外文文獻翻譯--模具設計與制造

1、<p><b>　　模具設計與制造</b></p><p>　　模具是制造業(yè)的重要工藝基礎，在我國模具制造屬于專用設備制造業(yè)。中國雖然很早就開始制造模具和使用模具，但長期未形成產業(yè)。直到20世紀80年代后期，中國模具工業(yè)才駛入發(fā)展的快車道。近年，不僅國有模具企業(yè)有了很大發(fā)展，三資企業(yè)、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（個體）模具企業(yè)的發(fā)展也相當迅速。</p><p>　　雖然中國模具工

2、業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，但與需求相比，顯然供不應求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、復雜、長壽命模具領域。由于在模具精度、壽命、制造周期及生產能力等方面，中國與國際平均水平和發(fā)達國家仍有較大差距，因此，每年需要大量進口模具。</p><p>　　中國模具產業(yè)除了要繼續(xù)提高生產能力，今后更要著重于行業(yè)內部結構的調整和技術發(fā)展水平的提高。結構調整方面，主要是企業(yè)結構向專業(yè)化調整，產品結構向著中高檔模具發(fā)展，向進出口結構的改進，中高檔

3、汽車覆蓋件模具成形分析及結構改進、多功能復合模具和復合加工及激光技術在模具設計制造上的應用、高速切削、超精加工及拋光技術、信息化方向發(fā)展。</p><p>　　近年，模具行業(yè)結構調整和體制改革步伐加大，主要表現(xiàn)在，大型、精密、復雜、長壽命、中高檔模具及模具標準件發(fā)展速度高于一般模具產品；塑料模和壓鑄模比例增大；專業(yè)模具廠數(shù)量及其生產能力增加；“三資”及私營企業(yè)發(fā)展迅速；股份制改造步伐加快等。從地區(qū)分布來看，以珠江

4、三角洲和長江三角洲為中心的東南沿海地區(qū)發(fā)展快于中西部地區(qū)，南方的發(fā)展快于北方。目前發(fā)展最快、模具生產最為集中的省份是廣東和浙江，江蘇、上海、安徽和山東等地近幾年也有較大發(fā)展。</p><p>　　雖然我國模具總量目前已達到相當規(guī)模，模具水平也有很大提高，但設計制造水平總體上落后于德、美、日、法、意等工業(yè)發(fā)達國家許多。當前存在的問題和差距主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面：</p><p>　?。?）總量

5、供不應求，國內模具自配率只有70%左右。其中低檔模具供過于求，中高檔模具自配率只有50%左右。</p><p>　?。?）企業(yè)組織結構、產品結構、技術結構和進出口結構均不合理。我國模具生產廠中多數(shù)是自產自配的工模具車間（分廠），自產自配比例高達60%左右，而國外模具超過70%屬商品模具。專業(yè)模具廠大多是“大而全”、“小而全”的組織形式，而國外大多是“小而?！?、“小而精”。國內大型、精密、復雜、長壽命的模具占總量比

6、例不足30%,而國外在50%以上。2004年，模具進出口之比為3.7:1，進出口相抵后的凈進口額達13.2億美元，為世界模具凈進口量最大的國家。</p><p>　　（3）模具產品水平大大低于國際水平，生產周期卻高于國際水平 產品水平低主要表現(xiàn)在模具的精度、型腔表面粗糙度、壽命及結構等方面。</p><p>　?。?）開發(fā)能力較差，經濟效益欠佳，我國模具企業(yè)技術人員比例低，水平較低，且不重

7、視產品開發(fā)，在市場中經常處于被動地位。我國每個模具職工平均年創(chuàng)造產值約合1萬美元，國外模具工業(yè)發(fā)達國家大多是15～20萬美元，有的高達25～30萬美元，與之相對的是我國相當一部分模具企業(yè)還沿用過去作坊式管理，真正實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化企業(yè)管理的企業(yè)較少。</p><p>　　造成上述差距的原因很多，除了歷史上模具作為產品長期未得到應有的重視，以及多數(shù)國有企業(yè)機制不能適應市場經濟之外，還有下列幾個原因：</p>

8、<p>　?。?）國家對模具工業(yè)的政策支持力度還不夠，雖然國家已經明確頒布了模具行業(yè)的產業(yè)政策，但配套政策少，執(zhí)行力度弱。目前享受模具產品增值稅的企業(yè)全國只有185家，大多數(shù)企業(yè)仍舊稅負過重。模具企業(yè)進行技術改造引進設備要繳納相當數(shù)量的稅金，影響技術進步，而且民營企業(yè)貸款十分困難。</p><p>　?。?）人才嚴重不足，科研開發(fā)及技術攻關投入太少，模具行業(yè)是技術、資金、勞動密集的產業(yè)，隨著時代的進步和

9、技術的發(fā)展，掌握并且熟練運用新技術的人才異常短缺，高級模具鉗工及企業(yè)管理人才也非常緊張。由于模具企業(yè)效益欠佳及對科研開發(fā)和技術攻關重視不夠，科研單位和大專院校的眼睛盯著創(chuàng)收，導致模具行業(yè)在科研開發(fā)和技術攻關方面投入太少，致使模具技術發(fā)展步伐不大，進展不快。</p><p>　　（3）工藝裝備水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低，近年來我國機床行業(yè)進步較快，已能提供比較成套的高精度加工設備，但與國外裝備相比，仍有較大差距

10、。雖然國內許多企業(yè)已引進許多國外先進設備，但總體的裝備水平比國外許多企業(yè)低很多。由于體制和資金等方面的原因，引進設備不配套，設備與附件不配套現(xiàn)象十分普遍，設備利用率低的問題長期得不到較妥善的解決。</p><p>　?。?）專業(yè)化、標準化、商品化程度低，協(xié)作能力差，由于長期以來受“大而全”“小而全”影響，模具專業(yè)化水平低，專業(yè)分工不細致，商品化程度低。目前國內每年生產的模具，商品模具只占40%左右，其余為自產自用

11、。模具企業(yè)之間協(xié)作不暢，難以完成較大規(guī)模的模具成套任務。模具標準化水平低，模具標準件使用覆蓋率低也對模具質量、成本有較大影響，特別是對模具制造周期有很大影響。</p><p>　　（5）模具材料及模具相關技術落后，模具材料性能、質量和品種問題往往會影響模具質量、壽命及成本，國產模具鋼與國外進口鋼材相比有較大差距。塑料、板材、設備性能差，也直接影響模具水平的提高。</p><p>　　目前，

12、我國經濟仍處于高速發(fā)展階段，國際上經濟全球化發(fā)展趨勢日趨明顯，這為我國模具工業(yè)高速發(fā)展提供了良好的條件和機遇。一方面，國內模具市場將繼續(xù)高速發(fā)展，另一方面，模具制造也逐漸向我國轉移以及跨國集團到我國進行模具采購趨向也十分明顯。因此，放眼未來，國際、國內的模具市場總體發(fā)展趨勢前景看好，預計中國模具將在良好的市場環(huán)境下得到高速發(fā)展，我國不但會成為模具大國，而且一定逐步向模具制造強國的行列邁進。“十一五”期間，中國模具工業(yè)水平不僅在量和質的方

13、面有很大提高，而且行業(yè)結構、產品水平、開發(fā)創(chuàng)新能力、企業(yè)的體制與機制以及技術進步的方面也會取得較大發(fā)展。</p><p>　　模具技術集合了機械、電子、化學、光學、材料、計算機、精密監(jiān)測和信息網(wǎng)絡等諸多學科，是一個綜合性多學科的系統(tǒng)工程。模具技術的發(fā)展趨勢主要是模具產品向著更大型、更精密、更復雜及更經濟的方向發(fā)展，模具產品的技術含量不斷提高，模具制造周期不斷縮短，模具生產朝著信息化、無圖化、精細化、自動化的方向發(fā)

14、展，模具企業(yè)向著技術集成化、設備精良化、產批品牌化、管理信息化、經營國際化的方向發(fā)展。</p><p>　　模具行業(yè)在“十一五”期間需要解決的重點關鍵技術應是模具信息化、數(shù)字化技術和精密、超精、高速、高效制造技術方面的突破，隨著國民經濟總量和工業(yè)產品技術的不斷發(fā)展，各行各業(yè)對模具的需求量越來越大，技術要求也越來越高。雖然模具種類繁多，但其發(fā)展重點應該是既能滿足大量需要，又有較高技術含量，特別是目前國內尚不能自給，

15、需大量進口的模具和能代表發(fā)展方向的大型、精密、復雜、長壽命模具。模具標準件的種類、數(shù)量、水平、生產集中度等對整個模具行業(yè)的發(fā)展有重大影響。因此，一些重要的模具標準件也必須重點發(fā)展，而且其發(fā)展速度應快于模具的發(fā)展速度，這樣才能不斷提高我國模具標準化水平，從而提高模具質量，縮短模具生產周期，降低成本。由于我國的模具產品在國際市場上占有較大的價格優(yōu)勢，因此對于出口前景好的模具產品也應作為重點來發(fā)展。根據(jù)上述需要量大、技術含量高、代表發(fā)展方向、

16、口前景好的原則選擇重點發(fā)展產品，而且所選產品必須目前已有一定技術基礎，屬于有條件、有可能發(fā)展起來的產品。</p><p>　　The mold designing and manufacturing</p><p>　　The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the

17、 mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuri

18、es 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three in</p><p>　

19、　Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a res

20、ult of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to i

21、mport the mold every year .</p><p>　　The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-a

22、rt enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvem

23、ent, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpos</p><p>　　The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational refor

24、m step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and

25、the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The join</p><p

26、>　　Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry develope

27、d country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:</p><p>　　(1) The total quantity falls short of dema

28、nd. </p><p>　　Domestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%. Low-grade mold, center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.</p><p>　　(2) The enterprise organizational struct

29、ure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gather.</p><p>　　In our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produ

30、ces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "la

31、rge and complete", "small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold ac

32、counts </p><p>　　(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standard.</p><p>　　The production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level lo

33、w mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure.</p><p>　　(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterpri

34、se technical personnel proportion low.</p><p>　　The level is lower, also does not take the product development, and is frequent in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year

35、 creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to 10, 000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part o

36、f molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the m</p><p>　　To create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term

37、 has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons:</

38、p><p>　　(1) Country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficiently.</p><p>　　Although the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but ne

39、cessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. At present enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185; the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries

40、on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the considerable amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreover privately opera</p><p>　　(2) Talented person ser

41、ious insufficient, the scientific research development and the technical attack investment too urine.</p><p>　　mold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along with the time prog

42、ress and the technical development, grasps the talented person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-quality mold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxiou

43、s. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and the univer</p><p>　　(3) The craft

44、 equipment level is low, also is not good, the using factor is low. Recent years ,our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared w

45、ith the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many

46、enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so o</p><p>　　(4) Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the cooperation ability.</p><p>　　Because receives "large and comple

47、te" "small and entire" the influence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces

48、mold, commodity mold minister 40% about, other for from produce uses for oneself. Between the molds enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparatively large-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standard

49、ization level low, mold standard letter u</p><p>　　(5) To the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlation technology fall.</p><p>　　The mold material performance, the qual

50、ity and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plat

51、e, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement.</p><p>　　At present, our country economy still was at the high speed development phase, on the international economical globalizatio

52、n development tendency is day by day obvious, this has provided the good condition and the opportunity for the our country mold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold market will continue hig

53、h speed to develop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture also gradually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on the mold p</p><p>　　The mold technology has gathered the mac

54、hinery, the electron, chemistry, optics, the material, the computer, the precise monitor and the information network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive nature multi-disciplinary systems engineering. The mold

55、technology development tendency mainly is the mold product to larger-scale, precise, more complex and a more economical direction develops, the mold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold manufacture cy

56、cle unceasingly redu</p><p>　　Mold profession in "十15" period needs to solve the key essential technology should be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine, high spee

57、d, the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthrough.</p><p>　　Along with the national economy total quantity and the industry product technology unceasing development, all the various trades a

58、nd occupations to the mold demand quantity more and more big, the specification more and more is also high.</p><p>　　Although mold type many, but its development should be with emphasis both can meet the mas

59、sive needs, and has the comparatively high-tech content, specially at present domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs the massive imports the mold and can represent the development direction large-scale, preci