)構(gòu)和質(zhì)量。換句話說(shuō)，對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響有很大的不同取決于旅游服務(wù)出口的結(jié)構(gòu)。適用于本文用于研究旅游服務(wù)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的方法，缺少了研究競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的方法，至少?gòu)慕y(tǒng)計(jì)立場(chǎng)上，似乎不夠

97、具體或執(zhí)行力不夠，即服務(wù)的質(zhì)量和結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)分析競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力時(shí)該方法非常的重要，但統(tǒng)計(jì)的方法是復(fù)雜的。盡管國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)為了旅游服務(wù)部門的只是進(jìn)步所作的努力，比通常提供的有更多地?cái)U(kuò)展系列和跟精確的統(tǒng)計(jì)是有必要的。旅游服務(wù)方面的信息缺乏尤其嚴(yán)重。這方面的缺陷讓任何研究都陷入困難，因?yàn)檫@些部門在部門中具有舉足輕重的地位。處于這個(gè)原因，在目前的論文中避免了更多這方面的細(xì)節(jié)。</p><p>　　本文構(gòu)建了第一個(gè)也是有必要的有助于對(duì)羅馬