外文翻譯---氧化溝工藝在水處理中的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展

1、<p><b>　　中文3667字</b></p><p><b>　　附錄一</b></p><p>　　Oxidize the ditch craft in dirty water handle of application and development</p><p>　　Summary: This te

2、xt expatiated primarily the Carrousel oxidizes the construction, craft mechanism of the ditch and circulate the problem exsited in the process with the homologous the method of solution.Finally, introduce the Carrousel o

3、xidize the latest research progress of the ditch and pointed out the future and main research </p><p>　　direction.</p><p>　　Key phrase: The Carrousel oxidizes the ditch divideds by the phosphor

4、takes off the nitrogen construction mechanism</p><p>　　Application and Development of Carrousel Oxidation Ditch Process on Wastewater Treatment </p><p>　　Abstract: The structure and the techniqu

5、es of carrousel oxidation ditch process on nitrogen and phosphor removal are introduced in this paper. The problems </p><p>　　inrunning and their corresponding resolvent are also pointed. At last, The author

6、showed the up to date research improvement and the mainly future research dire-ction. </p><p>　　Key words: Carrousel; oxidation ditch; nitrogen and phosphor removal; structure;techniques</p><p>

7、　　1. Foreword</p><p>　　Oxidize the ditch( oxidation ditch) again a continuous circulation spirit pond(Continuous loop reactor), is a live and dirty mire method a kind of to transform.Oxidizing the dirty wate

8、r in ditch handles the craft be researched to manufacture by the hygiene engineering graduate school of Holland in the 50's of 20 centuries success.Since in 1954 at Dutch throw in the usage for the very first time.Be

9、cause its a water fluid matter good, circulate the stability and manage convenience etc. technique c</p><p>　　Current application than oxidize extensively the ditch type include:The ( Pasveer) oxidizes the d

10、itch, the ( Carrousel) oxidizes the ditch, ( Orbal) oxidizes the ditch, the type of T oxidizes the ditch( three ditch types oxidize the ditch), the type of DE oxidizes the ditch to turn to oxidize the ditch with the int

11、egral whole.These oxidize the ditch because of the difference of esse in construction with circulating, therefore each characteristics[2].This text will introduce construction, mechan</p><p>　　2. The Carrous

12、el oxidizes the construction of the ditch</p><p>　　The Carrousel oxidize the ditch to be researched to manufacture by Dutch DHV company development in 1967.Oxidize the last the company of DHV in foundation o

13、f the ditch in the original Carrousel to permited specially the company EIMCO to invent again with its patent in the United States Carrousel 2000 system, realizes the living creature of the higher request takes off the n

14、itrogen with divided by the function of .There has been in the world up to now more than 850 Carrousels oxidize the ditch wi</p><p>　　The Carrousel oxidizes the ditch the usage the spirit of that definite d

15、irection control with shake up the device, face to mix with the liquid deliver the level speed, from but make drive the liquid of admixture that shake up is in oxidize ditch shut match outlet circulate flow.Therefore oxi

16、dize the ditch have the special hydraulics flows the , current complete mix with the characteristics of the type reactor, have the characteristics that push the flow type reactor again, the ditch inside exs</p>&

17、lt;p>　　compare for 2:1, also have the deep water amount to 7 ms of, ditch inside average speed in water current is 0.3 ms/ s.Oxidize ditch spirit admixture equipments contain surface spirit machine, the spirit of turn

18、 to brush or turn the dish and shoot to flow the spirit machine, pipe type spirit machine with promote take care of type spirit machine etc., match with in recent years usage still contain underwater push machine[4~6].

19、</p><p>　　3. The Carrousel oxidizes the mechanism of the ditch</p><p>　　3.1 The Carrousel oxidizes the ditch handles dirty and aqueous principle</p><p>　　The at the beginning common

20、 Carrousel oxidizes the dirty water in inside in craft of the ditch direct with dirty mire in reflux together enter oxidize the ditch system.The surface spirit machine makes fuse in the liquid of admixture the density of

21、 the oxygen DO increases about 2 the 3 mgs/ L.Under this kind of well the term of the oxygen , the microorganism gets the enough deliquescence oxygen comes and go to divided by the BOD;At the same time, the ammoniawere t

22、oo oxidized nitrate with second n</p><p>　　consumed to fuse the oxygen in the water, until the value of DO declines for zero, mixing with the liquid report the anoxia appearance.Versa nitric that turn the fu

23、nction through anoxia area, mix with the liquid enter to have the oxygen area, completing once circulating.That system inside, the BOD declines the solution is a continuous process, the nitric turns the function to turn

24、with the versa nitric the function take place in same pond.Because of structural restrict, this kind of oxidize the </p><p>　　For the sake of the acquisition better divided by the phosphorus take off the nit

25、rogenous result, Carrousel 2000 systems increased a oxygen District before common Carrousel oxidize ditch with the unique oxygen area.( call again that the versa nitric in front turns the area)The dirty mire in all reflu

26、xes enters the anaerobic District with 10-30% dirty water, can under the anoxia with 10-30% carbon source term complete remaining of dirty mire in reflux inside nitric acid nitrogen to versa nitric t</p><p>

27、　　liquid since have no the numerator oxygen, also have no the compound oxygen( nitric acid root), the here unique oxygen environment is n ext,70-90% dirty water can provide the enough carbon source, can make the germ of

28、released the phosphorus well.The unique oxygen area connects behind the common Carrousel oxidizes the ditch system, further completing to do away with the BOD and take off the nitrogen with divided by the phosphorus .Fin

29、ally, mix with the liquid transfer the dirty mire inside in ox</p><p>　　Dirty water in the river City , long sand City decontamination center[s of the dirty the factory of water in the first in Kunming of a

30、doption that crafts handles the movement result of the factory therefore:Through Carrousel 2000 system after handling, the BOD, COD, SS does away with the rate to all come to a 90% above, the TN does away with the rate c

31、omes to a 80%, the TP does away with the rate to also come to a 90%.</p><p>　　3.2 The Carrousel oxidizes the ditch divideds by the phosphorus takes off the nitrogenous influence factor.</p><p>　

32、　Affecting the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch divideds by the phosphoric factor is dirty mire , </p><p>　　nitrate density and quality densities primarily.The research expresses, being total and dirty mire as

33、 11% that a hour biggest phosphorus 4% with deal is its fuck dirty mire deal within live and dirty mire, keep for the the germ physical endowment measures, but when dirty mire over 15 d hour dirty mire the inside is big

34、gest to contain the obvious descent in deal in phosphorus , canning not reach the biggest divideding by the result of phosphorus on the contrary.Therefore, prolong persistently </p><p>　　the dirty mire ( fo

35、r example 20ds,25ds,30ds) is to have no necessary, proper choose to use within the scope of 8~15 d.At the same time, high nitrate density with low quality density disadvantage in divided by the process of phosphorus .<

36、;/p><p>　　Affecting the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch takes off the nitrogenous and main factor is DO, nitrate density and carbon source densities.The research expresses, oxidizing the ditch inside exsits deliqu

37、escence oxygen density steps degree namely the good oxygen area DO attains 3~3.5 mgs/ L, the anoxia area DO attains 0~0.5 mgs/ L is a prior condition to take place nitric turn reaction and versa nitrics turn the reaction

38、.At the same time, ample carbon source and higher C/ the N ratio benefits to tak</p><p>　　4. The Carrousel oxidizes problem and solution methods of the ditch esse.</p><p>　　Though the Carrousel

39、oxidizes the ditch has a water fluid matter well, the anti- pounds at the burthen ability strong, divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogen efficiency. But, in physically of movement process, still exsits a series

40、of problem.</p><p>　　4.1 Dirty mire inflation problem</p><p>　　When discard the aquatic carbohydrate more, the N, P contains the unbalance of deal, the pH value is low, oxidizing the dirty mire

41、in inside in ditch carries high, fuse the oxygen density the shortage, line up the mire not </p><p>　　etc. causes easily dirty mire in germ in form in silk inflation;Not the dirty mire in germ in form in sil

42、k inflation takes place primarily at the waste water water temperature</p><p>　　is lower but the dirty mire carries higher hour.The microbial burthen is high, the germs absorbed the large quantity nourishmen

43、t material, is low because of the temperature, metabolism the speed is slower, accumulating the rises large quantity is high to glue sexual and many sugar materials, making the surface of the live and dirty mire adhere t

44、o the water to increase consumedly, SVI the value is very high, becoming the dirty mire inflation.</p><p>　　Cause that aim at the dirty mire inflation, can adopt the different counterplan:From the anoxia, wa

45、ter temperature high </p><p>　　result in of, can enlargement tolerance or lower into the water measures to alleviate burthen, or the adequacy lowers the MLSS( control dirty mire reflux measure), making need

46、the oxygen measures decrease;If the dirty mire carries high, can increase MLSS, to adjust the burthen, necessity the hour can stop into the water, stuffy a period of time;Can pass the hurl add the nitrogen fertilizer, ph

47、osphorus fatty, adjust the admixture nourishment in the liquid material equilibrium( BOD5:N:P=100:5:1);</p><p>　　4.2 Foam problem</p><p>　　Because entering to take the grease of large quantity

48、in the water, handling system can't </p><p>　　completely and availably its obviation, parts of greases enriches to gather in in the dirty mire, through turn to brush the oxygen agitation, creation large

49、 quantity foam;The mire is partial to long, the dirty mire is aging, and also easy creation foam.Spray to pour the water or divided by with the surface the of do away with the foam, in common use divided by the an org

50、anism oil, kerosene, the oil of silicon, throw deal as 0.5~1.5 mgs/ L.Pass to increase dirty mire in pond in spirit in dens</p><p>　　4.3 Float the problem on the dirty mire</p><p>　　When contain

51、 in the waste water the oil measures big, whole system mire quality become light, can't like to control very much in operate process its at two sink the pond stop over time, resulting in the anoxia easily, producing

52、the corrupt and dirty mire ascend to float;When spirit time over long, take place in pond the high degree nitric turnthe function, making nitrate density high, at two sink the versa nitric in easy occurrence in pond tur

53、n the function, creation nitrogen spirit, make dirty</p><p>　　Take place the dirty mire ascend after floating should pause enter water, broke off or dirty mire in clearance, judge the clear reason, adjust th

54、e operation.The dirty mire sinks to decline the sex bad, can throw to add of oagulate or sloth materials, the improvement precipitates the sex;Such as enter the water carries big let up into the water measures or the enl

55、argement reflux measures;Such as the dirty mire grain small lower the spirit machine turn soon;If discovers versa nitric turning, shoul</p><p>　　4.4 Current velocity is not all and the dirty mire sinks to ac

56、cumulate the problem</p><p>　　In Carrousel oxidize ditch, for acquiring its special admixture with handles result, mix with liquid must with certain current velocity is in ditch circulate flow.Think generall

57、y, the</p><p>　　lowest current velocity should should attain for an average current velocity for, doing not take place sinking accumulating 0.3~0.5 ms/ s.The spirit equipments that oxidize the ditch is gener

58、al to turn to brush for the spirit of to turn the dish with the spirit of , turning to brush of immerse to have no depth for 250~300 mms, turn the dish immerse to have no depth for 480~530 mms.With oxidize the ditch wa

59、ter the deep(3.0~3.6 ms) comparing, turn to brush occupied the deep 1/10~ in water 1/12, </p><p>　　3/4 below, mix with the liquid has no current velocity almost), causing ditch bottom large quantity accumula

60、te the mire( sometimes accumulate the mire thickness amount to a 1.0 ms), the valid capacity that reduced to oxidize the ditch consumedly, lowered to handle result, affected a water fluid matter.</p><p>　　Ad

61、ding the top, downstream leads to flow the plank is a valid method that ameliorative current velocity distribute, increases the oxygen ability with the most convenient measure.The upper stream leads to flow the plank in

62、stalls at be apart from to turn the 4.0 places( upper stream) ： dish( turn to brush) axis, lead to flow plank high degree as the deep 1/5~ in water 1/6, combine the perpendicularity install in the surface;The downstream

63、leads to flow the plank installs at be apart from to turn </p><p>　　Moreover, pass in the spirit on board swim to establish the underwater push machine can also turn to the spirit of the liquid of admixtur

64、e that brush the bottom low speed area circulates to flow to rise positive push function, from but the solution oxidizes the problem that low and dirty mire in current velocity in bottom in ditch sink accumulates.Establi

65、sh the underwater push machine useds for exclusively the push mixs with the liquid can make movement method that oxidize the ditch much more </p><p>　　5. Conclusion</p><p>　　The Carrousel oxidiz

66、es the ditch because of having the good a phosphorus takes off the nitrogen ability, anti- pounds at the burthen ability with circulate to manage the convenience etc. the advantage, having got the extensive application.B

67、ut because of technological development with social advance, that craft is necessarily will exaltation getting further.The author thinks:The Carrousel oxidizes the future research direction of the ditch will now of main

68、below several aspects.</p><p>　　1 Combination living creature method, research with develop the living creature model Carrousel oxidize the ditch.Like this can not only increases the microorganism gross of

69、the unit reactor measures, from but increases the organism carries, but also living creature oneself the inside that have places the A/ the system of O enhances to take off the nitrogen result[18].</p><p>　

70、　2 Increases continuously the Carrousel oxidize the microbial activity in inside in ditch.For example throw to add the EM in oxidize ditch with single mind the germ grow, throws in that the salt of iron make the microorg

71、anism tame the live char in iron, devotion in living creature to become the formation to strengthen the germ gum regiment and increases to bear the toxicity pound at etc..</p><p>　　3 Increasing the Carrousel

72、 oxidizes the ditch equipments function with supervise and control the technique.Function that increases form machine, underwater propeller, reduce to maintain the workload;Making use of DO, etc. of ORP many targets supe

73、rvises and control the technique and changes the technique of is from now on the Carrousel oxidizes ditch science circulate necessarily from it road.</p><p>　　4 Increasing the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch r

74、esistant to cold and bear toxicity can, reduce to cover the area to build the price with the engineering.Theoretical application, deep pond in water power term with the research of the craft function is to lowers the eng

75、ineering builds the price and increases resistant to cold bear the toxicity can wait to provide the possible direction.</p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯</b></p><p>　　氧化溝工藝在水處理中的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展</p>&l

76、t;p>　　摘要： 本文主要闡述了Carrousel氧化溝的結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝機(jī)理、運(yùn)行過程中存在的問題和相應(yīng)的解決方法。最后，介紹了Carrousel氧化溝的最新的研究進(jìn)展并指出了未來的主要研究方向。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞： Carrousel 氧化溝 除磷脫氮 結(jié)構(gòu) 機(jī)理</p><p><b>　　1. 前言</b></p><p>

77、　　氧化溝(oxidation ditch)又名連續(xù)循環(huán)曝氣池(Continuous loop reactor)，是活性污泥法的一種變形。氧化溝污水處理工藝是在20世紀(jì)50年代由荷蘭衛(wèi)生工程研究所研制成功的。自從1954年在荷蘭的首次投入使用以來。由于其出水水質(zhì)好、運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定、管理方便等技術(shù)特點(diǎn)，已經(jīng)在國內(nèi)外廣泛的應(yīng)用于生活污水和工業(yè)污水的治理[1]。</p><p>　　目前應(yīng)用較為廣泛的氧化溝類型包括：帕斯韋爾

78、(Pasveer)氧化溝、卡魯塞爾(Carrousel)氧化溝 、奧爾伯(Orbal)氧化溝、T型氧化溝(三溝式氧化溝)、DE型氧化溝和一體化氧化溝。這些氧化溝由于在結(jié)構(gòu)和運(yùn)行上存在差異，因此各具特點(diǎn)[2]。本文將主要介紹Carrousel氧化溝的結(jié)構(gòu)、機(jī)理、存在的問題及其最新發(fā)展。</p><p>　　2. Carrousel氧化溝的結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>　　Carrousel氧化溝是1

79、967年由荷蘭的DHV公司開發(fā)研制。在原Carrousel氧化溝的基礎(chǔ)上DHV公司和其在美國的專利特許公司EIMCO又發(fā)明了Carrousel 2000系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了更高要求的生物脫氮和除磷功能。至今世界上已有850多座Carrousel氧化溝和Carrousel 2000系統(tǒng)正在運(yùn)行[3]。</p><p>　　Carrousel氧化溝使用定向控制的曝氣和攪動(dòng)裝置，向混合液傳遞水平速度，從而使被攪動(dòng)的混合液在氧化

80、溝閉合渠道內(nèi)循環(huán)流動(dòng)。因此氧化溝具有特殊的水力學(xué)流態(tài)，既有完全混合式反應(yīng)器的特點(diǎn)，又有推流式反應(yīng)器的特點(diǎn)，溝內(nèi)存在明顯的溶解氧濃度梯度。氧化溝斷面為矩形或梯形，平面形狀多為橢圓形，溝內(nèi)水深一般為2.5～4.5ｍ，寬深比為2:1，亦有水深達(dá)7m的，溝中水流平均速度為0.3m/s。氧化溝曝氣混合設(shè)備有表面曝氣機(jī)、曝氣轉(zhuǎn)刷或轉(zhuǎn)盤、射流曝氣器、導(dǎo)管式曝氣器和提升管式曝氣機(jī)等，近年來配合使用的還有水下推動(dòng)器[4~6]。</p>&l

81、t;p>　　3. Carrousel氧化溝的機(jī)理</p><p>　　3.1 Carrousel氧化溝處理污水的原理</p><p>　　最初的普通Carrousel氧化溝的工藝中污水直接與回流污泥一起進(jìn)入氧化溝系統(tǒng)。表面曝氣機(jī)使混合液中溶解氧DO的濃度增加到大約2～3mg/L。在這種充分摻氧的條件下，微生物得到足夠的溶解氧來去除BOD；同時(shí)，氨也被氧化成硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽，此時(shí)，混合

82、液處于有氧狀態(tài)。在曝氣機(jī)下游，水流由曝氣區(qū)的湍流狀態(tài)變成之后的平流狀態(tài)，水流維持在最小流速，保證活性污泥處于懸浮狀態(tài)(平均流速>0.3m/s)。微生物的氧化過程消耗了水中溶解氧，直到DO值降為零，混合液呈缺氧狀態(tài)。經(jīng)過缺氧區(qū)的反硝化作用，混合液進(jìn)入有氧區(qū)，完成一次循環(huán)。該系統(tǒng)中，BOD降解是一個(gè)連續(xù)過程，硝化作用和反硝化作用發(fā)生在同一池中。由于結(jié)構(gòu)的限制，這種氧化溝雖然可以有效的去處BOD，但除磷脫氮的能力有限[7]。</p

83、><p>　　為了取得更好的除磷脫氮的效果，Carrousel 2000系統(tǒng)在普通Carrousel氧化溝前增加了一個(gè)厭氧區(qū)和絕氧區(qū)(又稱前反硝化區(qū))。全部回流污泥和10-30%的污水進(jìn)入?yún)捬鯀^(qū)，可將回流污泥中的殘留硝酸氮在缺氧和10-30%碳源條件下完成反硝化，為以后的絕氧池創(chuàng)造絕氧條件。同時(shí)，厭氧區(qū)中的兼性細(xì)菌將可溶性BOD轉(zhuǎn)化成VFA，聚磷菌獲得VFA將其同化成PHB，所需能量來源于聚磷的水解并導(dǎo)致磷酸鹽的釋放

84、。厭氧區(qū)出水進(jìn)入內(nèi)部安裝有攪拌器的絕氧區(qū)，所謂絕氧就是池內(nèi)混合液既無分子氧，也無化合物氧(硝酸根)， 在此絕氧環(huán)境下，70-90%的污水可提供足夠的碳源，使聚磷菌能充分釋磷。絕氧區(qū)后接普通Carrousel氧化溝系統(tǒng)，進(jìn)一步完成去除BOD、脫氮和除磷。最后，混合液在氧化溝富氧區(qū)排出，在富氧環(huán)境下聚磷菌過量吸磷，將磷從水中轉(zhuǎn)移到污泥中，隨剩余污泥排出系統(tǒng)。這樣，在Carrousel 2000系統(tǒng)內(nèi)，較好的同時(shí)完成了去除BOD、COD和脫氮

85、除磷[8]。</p><p>　　綜合采用該工藝的昆明第一污水廠[9]、長沙市第二污水凈化中心[10]及漯河市污水處理廠的運(yùn)行效果可見：經(jīng)過Carrousel 2000系統(tǒng)處理后，BOD、COD、SS的去除率均達(dá)到了90%以上，TN的去除率達(dá)到了80%，TP的去除率也達(dá)到了90%。</p><p>　　3.2 Carrousel氧化溝除磷脫氮的影響因素</p><p&g

86、t;　　影響Carrousel氧化溝除磷的因素主要是污泥齡、硝酸鹽濃度及基質(zhì)濃度。研究表明，當(dāng)總污泥齡為8~10d時(shí)活性污泥中的最大磷含量為其干污泥量的4%，為異養(yǎng)菌體質(zhì)量的11%，但當(dāng)污泥齡超過15d時(shí)污泥中最大含磷量明顯下降，反而達(dá)不到最大除磷效果。因此，一味延長污泥齡(例如20d、25d、30d)是沒有必要的，宜在8~15d范圍內(nèi)選用。同時(shí)，高硝酸鹽濃度和低基質(zhì)濃度不利于除磷過程。</p><p>　　影響

87、Carrousel氧化溝脫氮的主要因素是DO、硝酸鹽濃度及碳源濃度。研究表明，氧化溝內(nèi)存在溶解氧濃度梯度即好氧區(qū)DO達(dá)到3~3.5mg/L，缺氧區(qū)DO達(dá)到0~0.5mg/L是發(fā)生硝化反應(yīng)及反硝化反應(yīng)的前提條件。同時(shí)，充足的碳源及較高的C/N比有利于脫氮的完成[7]。</p><p>　　4. Carrousel氧化溝存在的問題及解決方法</p><p>　　盡管Carrousel氧化溝具有

88、出水水質(zhì)好、抗沖擊負(fù)荷能力強(qiáng)、除磷脫氮效率高、污泥易穩(wěn)定、能耗省、便于自動(dòng)化控制等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。但是，在實(shí)際的運(yùn)行過程中，仍存在一系列的問題。</p><p>　　4.1 污泥膨脹問題</p><p>　　當(dāng)污水中的碳水化合物較多，N、P含量不平衡，pH值偏低，氧化溝中污泥負(fù)荷過高，溶解氧濃度不足，排泥不暢等易引發(fā)絲狀菌性污泥膨脹；非絲狀菌性污泥膨脹主要發(fā)生在污水水溫較低而污泥負(fù)荷較高時(shí)。微生物的

89、負(fù)荷高，細(xì)菌吸取了大量營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，</p><p>　　由于溫度低，代謝速度較慢，積貯起大量高粘性的多糖類物質(zhì)，使活性污泥的表面附著水大大增加，SVI值很高，形成污泥膨脹。</p><p>　　針對(duì)污泥膨脹的起因，可采取不同對(duì)策：由缺氧、水溫高造成的，可加大曝氣量或降低進(jìn)水量以減輕負(fù)荷，或適當(dāng)降低MLSS(控制污泥回流量)，使需氧量減少；如污泥負(fù)荷過高，可提高M(jìn)LSS，以調(diào)整負(fù)荷，必要時(shí)可停

90、止進(jìn)水，悶曝一段時(shí)間；可通過投加氮肥、磷肥，調(diào)整混合液中的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)平衡(BOD5：N：P=100：5：1)；pH值過低，可投加石灰調(diào)節(jié)；漂白粉和液氯(按干污泥的0.3%~0.6%投加)，能抑制絲狀菌繁殖，控制結(jié)合水性污泥膨脹[11]。</p><p><b>　　4.2 泡沫問題</b></p><p>　　由于進(jìn)水中帶有大量油脂，處理系統(tǒng)不能完全有效地將其除去，部分

91、油脂富集于污泥中，經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)刷充氧攪拌，產(chǎn)生大量泡沫；泥齡偏長，</p><p>　　污泥老化，也易產(chǎn)生泡沫。用表面噴淋水或除沫劑去除泡沫，常用除沫劑有機(jī)油、煤油、硅油，投量為0.5~1.5mg/L。通過增加曝氣池污泥濃度或適當(dāng)減小曝氣量，也能有效控制泡沫產(chǎn)生。當(dāng)污水中含表面活性物質(zhì)較多時(shí)，易預(yù)先用泡沫分離法或其他方法去除。另外也可考慮增設(shè)一套除油裝置。但最重要的是要加強(qiáng)水源管理，減少含油過高污水及其它有毒污水的進(jìn)入[

92、12]。</p><p>　　4.3 污泥上浮問題</p><p>　　當(dāng)污水中含油量過大，整個(gè)系統(tǒng)泥質(zhì)變輕，在操作過程中不能很好控制其在二沉池的停留時(shí)間，易造成缺氧，產(chǎn)生腐化污泥上?。划?dāng)曝氣時(shí)間過長，在池中發(fā)生高度硝化作用，使硝酸鹽濃度高，在二沉池易發(fā)生反硝化作用，產(chǎn)生氮?dú)?，使污泥上浮；另外，污水中含油量過大，污泥可能挾油上浮。</p><p>　　發(fā)生污泥上浮后

93、應(yīng)暫停進(jìn)水，打碎或清除污泥，判明原因，調(diào)整操作。污泥沉降性差，可投加混凝劑或惰性物質(zhì)，改善沉淀性；如進(jìn)水負(fù)荷大應(yīng)減小進(jìn)水量或加大回流量；如污泥顆粒細(xì)小可降低曝氣機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速；如發(fā)現(xiàn)反硝化，應(yīng)減小曝氣量，增大回流或排泥量；如發(fā)現(xiàn)污泥腐化，應(yīng)加大曝氣量，清除積泥，并設(shè)法改善池內(nèi)水力條件[12]。</p><p>　　4.4 流速不均及污泥沉積問題</p><p>　　在Carrousel氧化溝中，為

94、了獲得其獨(dú)特的混合和處理效果，混合液必須以一定的流速在溝內(nèi)循環(huán)流動(dòng)。一般認(rèn)為，最低流速應(yīng)為0.15m/s，不發(fā)生沉積的平均流速應(yīng)達(dá)到0.3~0.5m/s。氧化溝的曝氣設(shè)備一般為曝氣轉(zhuǎn)刷和曝氣轉(zhuǎn)盤，轉(zhuǎn)刷的浸沒深度為250~300mm，轉(zhuǎn)盤的浸沒深度為480~ 530mm。與氧化溝水深(3.0~3.6m)相比，轉(zhuǎn)刷只占了水深的1/10~1/12，轉(zhuǎn)盤也只占了1/6~1/7，因此造成氧化溝上部流速較大(約為0.8~1.2m，甚至更大)，而底部

95、流速很小(特別是在水深的2/3或3/4以下，混合液幾乎沒有流速)，致使溝底大量積泥(有時(shí)積泥厚度達(dá)1.0m)，大大減少了氧化溝的有效容積，降低了處理效果，影響了出水水質(zhì)。</p><p>　　加裝上、下游導(dǎo)流板是改善流速分布、提高充氧能力的有效方法和最方便的措施。上游導(dǎo)流板安裝在距轉(zhuǎn)盤(轉(zhuǎn)刷)軸心4.0處(上游)，導(dǎo)流板高度為水深的1/5~1/6，并垂直于水面安裝；下游導(dǎo)流板安裝在距轉(zhuǎn)盤(轉(zhuǎn)刷)軸心3.0m處。導(dǎo)

96、流板的材料可以用金屬或玻璃鋼，但以玻璃鋼為佳。導(dǎo)流板與其他改善措施相比，不僅不會(huì)增加動(dòng)力消耗和運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)成本，而且還能夠較大幅度地提高充氧能力和理論動(dòng)力效率[13]。</p><p>　　另外，通過在曝氣機(jī)上游設(shè)置水下推動(dòng)器也可以對(duì)曝氣轉(zhuǎn)刷底部低速區(qū)的混合液循環(huán)流動(dòng)起到積極推動(dòng)作用，從而解決氧化溝底部流速低、污泥沉積的問題。設(shè)置水下推動(dòng)器專門用于推動(dòng)混合液可以使氧化溝的運(yùn)行方式更加靈活，這對(duì)于節(jié)約能源、提高效率具有十分

97、重要的意義[14]。</p><p><b>　　5. 結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　Carrousel氧化溝由于具有良好的出磷脫氮能力、抗沖擊負(fù)荷能力和運(yùn)行管理方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，已經(jīng)得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。但由于科技的發(fā)展和社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，該工藝必將得到進(jìn)一步的提高。作者認(rèn)為：Carrousel氧化溝的未來研究方向?qū)⒅饕w現(xiàn)在以下幾方面。</p><p>

98、;　　1 結(jié)合生物膜法，研究和開發(fā)生物模型Carrousel氧化溝。這樣不僅可以提高單位反應(yīng)器的微生物總量，從而提高有機(jī)負(fù)荷，而且生物膜本身具有的內(nèi)置A/O系統(tǒng)強(qiáng)化了脫氮效果[18]。</p><p>　　2 不斷提高Carrousel氧化溝中微生物的活性。例如在氧化溝中投加EM專一菌種、投入鐵鹽使微生物馴化成生物鐵、投入活性炭增強(qiáng)菌膠團(tuán)的形成并提高耐毒性沖擊等。</p><p>　　3