外文翻譯----gis軟件和數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)

1、<p><b>　　外文資料</b></p><p>　　GIS software and data structures(bilingual)</p><p>　　1、Arc/Info</p><p>　　Arc/Info is a long-lived full functions GIS package that has bee

2、n ported to the microcomputer, the workstation, and the mainframe. Arc/Info is used to automate, manipulate, analyze, and display geographic data and incorporates hundreds of sophisticated tools for map automation, data

3、conversion, database management, map overlay and spatial analysis, interactive display and query, graphic editing, and address geocoding. The software includes a relational database interface for integration with com<

4、/p><p><b>　　2、ArcView</b></p><p>　　ArcView is available for Windows, Macintosh, and a variety of Unix platforms. It is a desktop system for storing, modifying, querying, analyzing, and

5、displaying information about geographic space. Support for spatial and tabular queries, “hot links” to other desktop applications and data types, business graphic functions such as charting, bar and pie charts, and map s

6、ymbolization, desing, and layout capabilities are supported. Gocoding and address matching are also possible. ArcView is also a p</p><p>　　3、Atlas GIS</p><p>　　AtlasGIS is available for both DO

7、S and as version 3.0 for Windows. The original vendor has recently sold the software to Clartas, which in turn was purchased in 1996 by ESRI. This GIS lets you display, edit, and analyze information from a database or sp

8、readsheet on a map, and can turn statistics and tabular data into graphics for decision-making and presentation purposes. Atlas GIS has a database management system with spreadsheet-style presentation, map editing, drawi

9、ng tools, and reporting. At</p><p>　　The graphics allow full-featured geographical analysis and integrated database connectivity. In recent comparative reviews, three GIS and computer magazines awarded Atlas

10、GIS for Windows the highest rating in value and ease of use. The GUI builds on Windows to allow “point and click” access, a button bar, and a page layout system that displays the map automatically. Several map “style she

11、ets” come with the program. Legends, titles, scale bars and other elements update automatically. A CD ROM of U</p><p><b>　　4、GRASS</b></p><p>　　The U.S. Army Construction Engineering

12、 Research Laboratories has developed publicdomain software called the Geographical Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS). Grass is raster based, was the first Unix GIS software, and has been considerably enhanced by

13、the addition of user contributions, for example in hydrologic modeling. GRASS is available free over the Internet. Many users run GRASS on PC’s under the Linux version of UNIX. Since 1985, CERL has released upgrades and

14、enhancements to GRASS </p><p><b>　　5、IDRISI</b></p><p>　　The IDRISI software system has been developed, distributed, and supported on a notfor-profit basis by the IDRISI Project, Cla

15、rk University Graduate School of Geography. To date, there are over 15,000 registered users of IDRISI software in over 130 countries, making it the most widely used raster GIS in the world. IDRISI is designed to be easy

16、to use, yet provide professional-level GIS, image processing and spatial statistics analytical capability on both DOS- and Windows-based personal computers</p><p>　　IDRISI for Windows, first released in 1995

17、, added a graphical user interface, flexible cartographic composition facilities, and integrated database management system to the analytical toolkit. Special routines for change and time-series analysis, spatial decisio

18、n support, and uncertainty analysis and incorporation are included. The software comes with a set of tutorial exercises and data that guide the new user through the concepts of GIS and image processing while also introdu

19、cing the features </p><p><b>　　6、MapInfo</b></p><p>　　MapInfo was one of the first GIS programs to do desktop mapping. The vendor is MapInfo Corporation of Troy, New York. The softwa

20、re is well distributed and has many user groups and a broad variety of applications worldwide. The software runs under DOS, Windows, Macintosh, and on various Unix platforms. While MapInfo’s GIS retrieval and analysis fu

21、nctions are fewer than those of full-blown GIS packages, MapInfo includes a link to the Basic programming language via a language called MapBasic. This </p><p>　　MapInfo also supplies information products sp

22、anning geographic, economic, political, cultural, and industry application-specific content, each derived from leading worldwide sources to work the software. MapInfo also has an extensive training program, with classes

23、at introductory and advanced levels for MapInfo and MapBasic.</p><p>　　7、Microstation MGE</p><p>　　MGE is widely distributed layer-based GIS with a tradition in computer assisted design by the I

24、ntergraph Corporation of Huntsville, Alabama. The software runs on workstations, PCs and under the Windows NT system. An extensive set of add on modules allow users to configure GIS capability around their specific needs

25、. The layered implementation allows efficient storage structures for the geometry and linkages to relational database records. Geographic element is represented in the GIS as features. </p><p>　　For the attr

26、ibute data, MGE incorporates use of the relational interface system, which facilitates client-server network communication to the relational DBMS so that multiple workstations communicate with the database server simulta

27、neously. MGE contains tools for building and maintaining topologically clean data without the processing and storage overhead of building and maintaining topology. MGE supports the open geodata interoperability specifica

28、tion and the spatial data transfer standard.</p><p><b>　　中文譯文</b></p><p>　　GIS軟件和數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>　　Arc/Info是一個產(chǎn)生早、功能齊全的地理信息系統(tǒng)軟件包，它已經(jīng)被安裝到微型計算機、工作站以及電算機的主機中。人們利用Arc/Info來進行自動化

29、、修改、分析、顯示地理數(shù)據(jù)，組合成百上千復(fù)雜的工具，以便進行地圖自動化、數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換、數(shù)據(jù)庫管理、地圖分層、空間分析、相互間的顯示和查詢、邊界編輯以及地址編碼。該軟件包含著一個與數(shù)據(jù)庫相關(guān)的接口，以便與商業(yè)性的數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)、為發(fā)展顧客定制的常用語言相融合。Arc/Info是地理信息系統(tǒng)中一個普通的、非應(yīng)用性、特定的方法，允許軟件從事任何地理的應(yīng)用。該軟件不僅能在高級的微型計算機上運行，還可以在幾種Unix工作站和Windows NT平臺上

30、運行。</p><p>　　ArcView可以在Windows、Macintosh及各種不同的Unix平臺上運行。它一個平臺系統(tǒng)，可以進行存儲、修改、查詢、分析并顯示地理空間信息。它支持空間的和平面的查詢，能與其它工作平臺和數(shù)據(jù)類型相連接，還支持諸如圖表、柱狀和餅狀圖、地圖符號、密度和布局等制作功能。編碼和地址匹配同樣是可實現(xiàn)的。ArcView同樣是生產(chǎn)Arc/Info的ESRI公司的產(chǎn)品。這兩個系統(tǒng)有兼容性，A

31、rcView更傾向于地圖顯示而非數(shù)據(jù)庫管理。當ArcView軟件的第二個版本問世后，新的ArcView軟件立即被運用到公共領(lǐng)域，還能通過因特網(wǎng)進行使用。 </p><p>　　AtlasGIS可以在DOS和3.0版本的Windows系統(tǒng)上運行。最初的賣主已將該軟件買給Clartas公司，而該公司在1996年被ESRI公司收購。這個軟件能夠顯示、編輯、分析來自數(shù)據(jù)庫的信息以及地圖上的spreadsheet，還能將統(tǒng)

32、計的表格數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成圖表，用于決策和顯示等目的。AtlasGIS具有數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)，帶有…..類型的顯示、圖形編輯、繪畫工具和報表功能。Windows系統(tǒng)下的AtlasGIS包含著SQL數(shù)據(jù)接口、街道地址編碼模塊。還可以與Oracle數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)相連接。</p><p>　　圖表允許完全屬性的地理分析以及數(shù)據(jù)庫間的融合。最近的評估比較，三種地理信息系統(tǒng)及計算機雜志授予AtlasGIS最高評價和易于使用稱號。建立在

33、Windows系統(tǒng)下的GUI帶有“點、擊”接口、按鈕菜單、頁面布局系統(tǒng)，能夠自動顯示地圖。幾種地圖“版本”隨著該程序而產(chǎn)生。圖例、標題、比例尺以及其它成分自動更新。通過地址匹配和輔助制圖，一張只讀性美國地址光碟允許全國性的編碼。一個圖層管理系統(tǒng)讓用戶改變顏色、設(shè)置、文體、可見性等等。通過Windows的OLE接口，該系統(tǒng)還允許將剪切、粘貼移植到其它Windows的應(yīng)用中。</p><p>　　美國軍方建設(shè)工程研究

34、實驗室開發(fā)了一種稱為地理資源分析輔助系統(tǒng)（GRASS）的大眾性軟件。GRASS是基于柵格模型的第一個Unix平臺下的地理信息系統(tǒng)軟件，并且由于用戶的資助，其功能在很大程度上得到增強，如在水文模型方面。GRASS可以在因特網(wǎng)上免費獲得。許多用戶在Linux版本的Unix平臺下運行GRASS。自從1985年以來，CERL不斷改進和增強GRASS的功能，并向用戶提供技術(shù)支持。但是在1996年的春季，CERL終止了有關(guān)GRASS的工作。根據(jù)協(xié)定

35、，現(xiàn)在的CERL與商業(yè)賣主共同工作，支持GRASS并將其功能綜合到商業(yè)系統(tǒng)中。在GRASS網(wǎng)址中的信息將會作為背景資料繼續(xù)存在一段時間。</p><p>　　克里克地質(zhì)研究大學(xué)開發(fā)的IDRISI軟件系統(tǒng)經(jīng)過不斷的發(fā)展、擴充，并由IDRISI 項目提供非商業(yè)性的資助。今天，IDRISI軟件的注冊用戶已經(jīng)超過一萬五千人，他們分別來自130多個國家，使該軟件成為全球使用最廣的柵格地理信息系統(tǒng)。IDRISI的設(shè)計易于使用

36、，但是卻能提供專業(yè)地理信息系統(tǒng)水平的功能，如圖像處理、空間統(tǒng)計分析功能。它既可在Dos系統(tǒng)中運行，也可以在Windows系統(tǒng)下運行。其目的是使不同水平的用戶都能負擔得起該軟件，使軟件能在大多數(shù)計算機平臺上運行。它不需要昂貴的圖表卡片或外部裝置就能很好的利用該系統(tǒng)的分析功能。該系統(tǒng)是開放式結(jié)構(gòu)的，因而研究人員可以將自己的模塊加到里面。</p><p>　　為Windows系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的IDRISI最先發(fā)行于1995年，

37、帶有一個圖表用戶接口、可伸縮的制圖成分設(shè)備以及將數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)融合到分析工具中。還包含著為變化而設(shè)計的專門慣例、時間系列分析、空間決策、不確定性分析及合并。該軟件自帶一系列的指導(dǎo)性練習(xí)和通過地理信息系統(tǒng)概念來引導(dǎo)新用戶的數(shù)據(jù)，并在圖像處理中介紹IDRISI的特征?？梢岳眠@些指導(dǎo)性練習(xí)自學(xué)，也可用來教學(xué)。</p><p>　　MapInfo是第一個處理桌面圖形的地理信息系統(tǒng)程序。銷售商是紐約Troy的MapInf

38、o公司。該軟件銷售良好，在整個世界范圍有許多用戶。它可以在DOS、Windows、Macintosh、以及各種不同的Unix平臺上運行。雖然MapInfo的地理信息系統(tǒng)修改和分析功能比那些成熟的地理信息系統(tǒng)工具包的少，它卻包含有一個以MapBasic語言連接基礎(chǔ)程序語言的接口。這個開發(fā)環(huán)境允許定制應(yīng)用的創(chuàng)建，擴展了MapInfo的內(nèi)在功能并允許使用公共圖表接口。</p><p>　　MapInfo同樣提供信息產(chǎn)品

39、，這些產(chǎn)品跨越地理的、經(jīng)濟的、政治的、文化的、產(chǎn)業(yè)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，每一項都來源于引導(dǎo)世界資源為該軟件工作。MapInfo還開設(shè)有針對MapInfo和MapBasic初級、高級水平的大量的培訓(xùn)項目。</p><p>　　MGE是廣泛分布的基于圖層的地理信息系統(tǒng)，由阿拉巴馬洲罕茨維爾的Intergraph公司設(shè)計。該軟件可以在工作站、個人計算機以及Windows NT系統(tǒng)下運行。大量的增加模塊允許用戶圍繞自己的特定需要設(shè)置

40、地理信息系統(tǒng)的能力。分層工具允許有效的存儲結(jié)構(gòu)，使幾何學(xué)與相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫記錄連接。地理自然環(huán)境作為一個特征描述在地理信息系統(tǒng)中。特征都被組合到相同的類別中作為它們出現(xiàn)的地圖。</p><p>　　對于數(shù)據(jù)屬性，MGE公司使用相關(guān)的接口系統(tǒng)，促進客戶服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息與相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)，從而使多個工作站通過數(shù)據(jù)庫服務(wù)器同時交換信息。MGE包含著建立維持拓補清理數(shù)據(jù)的工具，而不用在建立維持拓補前進行處理和存儲。MGE支持公