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1、<p> Environmental problems caused by</p><p> Istanbul subway excavation and suggestions</p><p> for remediation</p><p> 伊斯坦布爾地鐵開挖引起的環(huán)境問題及補(bǔ)救建議</p><p> Ibrahim
2、 Ocak</p><p> Abstract:Many</p><p> environmental problems caused by subway excavations have</p><p> inevitably become an important</p><p> point in city life. Thes
3、e problems can be categorized as</p><p> transporting and stocking of excavated material, traf?c jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud</p><p> and lack of supplies. Although these problem
4、s cause many dif?culties,the most pressing for a big</p><p> city like Istanbul is excavation,since other listed dif?culties result from it. Moreover, these</p><p> problems are environmentall
5、y and regionally restricted to the period over which construction</p><p> projects are underway and disappear when construction is ?nished. Currently, in Istanbul, there are</p><p> nine subwa
6、y construction projects in operation, covering approximately 73 km in length; over 200</p><p> km to be constructed in the near future. The amount of material excavated from ongoing</p><p> co
7、nstruction projects covers approximately 12 million m3. In this study, problems—primarily, the</p><p> problem with excavation waste(EW)—caused by subway excavation are analyzed and suggestions</p>&
8、lt;p> for remediation are offered.</p><p> 摘要:許多地鐵開挖引起的環(huán)境問題不可避免地成為城市生活的重要部分。這些問題可</p><p> 歸類為開挖肥料的運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)存、交通堵塞、噪音污染、震動(dòng)、成堆的灰塵和泥漿以及物資不</p><p> 足。雖然這些問題引起很多困難,對于一個(gè)像伊斯坦布爾這樣的城市,最亟待解
9、決的問題是</p><p> 開挖的問題,因?yàn)槠渌幌盗袉栴}都是由此引起的。此外,這些問題受環(huán)境和地域限制并具</p><p> 有周期性,他們隨工程項(xiàng)目開始和結(jié)束而出現(xiàn)和消失。最近,伊斯坦布爾有 9 條地鐵項(xiàng)目在</p><p> 施工,總長約有 73km,另外,將有超過 200km 的地鐵線會(huì)在不久的將來動(dòng)工。正在施工的</p><p&
10、gt;<b> 3</b></p><p> 的問題,并對補(bǔ)救辦法提出建議。</p><p> Keywords: Environmental problems</p><p> .Subway excavation .</p><p> Waste management .</p><p&
11、gt; Excavation waste</p><p> 關(guān)鍵詞:環(huán)境問題 地鐵開挖 廢物處理 開挖廢料</p><p><b> I. Ocak</b></p><p> Rail Transport Construction Department,</p><p> Istanbul Metropolit
12、an Municipality,</p><p> IETT General Directorate, Karakoy-Istanbul, Turkey</p><p> I. Ocak (郵件)</p><p> Mining Engineering Department, Istanbul University,</p><p>
13、 Avc?lar-Istanbul, Turkey</p><p> e-mail: iocak@iett.gov.tr</p><p> Introduction</p><p> Nowadays, cities are spreading over larger areas with increasing demand on extending</
14、p><p> transport facilities. Thus,all over the world, especially in cities where the population exceeds</p><p> 300,000–400,000 people, railway-based means of transportation is being accepted as
15、the ultimate</p><p> solution.Therefore, large investments in subway and light rail construction are required. The</p><p> construction of stated systems requires surface excavations, cut and
16、cover tunnel excavations,</p><p> bored tunnel excavations, redirection of infrastructures and tunnel construction projects. These</p><p> elements disturb the environment and affect everyday
17、life of citizens in terms of running water,</p><p> natural gas, sewer systems and telephone lines.</p><p> 簡介:現(xiàn)如今,城市的大面積擴(kuò)張要求交通設(shè)施快速增長。因此,全世界,特別是在人</p><p> 口超過 30 萬-40 萬的城市,軌道交通逐漸
18、被認(rèn)為是最終的解決辦法。正因如此,地鐵和輕</p><p> 軌上的大規(guī)模投資是必然的。整個(gè)軌道交通系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)包括地表建設(shè)、明挖隧道開挖、鉆孔</p><p> 隧道開挖、地下建筑的改造和隧道建設(shè)項(xiàng)目。這些都會(huì)影響周圍的環(huán)境并在自來水、天然氣、</p><p> 排污和電話線等方面影響市民的日常生活。</p><p> One rea
19、son why metro excavations affect the environment is the huge amount of excavated</p><p> material produced.Moreover, a large amount of this excavated material is composed of muddy and</p><p>
20、bentonite material. Storing excavated material then becomes crucial. A considerable amount of</p><p> pressure has been placed on of?cials to store and recycle any kind of excavated material. Waste</p>
21、;<p> management has become a branch of study by itself. Many studies have been carried out on the</p><p> destruction, recycling and storing of solid, (Vlachos 1975; Huang et al. 2001; Winkler</
22、p><p> 2005;Huang et al. 2006; Khan et al. 1987; Boadi and Kuitunen 2003; Staudt and Schroll 1999;</p><p> Wang 2001; Okuda and Thomson 2007; Yang and Innes 2007), organic (Edwards et al. 1998,&l
23、t;/p><p> Jackson 2006; Debra et al. 1991; Akhtar and Mahmood 1996; Bruun et al. 2006; Minh et al.</p><p> 2006),plastic (Idris et al. 2004; Karani and Stan Jewasikiewitz 2007; Ali et al. 2004; N
24、ishino et al.</p><p> 2003; Vas ile et al.2006; Kato et al. 2003; Kasakura et al. 1999; Hayashi et al. 2000), toxic</p><p> (Rodgers et al. 1996; Bell and Wilson 1988; Chen et al. 1997; Sulliv
25、an and Yelton 1988), oily</p><p> (Ahumada et al. 2004; Al-Masri and Suman 2003), farming(Garnier et al. 1998; Mohanty 2001)</p><p> and radioactive materials (Rocco and Zucchetti 1997; Walker
26、 et al. 2001;Adamov et al. 1992;</p><p> Krinitsyn et al. 2003).</p><p> 地鐵建設(shè)影響環(huán)境的一個(gè)原因是開挖產(chǎn)生的大量垃圾,而且大部分開挖垃圾都是泥土。</p><p> 工程垃圾的處理是關(guān)鍵,負(fù)責(zé)儲(chǔ)存和回收利用這些工程廢料的人員承受著非常大的壓力,廢</p><p&
27、gt; 物處理也因此成為一個(gè)單獨(dú)的研究分支。關(guān)于這些垃圾的銷毀、回收利用和儲(chǔ)存的研究已經(jīng)</p><p> 開展了很多:泥土(Vlachos 1975; Huang et al. 2001; Winkler 2005;Huang et al. 2006; Khan et al.</p><p> 1987; Boadi and Kuitunen 2003; Staudt and Sc
28、hroll 1999; Wang 2001; Okuda and Thomson 2007;</p><p> Yang and Innes 2007)、有機(jī)物(Edwards et al. 1998, Jackson 2006; Debra et al. 1991; Akhtar and</p><p> Mahmood 1996; Bruun et al. 2006; Minh e
29、t al. 2006)、塑料(Idris et al. 2004; Karani and Stan</p><p> Jewasikiewitz 2007; Ali et al. 2004; Nishino et al. 2003; Vasile et al.2006; Kato et al. 2003;</p><p> Kasakura et al. 1999; Hayashi e
30、t al. 2000)、油脂( Ahumada et al. 2004; Al-Masri and Suman</p><p> 2003)、耕地(Garnier et al. 1998; Mohanty 2001)、放射性物質(zhì)(Rocco and Zucchetti 1997;</p><p> Walker et al. 2001;Adamov et al. 1992; Krini
31、tsyn et al. 2003)。</p><p> Today, traditional materials, including sand, stone, gravel, cement, brick and tiles are being</p><p> used as major building components in the construction sector.
32、All of these materials have been</p><p> produced from existing natural resources and may have intrinsic distinctions that damage the</p><p> environment due to their continuous exploitation.
33、In addition, the cost of construction materials is</p><p> incrementally increasing. In Turkey, the prices of construction materials have increased over the</p><p> last few years (Fig. 1). Th
34、erefore,it is very important to use excavation and demolition wastes</p><p> (DW) in construction operations to limit the environmental impact and excessive increase of raw</p><p> material pr
35、ices. Recycling ratios for excavation waste (EW) and DW of some countries are in</p><p> shown Table 1 (Hendriks and Pietersen 2000). The recycling ratio for Turkey is10%.Every year,</p><p> 1
36、4 million tons of waste materials are generated in Istanbul. These waste materials consist of 7.6</p><p> million tons EW, 1.6 million tons organic materials and 2.7 million tons DW (IMM 2007). The</p>
37、;<p> distribution of waste materials, according to listed sources, can be seen in Figs. 2 and 3.</p><p> Approximately, 3.7 million tons of municipal wastes are produced in Istanbul every year. How
38、ever,</p><p> the recycling rate is approximately equal to only 7%. This rate will increase to 27%, when the</p><p> construction of the plant is completed. Medical wastes are another problem,
39、 with over 9,000 tons</p><p> dumped every year. Medical wastes are disposed by burning. Distributions of municipal wastes</p><p> are given in Fig. 4.</p><p> 目前,包括沙子、石頭、砂礫、水泥、磚
40、頭、瓷磚在內(nèi)的傳統(tǒng)材料被建筑部門用作主要</p><p> 的建筑成分。所有這些材料都是從現(xiàn)有的自然資源中生產(chǎn)出來的,具有固有的特性,并因不</p><p> 斷的開采而對環(huán)境造成危害。另外,建筑材料的價(jià)格正在逐漸上漲,在土耳其,近幾年的建</p><p> 筑材料的價(jià)格一直在上漲(見圖 1)。因此,為減輕環(huán)境破壞和減緩原材料價(jià)格的過渡上漲,</p>
41、;<p> 在建筑工程中循環(huán)利用開挖廢料和拆遷廢料是非常重要的。一些國家的開挖廢料和拆遷廢料</p><p> 的回收利用率見表 1(Hendriks and Pietersen 2000),土耳其的回收利用率是 10%。每年伊斯</p><p> 坦布爾會(huì)產(chǎn)生 1400 萬噸垃圾,其中包括 7600 萬噸開挖廢料,1600 萬噸有機(jī)材料,2700 萬</p>
42、;<p> 噸拆遷廢料(IMM2007),按來源分類,垃圾的分布情況如圖 2、3。每年伊斯坦布爾約會(huì)產(chǎn)</p><p> 生 3700 萬噸城市垃圾,然而垃圾的回收利用率卻只有 7%左右,垃圾處理廠建設(shè)完成之后,</p><p> 回收比率將上升到 27%。另一個(gè)問題的醫(yī)療垃圾,每年將傾倒 9000 噸醫(yī)療垃圾,目前處理</p><p> 醫(yī)療
43、垃圾的方式是焚燒。城市垃圾的分類見圖 4。</p><p> Fig. 1 The increase of construction material prices over the last 10 years</p><p><b> 圖 1</b></p><p> 最近 10 年建筑材料價(jià)格增長</p><p&g
44、t; Table 1 Comparison of a few countries’ construction waste concentration</p><p><b> 表 1</b></p><p> 部分國家建筑垃圾濃度對比</p><p> Fig. 2 Current status of solid waste gener
45、ation in Istanbul</p><p><b> 圖 2</b></p><p> 伊斯坦布爾當(dāng)前固體垃圾的組成</p><p> Fig. 3 Current status of solid waste distribution in Istanbul</p><p><b> 圖 3&l
46、t;/b></p><p> 伊斯坦布爾當(dāng)前固體垃圾的分布</p><p> Fig. 4 Current status of municipal waste distribution in Istanbul</p><p><b> 圖 4</b></p><p> 伊斯坦布爾當(dāng)前城市垃圾的分布</
47、p><p> In this study, environmental problems in Istanbul, such as EW resulting from tunnelling</p><p> operations, DW resulting from building demolition and home wastes, are evaluated. Resources
48、of</p><p> EW, material properties and alternatives of possible usage are also evaluated.</p><p> 本文論及伊斯坦布爾的環(huán)境問題,如隧道開挖產(chǎn)生的開挖廢料、建筑拆遷產(chǎn)生的拆遷垃</p><p> 圾、生活垃圾,也涉及開挖垃圾的來源、材料屬性以及使用替代材料的可能
49、。</p><p> Railway system studies</p><p> Three preliminary studies concerning transportation in Istanbul were conducted in 1985,</p><p> 1987 and 1997. A fourth study is currentl
50、y being conducted. The Istanbul Transportation Main</p><p> Plan states that railway systems must constitute the main facet of Istanbul’s transportation</p><p> net-work (IMM 2005). In additio
51、n to existing lines, within the scope of the Marmaray Project, 36</p><p> km of metro, 96 km of light rail, and 7 km of tram, with a total of 205 km of new railway lines,</p><p> must be const
52、ructed. Consequently, the total length of railway line will exceed 250 km.</p><p><b> 軌道交通系統(tǒng)研究</b></p><p> 關(guān)于伊斯坦布爾交通系統(tǒng)的三個(gè)研究分別在 1985 年、1987 年和 1997 年開展,第四個(gè)</p><p> 研究項(xiàng)
53、目將于近期開展?!兑了固共紶柦煌傄?guī)劃》表明,軌道交通系統(tǒng)將成為伊斯坦布爾</p><p> 交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)的主要部分(IMM 2005)。除了目前的線路,根據(jù) Marmaray 項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃,包括 36km</p><p> 地鐵、96km 輕軌、7km 有軌電車在內(nèi)的總計(jì) 205km 新軌道線路將建設(shè)完成。因此,軌道交</p><p> 通線路總長將超過 250km
54、。</p><p> Details regarding railway lines currently under construction in Istanbul are given in Table 2</p><p> and Fig. 5.Railway lines in the project stage or tender stage are given in Table
55、 3 (IMM 2004).</p><p> 伊斯坦布爾正在施工的軌道交通線路詳情見表 2 和圖 5,處于設(shè)計(jì)或投標(biāo)階段的軌道交</p><p> 通線路見表 3(IMM 2004)。</p><p> Table 2 Ongoing railway systems in Istanbul</p><p><b> 表 2
56、</b></p><p> 伊斯坦布爾施工中的軌道交通線路</p><p> Fig. 5 Ongoing railway system studies in Istanbul</p><p><b> 圖 5</b></p><p> 伊斯坦布爾施工中的軌道交通線路研究</p><
57、;p> Table 3 Railway lines in project or tender stage in Istanbul</p><p><b> 表 3</b></p><p> 伊斯坦布爾設(shè)計(jì)或投標(biāo)中的軌道交通線路</p><p> Environmental</p><p><b>
58、 problems</b></p><p><b> caused</b></p><p><b> by</b></p><p><b> subway</b></p><p> excavations</p><p> 地鐵建
59、設(shè)引起的環(huán)境問題</p><p> Transporting and storing excavated material</p><p> 開挖廢料的運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)存</p><p> Almost all land in Istanbul is inhabited. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to store a
60、nd</p><p> recycle excavated material obtained either from metro excavations or other construction activities,</p><p> causing minimal damage and disturbance to the city.The collection, tempor
61、ary storage, recycling,</p><p> reuse,transportation and destruction of excavated material and construction waste are controlled</p><p> by environmental law number 2872. According to this law
62、, it is essential that:</p><p> 伊斯坦布爾幾乎所有的土地都有人居住,因此,為了將對城市產(chǎn)生的破壞降到最低,包</p><p> 括地鐵開挖和其他建筑工程引起的開挖廢料的儲(chǔ)存和回收利用顯得非常重要。環(huán)境法 2872</p><p> 條規(guī)定了開挖廢料和建筑垃圾的采集、暫時(shí)儲(chǔ)存、回收、重新利用、運(yùn)輸和銷毀等方面,主</p&g
63、t;<p><b> 要內(nèi)容有:</b></p><p> 1. Waste must be reduced at its source.</p><p> 2. Management must take necessary precautions to reduce the harmful effects of waste.</p>
64、<p> 1、垃圾必須從源頭控制;</p><p> 2、管理部門必須采取必要的措施以減少垃圾的不良影響;</p><p> 3. Excavated material must be recycled and reused,especially within the construction</p><p> infrastructure.&l
65、t;/p><p> 4. Excavated material and construction waste must not be mixed.</p><p> 5. Waste must be separated from its source and subjected to “selective destruction” in order to</p><p&
66、gt; form a sound system for recycling and destruction.</p><p> 6. Producers of excavated material or construction waste must provide required funds to destroy</p><p><b> waste.</b>
67、;</p><p> 3、開挖廢料必需回收利用,特別是地下結(jié)構(gòu)工程中的開挖廢料;</p><p> 4、開挖廢料和建筑垃圾必需區(qū)分開來;</p><p> 5、廢料必需在源頭分類,并按“選擇性銷毀”的原則形成一套完整的回收和銷毀系統(tǒng);</p><p> 6、開挖廢料或者建筑垃圾的責(zé)任人必須為處理垃圾提供必需的費(fèi)用。</p>
68、<p> According to environmental laws, municipalities are responsible for ?nding areas within</p><p> their province limits to excavate and operate these systems. Both the Istanbul Metropolitan</p
69、><p> Municipality Environmental Protection and Waste Recycling Company are the foundations that</p><p> actively carryout all operations regarding excavated material.</p><p> 根據(jù)環(huán)境法
70、規(guī)定,政府有責(zé)任在行政范圍內(nèi)規(guī)劃一定的土地用來建設(shè)和運(yùn)行垃圾回收處</p><p> 理系統(tǒng),伊斯坦布爾環(huán)保局和垃圾回收公司是負(fù)責(zé)廣泛開展開挖廢料處理的主要部門。</p><p> Since dumping areas have limited space, they are quickly ?lled, without any available</p><p&
71、gt; plausible solution for remediation. In addition, existing dumping areas are far away from metro</p><p> excavation areas. This means that loaded trucks are competing with city traf?c, causing traf?c<
72、;/p><p> congestion with their low speed and pollutants dropping off their wheels or bodies. Furthermore,</p><p> this results in a loss of money and labour.</p><p> 垃圾堆放空間有限,很快就會(huì)堆滿
73、,目前卻又沒有任何有效可行的解決辦法。除此之外,</p><p> 目前的垃圾堆放區(qū)遠(yuǎn)離地鐵建設(shè)的地方,這意味著滿載的貨車將擠進(jìn)城市交通,并因低速和</p><p> 車輪、車身上掉落的污染物而引起交通堵塞,另外,這也將導(dǎo)致資金和人力的短缺。</p><p> Details regarding excavated material pertaining to
74、 ongoing railway systems in Istanbul are</p><p> given in Table 4.The cross section in the table represents only tunnels on the main line. Given the</p><p> fact that the swelling value of roc
75、k is 1.4–1.5, together with the diameter values given above, the</p><p> approximate amount of excavated material from ongoing railway excavation will be equal to 12</p><p> million m3. All tu
76、nnels have been excavated with new Austrian tunnelling method (NATM), earth</p><p> pressure balance method (EPBM), tunnel boring machine (TBM), and cut and cover method.</p><p> 伊斯坦布爾建設(shè)中軌道交通線
77、路的開挖廢料詳情,見表 4。表格中橫斷面代表主要線路</p><p> 上的隧道不分。巖石的實(shí)際膨脹率是 1.4-1.5,綜合考慮表中給出的直徑,建設(shè)中的軌道交</p><p><b> 3</b></p><p> ?。‥PBM)、TBM 法或明挖法進(jìn)行施工。</p><p> Existing dumping
78、areas in Istanbul are listed in Table 5.When Tables 4 and 5 are examined</p><p> together, it can be seen that existing dumping areas can only accommodate material excavated</p><p> from the m
79、etro construction. Another important matter according to Table 5 is that 93% of existing</p><p> dumping areas are on the European side of Istanbul, with 88% of them in Kemerburgaz. Thus, all</p><
80、;p> excavated material on the Anatolian side must cross over European site every day for a distance of</p><p> approximately 150 km. Every day, on average, 3,000 trucks carry various types of excavated&
81、lt;/p><p> material to Kemerburgaz from other parts of Istanbul. This leads to a waste of time and increased</p><p> environmental pollution.</p><p> 伊斯坦布爾現(xiàn)存的垃圾堆放區(qū)見表 5。對比分析表 4、表 5,我
82、們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),現(xiàn)存的垃圾</p><p> 傾倒區(qū)僅能滿足地鐵開挖產(chǎn)生的開挖廢料。表 5 反映的另一個(gè)嚴(yán)重問題是,93%的現(xiàn)存垃圾</p><p> 傾倒區(qū)都在伊斯坦布爾靠歐洲一側(cè),其中的 88%是在凱梅爾布爾加茲。因此,安那托利亞</p><p> 所有的開挖廢料每天必須穿過約 150km 的距離來傾倒。每天約有 3000 輛來自伊斯坦布爾其</p>
83、<p> 他各地方的卡車滿載開挖廢料前往凱梅爾布爾加茲,從而導(dǎo)致時(shí)間的浪費(fèi)并加重了環(huán)境污</p><p><b> 染。</b></p><p> Table 4 Excavation volume occurred from ongoing railway systems in Istanbul</p><p><b
84、> 表 4</b></p><p> 伊斯坦布爾建設(shè)中軌道交通線路開挖量</p><p> Table 5 Existing dumping areas in Istanbul</p><p><b> 表 5</b></p><p> 伊斯坦布爾目前的垃圾傾倒區(qū)</p><
85、;p> Another problem related to excavation is that the materials, obtained from EPBM machines</p><p> (Fig. 6) and muddy areas, cannot be directly sent to dumping facilities. They have to be kept in</
86、p><p> suitable places, so that water can be drained off from the material and then sent to proper facilities.</p><p> However, this causes muddy material to drop from trucks, causing increased l
87、itter in cities (Fig.</p><p><b> 7).</b></p><p> 和開挖相關(guān)的另一個(gè)問題是,來自土壓平衡盾構(gòu)機(jī)械和污泥區(qū)的廢料(見圖 6)不能直</p><p> 接傾倒,為使水能從中順利排出并使用合適的處理設(shè)備,這些廢料必須在合適的地方暫存。</p><p> 然而這仍然會(huì)
88、導(dǎo)致污泥從卡車中流出并增加城市垃圾(見圖 7)。</p><p> Fig. 6 Muddy material resulting from EPBM</p><p><b> 圖 6</b></p><p> 土壓平衡法施工產(chǎn)生的泥漿</p><p> Fig. 7 Excavated material sto
89、cked for draining</p><p><b> 圖 7</b></p><p><b> 正在排水的開挖廢料</b></p><p> Traf?c jam</p><p> Since most of the railway constructions are carried
90、 out in the most densely populated areas,</p><p> city traf?c must be closed and redirected during the construction. In most cases, an entire area</p><p> must be closed for traf?c. For exampl
91、e, Uskudar square is now closed due to the Marmaray project</p><p> and most bus stops and piers have been moved to other locations.</p><p><b> 交通堵塞</b></p><p> 由于大部分
92、軌道交通線路都處在人口最稠密的地方,在施工期間,城市交通必須關(guān)閉并</p><p> 重新疏導(dǎo)。大部分情況下,一整個(gè)區(qū)域的交通都會(huì)被中斷。例如,由于 Marmaray 項(xiàng)目的施</p><p> 工,于斯屈達(dá)爾廣場現(xiàn)已全部封閉,而且大部分公交站牌都已遷移到其他地方。</p><p> With cut and cover constructions, the
93、case becomes even more complicated. In this case, an</p><p> entire route is closed to traf?c because cut and cover tunnels are constructed across streets. In</p><p> order to ensure that mach
94、ine operation and construction can continue uninterrupted and to</p><p> minimize the risk of accidents to the people living around the construction zone, streets are either</p><p> totally cl
95、osed to traf?c or traf?c is redirected (Figs. 8, 9). This causes long-term difficulties.For</p><p> example, shop owners on closed streets have dif?culties reaching their shops, stocking and</p><
96、p> transporting their goods and retaining customers.</p><p> 采用明挖法施工時(shí),情況會(huì)變得更為復(fù)雜。這時(shí),由于明挖法施工隧道會(huì)穿過馬路,整</p><p> 條交通線路都會(huì)被中斷。為了保證機(jī)械操作和施工的連續(xù)性并將對施工區(qū)周圍人們生活的影</p><p> 響降到最低,道路交通只有完全中斷或
97、重新疏導(dǎo)(見圖 8、圖 9)。這也會(huì)引起其他問題,比</p><p> 如,道路兩邊的店主進(jìn)出商店、進(jìn)出貨物、招攬顧客都會(huì)遇到困難。</p><p> Fig. 8 Redirected traf?c during tram construction</p><p><b> 圖 8</b></p><p> 有
98、軌電車施工時(shí)交通的重新疏導(dǎo)</p><p> Fig. 9 Sultanciftligi–Edirnekap? tram construction and closed streets</p><p><b> 圖 9</b></p><p> Sultanciftligi–Edirnekapi 有軌電車建設(shè)和中斷的街道</p>
99、;<p> Noise and vibration</p><p><b> 噪音污染和振動(dòng)</b></p><p> For metro excavations, a lot of different machines are used.These machines seriously disturb</p><p>
100、the environment with their noise and vibrations. In some regions, excavation may be as close as 5</p><p> –6 m away from inhabited apartment blocks (Fig. 10). In such cases, people are disturbed as</p>
101、;<p> excavation may take a signi?cant period of time to be completed.</p><p> 地鐵建設(shè)中會(huì)用到各種不同的機(jī)械設(shè)備,這些機(jī)械設(shè)備產(chǎn)生的噪聲和震動(dòng)嚴(yán)重影響了周</p><p> 圍的環(huán)境。有些地區(qū),施工操作距離居民樓近達(dá) 5-6 米(見圖 10),這種情況下,居民生活</p>&
102、lt;p> 會(huì)受到嚴(yán)重打擾,直到施工結(jié)束都會(huì)是斷難熬的日子。</p><p> Drilling–blasting may be needed in conventional methods for drilling through hard rock. In</p><p> this case, no matter how controlled the blasting i
103、s, people who are living in the area experience</p><p> both noise and vibrations. Some become scared, thinking that an earthquake is happening. In</p><p> blasting areas, the intensity of vib
104、rations is measured. In order to keep them within accepted limits,</p><p> delayed capsules are used.</p><p> 當(dāng)需要通過堅(jiān)硬巖石時(shí),鉆孔爆破是一種常用工法。這種情況下,無論如何控制爆破,</p><p> 這一區(qū)域的居民都要忍受噪音和震動(dòng),有些人甚
105、至感到害怕,認(rèn)為發(fā)生了地震。在爆破區(qū)內(nèi),</p><p> 震動(dòng)強(qiáng)度必須監(jiān)測,為了把震動(dòng)強(qiáng)度控制在可以接受的范圍內(nèi),常采用延遲爆破。</p><p> In order to minimize vibration and noise caused by machines and to reduce the effects of</p><p> blastin
106、g, working areas are surrounded by fences. Super?cial blasting shaft rims are covered with a</p><p> large canvas and fences are covered with wet broadcloths. However, these precautions can only</p>
107、<p> reduce negative effects; they cannot totally eliminate them.</p><p> 為了最大程度的降低機(jī)械設(shè)備引起的震動(dòng)和噪音從而降低爆破的影響,工作區(qū)會(huì)用圍欄</p><p> 隔離起來。淺層爆破時(shí),鉆孔周邊會(huì)用一塊大的帆布包起來,圍欄會(huì)用濕布填充。無論如何,</p><p> 這
108、些防范措施只能減少不良影響,并不能完全消除。</p><p> Fig. 10 A shaft that is 5–6 m away from an apartment</p><p><b> 圖 10</b></p><p> 距離居民樓 5-6 米遠(yuǎn)的豎井</p><p> The formation of
109、 dust and mud</p><p> Depending on the season, both dust and mud disturb the environment. During removal of</p><p> excavated material, especially muddy material, trucks may pollute the enviro
110、nment despite all</p><p> precautions taken. Mud that forms around the excavation area may slide down the slope and cover</p><p> the ground (Fig. 11). In this case although roads are frequent
111、ly cleaned, the environment is still</p><p> disturbed.Trucks, which travel from dumping areas to areas that are muddy cannot enter traf?c</p><p> until their wheels and bodies are washed. How
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