土建專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯--高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)的持續(xù)發(fā)展策略與研討

1、<p>　　Strategies and Sustainability Consideration in HighriseBuilding</p><p>　　- A Malaysian Case Study.</p><p>　　ABSTRACT ： High-rise building is a growing phenomenon in many cities around

2、 the world. If international building and urbanization trends are any indication, more and more people the world over will have to live and work in high-rise building due to the lack of developable land in the urban area

3、. Tall buildings also provide a sensible solution for sustaining a high-density development by optimizing the use of air space while relieving more ground floor space for amenity and greenery. </p><p>　　This

4、 paper is focusing on a case study in Kuala Lumpur in the form of a proposed mixed development designed by the author in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The total gross floor area of the project is about 400,000 square meter or

5、4.3 million square feet. It is consisting of a car park and retail cum commercial podium with five tower blocks ranging from 37 stories to 77 stories consisting of offices, condominiums and service apartments. </p>

6、<p>　　The proposed project is situated in a very interesting part of town. The development is partially to be built above the Klang River that runs through the heart of Kuala Lumpur. On the south of the river is t

7、he established part of Kuala Lumpur with building such as Petronas Twin Tower which until recently was the tallest building in the world. On the north of the river is Kampung Baru, an area mostly neglected in the overall

8、 development of the city. This project will use the opportunity of buildi</p><p>　　A number of design principles for the tropical high-rise prototype are explored in this project beginning with the study of

9、sun’s path and geometry. Many environmentally friendly devices such as sky terrace, sky garden and open to sky central court are introduced. The project also looks at the aspect of climatically appropriate form for the h

10、igh-rise building in the hot-humid tropical climate. On the issues of architectural planning, this project is also planned as “cities in the tropical sky”, </p><p>　　During the early 1980s, increasing urban

11、migration to the cities of Kuala Lumpur and a rising middle-class population resulted in an extraordinary demand for mass residential housing in Malaysia, ranging from high-end and luxury bungalows for upper income peopl

12、e, medium-cost linkhouses to low-cost apartments and condominiums for middle and lower income people respectively. Infact not only the population of Kuala Lumpur expand, but outside the capital residential development ex

13、panded rapidly to c</p><p>　　Mass housing implies housing on a large scale. It is a challenge to provide mass housing and residential designs that are interesting, user-oriented, personalized, image giving,

14、architecturally innovative, pleasing and at the same time cost effective. Since housing is for a group of people, the designer’s task is to ensure that the majority’s needs are fulfilled. </p><p>　　1.Social

15、Consideration </p><p>　　It is important to understand the housing design requirements especially in a multiracial society like Malaysia, where the diverse cultures and races as well as various income groups

16、demand different housing solution. </p><p>　　1.1 Racial Groups</p><p>　　There are three major races in Malaysia: Malay, Chinese and Indian. Each has distinctive cultural practice and traditions.

17、 However, having lived together in the country for more than three decades since Independence in 1957, a great deal of integration has taken place. In cities, where Western influence is most obvious, the diversity in lif

18、e expressed through preference of housing needs between several racial groups has lessen. In fact, in this urban context, the main factors that categories var</p><p>　　Income level determines the scope of ch

19、oice. The higher the income levels; the wider and more flexibles would be the housing choice. Likewise, as the economic level of a housing group reduces, the housing choice would be more basic and restrictive. </p>

20、<p>　　1.2 Density</p><p>　　Density is normally measured either in number of units per acre or number of persons per acre. In Kuala Lumpur, density at 60 persons per acre or equivalent to 20 units per

21、acre would be considered to be average. In the city center of Kuala Lumpur nowadays, density of up to 400 persons per acre, equivalent to 134 units per acre or more is becoming common. </p><p>　　Density dete

22、rmines the housing forms and buildings types. Certain configuration would be able to achieve higher density. However, this would leave minimum open space for recreational use. Information such as this would allow us to f

23、ormulate development and design decisions. </p><p>　　1.3 Climatic Considerations </p><p>　　1.3.1 Orientation </p><p>　　Most of the Malaysian favored orientation to the north-south d

24、irection to minimize solar penetration into the living quarters. East orientation is also desirable as this direction is considered to be tolerable since the morning sun is not as hot as the afternoon sun. Features such

25、as overhangs, hoods or even balconies should be provided to serve as shading devices. </p><p>　　1.3.2 Ventilation </p><p>　　This is a very important consideration in the Malaysian context where

26、the climate is both hot and humid. For reason of comfort and economy, natural ventilation is always preferred and provided to all useable and habitable rooms. </p><p>　　1.4 Housing Estate in Kuala Lumpur<

27、/p><p>　　Since the late 1970s, housing developments have mushroomed in all parts of the country particularly in the city of Kuala Lumpur. The housing projects are all home to ten of thousands of people who eith

28、er work in the surrounding areas or who commute daily to the nation’s capital, Kuala Lumpur. </p><p>　　The design and planning of houses built in the many township across the country is fairly standard and s

29、imilarly. Derive from the planning of the 18th century shophouses, the deep designs of the typical units often result in a lack of adequate daylight and natural ventilation in the inner spaces. </p><p>　　Thi

30、s rapid in-migration resulted in the growth of squatter areas in major towns, which were characterized by over-crowding, poor living conditions and inadequate amenities. The inadequate of land, amenities and services in

31、this case exacerbate the poor housing condition. </p><p>　　During 1984 various regulation were imposed, Uniform Building By-laws to ensure that clerestory windows and high-volume spaces were incorporated in

32、the design to circumvent these inadequacies. Most, however were implemented purely to satisfy the by-law requirements without any serious thought to the practically and workability of such elements. </p><p>

33、　　2. Vernacular Architecture </p><p>　　2.1 Bungalows</p><p>　　The bungalow in Malaysia refers to a much more substantial detached house. As in a Malay Village, the typical bungalow and its clust

34、er of ancillary buildings were set in large ‘compound’, emerged as a large, airly, detached, two-storey house. Constructed of timber or brick, covered by a hipped pantile roof with a porte-cochere. The main building usua

35、lly connected to the kitchen and servants’ quarters by means of a covered walkway, forming an I-shaped plan. Around all sides of the house was a ser</p><p>　　Trend however, was very much set by the suburban

36、lifestyle of the Europeans. The true ‘colonial bungalow’ was taken to new heights by European settlers such as government, officials, merchants and planters. Set in extensive gardens, this house tended to be dignified an

37、d plain, with deep verandah protected by bamboo chiks and constructed using the best timber from the Malaysia forest. As soon as plumbing was introduced, large bathrooms were installed. Houses like this today are beyond

38、the afforda</p><p>　　2.2 Malay House </p><p>　　In the traditional of vernacular houses, the Malay house is not professionally designed but has evolved over a period of time using readily availab

39、le local materials, which suited the local climatic and environmental conditions. </p><p>　　Main features The house is not only reflects the creative and aesthetic skills of the Malays, but also meets their

40、socio economic, cultural and environmental needs. The house is distinguished by its roof form, raised floor construction, flexible addition of spaces, and the materials. The basic design of the Malay house and its constr

41、uction methods give it great flexibility so that extensions can be carried out whenever necessary. Its high, steepy sloping lightweight roof, an excellent thermal in</p><p>　　2.3The Chinese Shophouse </p&

42、gt;<p>　　The commercial center of every Malaysian town before World War II was characterized by one or more main streets lined with shophouses, usually two storeys high, with the lower floor used for trading and u

43、pper for residential purposes. </p><p>　　The shophouses built in the 19th century were usually around 6-7 meters wide and 30-60 meters deep. They were built in rows with uniform facades and a continuous, cov

44、ered five-foot way. The other typical features included a small jack roof raised above the main roof for air circulation. </p><p>　　The shop front on the ground floor without wall where goods were displayed

45、along the full width facing the five-foot way. Inside the shophouse there was a central courtyard, which later reduced to an airwell when space became more spacious. Courtyards were located at the center of the building

46、layoutoften surrounded with high walls. </p><p>　　In 1980s, the newfound affluence of urban Malaysians sparked a booming car population and a consequent demand for car parks. Shophouses were replaced by high

47、rise buildings, complete with parking bays and surrounded by roads, which often became ‘island’, isolated from adjacent buildings. </p><p>　　Shophouses were representing the typical Malaysian urban form, one

48、 that was particularly well suited to the climatic conditions of the country. Hence, it is seen again, in modern guise, in housing estates and new towns built after the 1980s. </p><p>　　Conclusion </p>

49、<p>　　The proposed project is based on the creation of an understanding between the regional climate and building enclosure system. The designer should search the past idea and invention and create a direct link b

50、etween the technology of building and the cultural tradition of the place. It is through the creative development and adaptation by the designer of the build forms, devices and aesthetics that are uncovered through an an

51、alysis of the architectural heritage and vernacular of the place. </p><p>　　Consequently, ecological design includes, beside architecture, such seemingly disparate fields as energy production, efficient util

52、ization and waste recycle. A holistic approach to this design requires a proper understanding of spatial interactions of ecosystem through the multiuse porches, terraces, roof garden, movable louvers and shade to achieve

53、 the sense of comfort in tropical climate.</p><p>　　高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)的持續(xù)發(fā)展策略與研討</p><p>　　——馬來西亞個(gè)案分析</p><p>　　摘要：高層建筑在世界范圍內(nèi)已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)越來越普遍的現(xiàn)象。國際性都市化的趨勢表明，由于在城市中缺少可開發(fā)使用的土地，越來越多的人們要在高層建筑中工作與生活。同時(shí)，高層建

54、筑也為在人口密度高度發(fā)展的城市中，盡可能的提供更多休閑與綠化的空間。</p><p>　　本文主要探討作者在馬來西亞吉隆坡的一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案，該方案總建筑面積為40萬m2（4300萬平方英尺）。它包括一個(gè)停車場、一個(gè)零售業(yè)的商業(yè)中心裙樓以及五棟33~77層，包括辦公室、管理、服務(wù)用房等的塔樓式高樓（圖1），該方案擬建在吉隆坡一個(gè)非常特殊的場地上——部分建筑物將在穿過吉隆坡市中心的巴生河上。在河的南面，有著曾是世界上最

55、高的建筑——雙子塔；在河的北面是在吉隆坡整體規(guī)劃中被忽略的區(qū)域Kampumg Baru。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目將連接南北兩個(gè)區(qū)域，以加速落后于整體城市發(fā)展速度的Kampumg Baru區(qū)的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　由研究太陽軌跡以及規(guī)律開始，許多熱帶高層建筑的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)律都應(yīng)用在該項(xiàng)目中，如空中平臺、空中花園、無遮擋中庭等等。同時(shí)該方案也可認(rèn)為是在高溫高濕的熱帶地區(qū)興建高層建筑的一種適當(dāng)?shù)男问健?lt;/p><p

56、>　　在建筑設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，該項(xiàng)目被定位為“熱帶天空下的城市”。設(shè)計(jì)師用心的設(shè)計(jì)了連接從裙樓到屋頂?shù)目罩谢▓@的步行通道、通道上不同功能的公共活動(dòng)區(qū)域、以及帶有優(yōu)美的景觀的向上延伸的空間。</p><p>　　自1980年開始，吉隆坡的城市人口大量增加，城市中產(chǎn)階級不斷擴(kuò)大，對馬來西亞的住宅建筑提出了特殊的要求。既要有適合高收入群體的需要，舒適奢華的別墅，也要建造給中低收入人群居住的，中等檔次的連排住宅，還要提供給低

57、收入人群的，較廉價(jià)的公寓式住宅等。實(shí)際上，不僅是吉隆坡，首都以外的城市人口也大量增長，對住宅的需求也不斷擴(kuò)大。</p><p>　　住宅區(qū)意味著要建設(shè)大規(guī)模的住宅，這對建筑設(shè)計(jì)而言是一個(gè)要求有趣的，以住戶需求為導(dǎo)向的，有個(gè)性的，能給人留下深刻印象的，創(chuàng)新性的，讓人滿意的，同時(shí)成本合理的挑戰(zhàn)。既然是為相應(yīng)人群的設(shè)計(jì)，設(shè)計(jì)師就應(yīng)該能夠滿足其中大部分人的要求。</p><p><b>

58、　　1.社會背景</b></p><p>　　了解設(shè)計(jì)的要求是非常重要的，特別是在像馬來西亞這樣一個(gè)多種族的國家。不同的文化背景，不同種族以及不同收入的人群對住宅就有不同的要求。</p><p><b>　　1.1人種</b></p><p>　　在馬來西亞主要有三個(gè)不同的種族：馬來人、中國人和印度人，每一個(gè)種族都有非常獨(dú)特的文化與

59、傳統(tǒng)。然而，自馬來西亞于1957年獨(dú)立到現(xiàn)在的三十年間，他們之間相互交往，相互影響，相互融合。</p><p>　　在受西方影響最明顯的城市里，由于種族的原因?qū)ㄖ囊蟛煌那闆r已經(jīng)減少。實(shí)際上，在城市中決定對住宅不同的要求的因素已經(jīng)不是種族，而是收入。收入水平?jīng)Q定了選擇的范圍。收入越高，選擇的范圍越廣，選擇的余地也越靈活。同樣，收入水平越低，對住宅的要求就越基礎(chǔ)，就越有限。</p><p&

60、gt;<b>　　1．2密度</b></p><p>　　密度經(jīng)常通過以下兩個(gè)量來衡量：每畝有多少住宅單位或每畝有多少人口。在吉隆坡，平均每畝有60人或每畝有20個(gè)住宅單位。但現(xiàn)在在市中心，每畝容納400人或134個(gè)單位的情況變得越來越普遍。</p><p>　　密度決定了居住模式和建筑類型。一定的形式能夠滿足高密度的要求，但這樣會使娛樂消閑的戶外空間大量減少。這就要

61、求我們仔細(xì)的考慮設(shè)計(jì)的方案，以找到合適的途徑解決這些問題。</p><p><b>　　1．3氣候條件</b></p><p><b>　　1．3．1朝向</b></p><p>　　為了盡量避免太陽的直射，大部分馬來西亞的建筑都是南北向的；也有的建筑采用東向，因?yàn)樵绯康年柟獠⒉幌裣挛绲哪菢訜岬碾y以忍受。而建筑的懸挑構(gòu)件、

62、檐口、甚至陽臺都應(yīng)該將其作為遮陽構(gòu)件來考慮。</p><p><b>　　1．3．2通風(fēng)</b></p><p>　　在又濕又熱的馬來西亞，建筑通風(fēng)是一個(gè)非常重要的因素。出于舒適和經(jīng)濟(jì)的考慮，在所有的使用和居住空間首選自然通風(fēng)。</p><p><b>　　1．4吉隆坡的地產(chǎn)</b></p><p>

63、;　　從20世紀(jì)70年代后期開始，房地產(chǎn)就像雨后春筍般在全國各地發(fā)展起來，特別是在吉隆坡。它們要為成千上萬每天在首都或周邊地區(qū)工作的人們提供居所。</p><p>　　在全國許多城區(qū)規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)的住宅均十分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而且相似。因多數(shù)是模仿18世紀(jì)的住宅設(shè)計(jì)模式，典型的住宅單元由于進(jìn)深很大，內(nèi)部常常缺少足夠的天然光以及自然通風(fēng)。</p><p>　　大量的移民導(dǎo)致城市中貧民區(qū)域的擴(kuò)大，這些地區(qū)的主要

64、特點(diǎn)是過于擁擠、生活條件惡劣、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不足。土地、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施以及服務(wù)的缺乏使本來就不佳的居住條件更加惡化。</p><p>　　自1984年，各種設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范開始實(shí)施，規(guī)定在這類住宅中要使用天窗以及天井以彌補(bǔ)以上的不足。但是，實(shí)際工程中大部分的這些措施僅僅是為了滿足規(guī)范的要求，而沒有真正考慮過它們的作用。</p><p>　　2.吉隆坡傳統(tǒng)的建筑類型</p><p>&l

65、t;b>　　2．1別墅</b></p><p>　　一個(gè)典型的馬來西亞的別墅，多由居住部分以及輔助部分組成，各部分有機(jī)的結(jié)合在一起，形成一個(gè)寬闊的、空間充裕的、獨(dú)立的兩層住宅。別墅多用木材或磚作為建筑材料帶有一個(gè)黃褐色的坡屋頂。建筑主體常由帶頂蓋的走廊與廚房、工人房相連形成一I平面。外墻是一系列的帶有木板遮陽、欄桿及導(dǎo)軌的落地玻璃窗，周圍種著熱帶植物。</p><p>　

66、　然而這種設(shè)計(jì)模式，是歐洲郊區(qū)的建筑樣式。這種真正的“殖民地風(fēng)格”是由大量的歐洲移民，如政府官員、公務(wù)員、商人及農(nóng)場主等的帶動(dòng)下大大興起的。在一個(gè)廣闊的花園里，這種由馬來西亞森林中最好的木材建造的，由竹制欄桿圍合的大陽臺的別墅，萬萬是尊貴與品位的象征。自鉛管制品被發(fā)明后，大型浴室開始在別墅里使用。像這樣的住宅，其價(jià)格往往超出大部分馬來西亞人民，特別是處于中下收入水平人群的承受能力。</p><p><b&g

67、t;　　2．2馬來西亞民居</b></p><p>　　在馬來西亞的傳統(tǒng)建筑中，民居并沒有經(jīng)過專業(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)，而是在長期的發(fā)展中，形成的利用當(dāng)?shù)氐牟牧希m應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)貧夂蚺c環(huán)境條件的模式。</p><p>　　民居不僅體現(xiàn)了馬來人的創(chuàng)造性與審美特征，還滿足了馬來西亞社會經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、環(huán)境等的需要。民居的特征非常明顯，如其獨(dú)特的屋頂形式、懸空的地面結(jié)構(gòu)、靈活的空間分隔及其獨(dú)特的建筑材料等。&

68、lt;/p><p>　　馬來西亞居民的設(shè)計(jì)與建造方法為房屋的擴(kuò)建提供了相當(dāng)大的靈活性，因此當(dāng)有需要時(shí)可以方便的擴(kuò)大空間。它那由棕櫚葉鋪設(shè)的，高聳、陡峭、輕質(zhì)的坡屋頂，是一個(gè)效果極佳的隔熱措施。而懸空地面，則是在炎熱潮濕的熱帶，避免地面濕氣入侵以及防止洪水侵襲的理想方式。同時(shí)這種方式還可以保護(hù)居民以免遭到野生動(dòng)物的攻擊，而自然風(fēng)也可以通過板底的縫隙吹入房間里去。</p><p><b>

69、;　　2.3中國的商鋪</b></p><p>　　在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之前，幾乎所有的馬來西亞城鎮(zhèn)中都有幾條布滿沿街商鋪的主街道。這些商鋪往往有兩層高，下層為商店，上層為住宅。</p><p>　　這些建于19世紀(jì)的商鋪往往是6~7m寬，30~60m深。它們成排的排列，有著統(tǒng)一的立面以及一條連續(xù)的五英尺寬的帶頂?shù)淖叩?。另一個(gè)典型特征是為了空氣循環(huán)，有一個(gè)小屋頂從主屋頂上抬起。&l

70、t;/p><p>　　一層商鋪沒有墻，店主將貨物沿著五英尺寬的走道排列。在建筑內(nèi)有一個(gè)中庭，后來演變成天井以節(jié)約空間。中庭多在建筑平面的中心部分，四周有高墻環(huán)繞。</p><p>　　自1980年開始，逐漸富裕的馬來西亞人開始大量的購買汽車，因此對停車場的需求也越來越大。商鋪逐漸為高層建筑取代。這些高層建筑均帶有停車場，且由公路環(huán)繞，因此往往形成與相鄰建筑分離的“孤島”。</p>

71、<p>　　這種形式的商鋪曾經(jīng)作為馬來西亞城市建筑的典型代表，它能很好的適應(yīng)這個(gè)國家的氣候環(huán)境。因此，在1980年后，它以一個(gè)全新的現(xiàn)代的姿態(tài)，又出現(xiàn)在城市的新建筑中。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　該設(shè)計(jì)立足于尋找既能適應(yīng)地域氣候特征，又能滿足建筑圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)要求的解決方案。設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該從傳統(tǒng)中汲取營養(yǎng)，既要應(yīng)用先進(jìn)的科技，

72、又要延續(xù)當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕瘋鹘y(tǒng)。正是通過創(chuàng)造性的發(fā)展，以及對建筑形式、設(shè)備、美學(xué)形象的仔細(xì)推敲，得出了對當(dāng)?shù)亟ㄖ卣骱蛡鹘y(tǒng)的統(tǒng)一系列分析結(jié)果。</p><p>　　然后，生態(tài)建筑設(shè)計(jì)，除了考慮建筑設(shè)計(jì)之外，還要考慮表面上看似毫無關(guān)系的如能源的利用、效率以及廢物循環(huán)等方面。一個(gè)整體的設(shè)計(jì)方案應(yīng)該全面的考慮整個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的相互作用，如走廊、露臺、屋頂花園、可開啟的天窗以及建筑構(gòu)件產(chǎn)生的陰影在熱帶氣候中對建筑環(huán)境舒適度所產(chǎn)生的影