外文翻譯---起重機(jī)創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)展望

1、<p>　　Crane innovative design Prospects </p><p>　　1 Outline </p><p>　　With the new century, new patterns of global industry changes and the level of China’s rapid development of industrial

2、technology, Innovative design has drawn increasing attention to institutions and enterprises. Crane also extremely active market in recent years up to the crane design, no doubt brought a higher level of development requ

3、irements, crane innovative design has become the most important enterprises to improve competitiveness means and ways.</p><p>　　With the rapid development of modern computer control technology to make compre

4、hensive consideration of the design of crane control system reliability, operation comfort, organization and structure, there have been generalized optimization demands a higher level，Cranes must be designed so the conve

5、ntional design from the original model come out with new ideas, new principles, new methods, new technologies and new techniques to design new products to adapt to new situations, creative design issue</p><p&g

6、t;　　Crane innovative design theories, methods and tools are based on modern design theory and method, applied micro-electronics, information, management and other modern scientific techniques to improve product quality,

7、customer satisfaction, price and style, improve product features, shorten product development cycle for the purpose of the relevant work done. Crane innovation theory, method and technology research aim is special equipm

8、ent from the crane as required by the work of security and relia</p><p>　　According to reality and development, design means more and more reflect the precision, automation, virtualization and fast character

9、istics. Modern crane products are toward the mechanical and electrical integration, integration, modular, individualized direction. Automatic detection, automatic data processing (Operations, determine, storage, memory),

10、 automatic display, automatic control, fault diagnosis and automatic protection and maintenance functions are a large number of applications. There</p><p>　　At the same time highly integrated design for mode

11、rn cranes significant trend. With advanced technology and good design can be cost-effective crane is mechanical, electrical designers, manufacturing engineers, management, marketing, personnel and workers, accountants, p

12、atent lawyers together, the collective wisdom and trends.</p><p>　　The following points are the innovative design direction of crane: </p><p>　　(1) Integrated with the components, agencies conci

13、se, structured fully optimized machine design;</p><p>　　(2) To meet the specific requirements of individual users personalized design;</p><p>　　(3) Diversity and low cost to meet market requirem

14、ents with new technologies, new crane series features modular design;</p><p>　　(4) Self-analysis, self-adjusting, self-correction, intelligent operation of automatic, semi-automatic operation of the form of

15、a high degree of mechanical and electrical integration of the crane design; </p><p>　　(5) The introduction of new high-precision weighing sensor technology and positioning systems crane design;</p>&l

16、t;p>　　(6) The design and the corresponding high-speed crane anti-sway, accurate alignment of the technology;</p><p>　　(7) Expert system with parametric design of the rapid response;</p><p>　　

17、(8) Immediate response based on the cost economics of DFC (Design For Cost) design;</p><p>　　(9) Very short delivery time requirements parallel design and concurrent engineering design;</p><p>　

18、　(10) Product life cycle based on the convenience of maintenance and repair of the design and maintenance-free design;</p><p>　　(11) Large single complex product design and dynamic simulation of virtual real

19、ization;</p><p>　　(12) The generalized optimization design;</p><p>　　(13) Crane dynamic (fatigue life analysis of) the extensive application of research results. </p><p>　　Truly inn

20、ovative design is the design of the various methods and techniques of organic composition and utilization. Design work has never been isolated, the resulting technical and management related issues: From the PDM, CAPP, E

21、RP, PLM to the whole process of CRM management of closed-loop feedback; From design, engineering, production, installation, commissioning and operation of the whole process of information management; Enterprise collabora

22、tive design and manufacturing of MVPN research; bas</p><p>　　2 Status and development trend of domestic and foreign </p><p>　　For decades after World War II, the major advanced industrial count

23、ries have begun to pay attention to the design of the study, the level of crane design technology also developed rapidly. United Kingdom from 60’s, on national policies and financial resources to support the development

24、and promotion of innovative design; Germany proposed design is science, to design the development of science has reached a considerable scale; The United States set up the Planning Board Japan also attaches great </p&

25、gt;<p>　　The development of China’s crane design has gone through a tortuous process. More than before the design is based on imitation of the Soviet Union mainly, with the designer’s experience, a great product d

26、esign limitations. From the 60’s, started a new product development and design of new components and experimental research, to make the design experience from design imitation and gradually to experimental research and a

27、nalysis phase. To 80 years, BaoGang and some very large companies with forei</p><p>　　However, our crane design are still many problems, primarily the design of most small and medium analysis is not enough,

28、low capital investment, personnel training, keep up with development needs, has not formed to develop new products or old products, design and ability to cope with the introduction of advanced technologies and products,

29、not from a design perspective digestion, and no ability to re-innovation. Designers do not form a reasonable echelon; the product is still the same kind for se</p><p>　　2.1 Reduce design, procurement and pr

30、oduction costs </p><p>　　Domestic and foreign experts on the cost estimates and methods to reduce costs a lot of research, some enterprises in program design, and quotation system such as the work of the res

31、ults achieved to some extent. German scholars of the cost structure and classification, with the relative costs of different design concept to realize the contrast between the evaluation， At the same time using the desig

32、n methodology and design of cost control features of cost and design features of the transformatio</p><p>　　2.2 Innovative design of the Rapid Response</p><p>　　Tokyo International Conference i

33、n 1992 formally proposed concurrent engineering technology, developed as the basis to reduce the design period of rapid design techniques (RDT), Current international design in parallel for rapid design, rapid prototypin

34、g, serialization modular technology and the development of virtual manufacturing technologies are relatively fast, but crane industry has not been large-scale popularization and application.</p><p>　　2.3 Si

35、mulation and Virtual Design</p><p>　　Study abroad are more active, the simulation of mechanical product design modeling, including the current most widely used finite element method (FEM), finite difference

36、method. Simulation technology is increasingly widely used, so that it can overcome the physical space and time constraints. Digital prototype simulation designed crane products on large and complex program evaluation; re

37、view of agency action principle, the structure interference check is of great practical significance. At the s</p><p>　　2.4 Intelligent design</p><p>　　The major industrial countries are from t

38、raditional CAD technology continues to intelligent CAD (ICAD) and the direction of man-machine intelligent design system, electrical control system from the analysis, self-adjusting, self-correction, intelligent level in

39、creased, which make cranes the whole process of design and use of automation and intelligence can be achieved.</p><p>　　2.5 Optimal Design of Generalized</p><p>　　Home about numerical optimizat

40、ion techniques applied to engineering design early 70s, and the current discrete and random variable optimization, structural optimization, intelligent optimization, optimization modeling and optimization of complex syst

41、ems research methodology has been made in the fields of theory and a considerable level of application of the results, But extended to the forward modeling, processing model, backward extended to the whole process of opt

42、imization results show that la</p><p>　　3 Objectives and key content and direction</p><p>　　3.1 Target</p><p>　　Research and product innovation to grasp the theory and method, and

43、 applied to a number of focused product design, improve product design capability and level of integrated, so that crane products in the product quality, price, delivery and function of type (shape color) and so on to me

44、et the evolving needs of users, in the fierce market competition take more share.</p><p>　　3.2 Main contents</p><p>　　3.2.1 Innovative design techniques</p><p>　　Type carried out

45、on the crane drive innovation, structures and functions of innovation theory and technology innovation base in theoretical research, we analyze the new material, new techniques, new gear, and thus through the optimizatio

46、n of different design, decomposition and combination to produce a new design, has introduced a new innovative design results transmission.</p><p>　　3.2.2 Cost design</p><p>　　In the product des

47、ign process cost-oriented design techniques and technologies in parallel cost estimate is critical to product cost reduction, The focus is to study the cost structure analysis and value engineering analysis techniques, a

48、nd the need to construct a variety of specific design knowledge base and cost data to accurately estimate the cost of parallel. Immediate response to achieve product cost through design adjustments to control the product

49、 design stage to achieve the true cost of </p><p>　　3.2.3 Rapid Design Technology</p><p>　　Market demand for very short delivery time requirement to carry out web-based collaboration (offsite)

50、design, concurrent engineering technology, this can shorten the product development cycle. Among them, the series modular design, artificial intelligence, product design expert system technology and virtual manufacturing

51、 technology is designed to be fast an important part of the study.</p><p>　　3.2.4 Simulation and Virtual Design</p><p>　　Modeling and simulation software is the computer simulation technology t

52、o the important research topics on the innovative design of considerable research, and fuzzy expert system and artificial neural network technology into the simulation system will contribute to the formation of an effici

53、ent, intelligent crane simulation system. The Virtual Reality (VR) techniques, but will make a crane with a more realistic simulation technology to facilitate input and output system that can quickly make a v</p>

54、<p>　　3.2.5 Intelligent Design Technology</p><p>　　Crane Intelligent CAD (ICAD) system technology and machine technology of intelligent design, intelligent design makes for CIMS to the advanced stage o

55、f intelligent design. Intelligent design principle scheme; collaborative solving; case-based reasoning; knowledge acquisition, expression and use of technologies such as intelligent design technology is also important to

56、 study the contents of.</p><p>　　3.2.6 General optimization techniques and optimization of the whole process of design</p><p>　　Crane generalized optimization technology will allow people to bu

57、ild from the model, processing, until the whole process of optimization results show that optimized. Modern design techniques in general optimal design method and its applications have become increasingly mature, normal

58、continuous variable optimization, hybrid discrete variable optimization, has been developed to optimize the design random variables (reliability optimal design), optimal design of fuzzy variables, single objective o</

59、p><p>　　4 Summaries</p><p>　　Innovative design is the crane technology has improved continuously and the source of development, the outcome of the full use of modern information technology and mod

60、ern management methods, Modern design techniques integrated crane technology will play a significant role in promoting, crane technology has been growing rapidly, Who innovative design is done well, grasps the technical

61、advantages, grasps the market.</p><p><b>　　起重機(jī)創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)展望</b></p><p><b>　　1 概述</b></p><p>　　隨著新世紀(jì)全球工業(yè)格局的新變化和我國工業(yè)技術(shù)水平的快速發(fā)展，創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)越來越引起院校和企業(yè)的重視。起重機(jī)市場近年來也異常的活躍起來，這無疑給

62、起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)帶來了更高層次的發(fā)展要求，起重機(jī)的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)成為各企業(yè)提升競爭能力的最主要手段和途徑。</p><p>　　隨著現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)控制技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展，使得起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)在綜合考慮控制系統(tǒng)安全可靠性、操作的舒適性、機(jī)構(gòu)及結(jié)構(gòu)廣義優(yōu)化等方面有了更高層次的要求，因此起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)必須從原來的常規(guī)設(shè)計(jì)模式中跳出來，用新觀點(diǎn)、新原理、新方法、新技術(shù)、新工藝來設(shè)計(jì)適應(yīng)新形勢的新產(chǎn)品，創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)的課題已實(shí)實(shí)在在地?cái)[在了起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)

63、師們的面前。</p><p>　　起重機(jī)創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)的理論、方法與工具是基于現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)理論和方法，應(yīng)用微電子、信息、管理等現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)，以提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、用戶滿意的價格和造型、提高產(chǎn)品的功能、縮短產(chǎn)品開發(fā)周期為目的而進(jìn)行的相應(yīng)工作。起重機(jī)創(chuàng)新理論、方法與技術(shù)研究的宗旨是從起重機(jī)作為特種設(shè)備所要求的安全性和可靠性的工作目標(biāo)出發(fā)，在特定技術(shù)性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性約束條件下，創(chuàng)造性地完成起重機(jī)的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)，使其在滿足用戶交貨期和性能要求的前

64、提下做到技術(shù)性與經(jīng)濟(jì)性最佳搭配。</p><p>　　根據(jù)現(xiàn)實(shí)和發(fā)展，設(shè)計(jì)手段越來越體現(xiàn)出精確化、自動化、虛擬化與快捷的特點(diǎn)。現(xiàn)代的起重機(jī)產(chǎn)品正朝著機(jī)電一體化、集成化、模塊化、個性化方向發(fā)展。自動檢測、自動數(shù)據(jù)處理（運(yùn)算、判斷、存儲、記憶）、自動顯示、自動控制、故障診斷和自動保護(hù)及維護(hù)等功能得到了大量的應(yīng)用。因此起重機(jī)產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)以降低設(shè)計(jì)成本，提高設(shè)計(jì)速度，縮短設(shè)計(jì)周期為目的，包括降低成本設(shè)計(jì)、可靠性設(shè)計(jì)、快速

65、設(shè)計(jì)、并行設(shè)計(jì)、仿真與虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、智能設(shè)計(jì)、廣義優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)等現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)。同時高度綜合也是現(xiàn)代起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的顯著趨勢。具有先進(jìn)技術(shù)和良好經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)可以說是機(jī)、電設(shè)計(jì)師、制造工程師、管理營銷人員以及工人、財(cái)會人員、專利律師等通力合作、集體智慧的結(jié)晶。</p><p>　　以下幾點(diǎn)是起重機(jī)創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展方向：</p><p>　　(1)具有零部件集成化、機(jī)構(gòu)簡潔化、結(jié)構(gòu)全面優(yōu)化的整機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)；

66、</p><p>　　(2)滿足個性用戶的特殊要求的個性化設(shè)計(jì)；</p><p>　　(3)滿足市場多樣性和低成本要求的具有新技術(shù)特征的起重機(jī)新系列產(chǎn)品的模塊化設(shè)計(jì)；</p><p>　　(4)具有自分析、自調(diào)整、自糾錯的智能化操作的全自動、半自動操作形式的高度機(jī)電一體化的起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)；</p><p>　　(5)采用新的傳感技術(shù)具有高精度稱量

67、和定位系統(tǒng)的起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)；</p><p>　　(6)高速起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)及相應(yīng)防搖擺、準(zhǔn)確對位技術(shù)的應(yīng)用；</p><p>　　(7)采用參數(shù)化專家系統(tǒng)的快速反應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)；</p><p>　　(8)基于成本即時反應(yīng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)性DFC（Design For Cost）設(shè)計(jì)；</p><p>　　(9)極短交貨期要求采用并行設(shè)計(jì)及并行工程技術(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)；<

68、;/p><p>　　(10)基于產(chǎn)品全壽命周期的方便維護(hù)維修的設(shè)計(jì)及免維護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)；</p><p>　　(11)大型單臺復(fù)雜產(chǎn)品的虛擬設(shè)計(jì)及動態(tài)仿真的實(shí)現(xiàn)；</p><p>　　(12)采用廣義優(yōu)化技術(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)；</p><p>　　(13)起重機(jī)動力學(xué)（疲勞壽命的分析研究）研究成果的廣泛應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　真正意義上

69、的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)是上述諸多設(shè)計(jì)方法和技術(shù)的有機(jī)組合及綜合利用。設(shè)計(jì)工作從來都不是孤立存在的，由此產(chǎn)生了相關(guān)的技術(shù)和管理問題：從PDM、CAPP、ERP、PLM 到CRM 的全過程閉環(huán)反饋信息管理；從設(shè)計(jì)、工藝、制造、安裝、調(diào)試到運(yùn)行的全過程信息化管理；面向企業(yè)異地協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì)與制造的MVPN 的研究；基于CPC 和MVPN 的快速設(shè)計(jì)與制造一體化系統(tǒng)；專利技術(shù)的大量涌現(xiàn)及知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)問題。</p><p>　　2 現(xiàn)狀及

70、國內(nèi)外發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　二戰(zhàn)以后的幾十年來，各主要發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)國家先后開始重視對設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)的研究，起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)水平也得到快速發(fā)展。英國從60 年代開始，就以國家政策和財(cái)力來支持發(fā)展與推廣創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)；德國提出“設(shè)計(jì)就是科學(xué)”，使其設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)的發(fā)展已達(dá)到相當(dāng)規(guī)模；美國成立了“設(shè)計(jì)委員會”；日本同樣也非常重視設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，將設(shè)計(jì)看作是技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、美學(xué)和人機(jī)工程學(xué)的一體化整體，并極力推廣和采用新技術(shù)。總之，經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)

71、發(fā)達(dá)國家越來越重視設(shè)計(jì)工作并大量引入創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)，使得整個機(jī)電產(chǎn)品也包括起重機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的造型設(shè)計(jì)、安全可靠性、技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)性等方面發(fā)生著越來越快的變化，設(shè)計(jì)水平也日益提高。</p><p>　　我國起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了一個曲折的過程。以前多是以模仿原蘇聯(lián)的設(shè)計(jì)為主，憑借設(shè)計(jì)者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的局限性很大。從60 年代起，開始了新產(chǎn)品、新部件的開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)驗(yàn)研究工作，從而使設(shè)計(jì)從仿制和經(jīng)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)逐漸走向?qū)嶒?yàn)研究和計(jì)算分析階段

72、。到了80 年代，隨著寶鋼等一些超大型企業(yè)對國外起重機(jī)的引進(jìn)及與國外進(jìn)行聯(lián)合設(shè)計(jì)、國內(nèi)制造等形式的采用，開始在國內(nèi)引入了一些國際上的先進(jìn)技術(shù)與設(shè)計(jì)方法。同時將計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)引入設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域，對起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)工作的發(fā)展起了很大的推動作用。</p><p>　　但是，我國起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域仍存在不少問題，主要是大多中小企業(yè)對設(shè)計(jì)研究分析不夠，資金投入少，人員培訓(xùn)工作跟不上發(fā)展的需要，一直沒形成開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品或更新老產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)變能

73、力，對引進(jìn)的先進(jìn)技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品，沒有從設(shè)計(jì)的角度進(jìn)行消化，更沒有能力進(jìn)行再創(chuàng)新工作。沒有形成合理的設(shè)計(jì)人員梯隊(duì)，產(chǎn)品仍然是幾十年不變樣，目前仍以照抄照搬為生存方式，沒有自己的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)，只是在應(yīng)付低價拿來的合同。為數(shù)不多的幾個大型企業(yè)則在創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)中快速發(fā)展，使得國內(nèi)起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)能力和水平逐步與國外的先進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)縮短了距離。這些企業(yè)已大量采用新的計(jì)算機(jī)新技術(shù)，二維CAD 早已普及，三維設(shè)計(jì)已推廣。電氣設(shè)計(jì)采用ED 等先進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)手段，引入定子調(diào)壓和變頻調(diào)

74、速，PLC 參與系統(tǒng)控制，采用了大量高新傳感元器件，實(shí)現(xiàn)了定位準(zhǔn)確，操控方便，其安全可靠性也逐步提高。通過專家系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用，極大地推進(jìn)了創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)的進(jìn)程，并且利用系統(tǒng)論和信息論等現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)研究成果，使得起重機(jī)的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)開始向智能化方向發(fā)展。</p><p>　　2.1 降低設(shè)計(jì)、采購和制造成本</p><p>　　國內(nèi)外專家對成本估算及降低成本的方法進(jìn)行了大量的研究，部分企業(yè)在方案設(shè)

75、計(jì)、報(bào)價系統(tǒng)等方面的工作取得了一定程度的成效。德國學(xué)者提出了成本結(jié)構(gòu)和分類，用相對成本概念來實(shí)現(xiàn)不同設(shè)計(jì)方案之間的對比評價，同時利用設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)和控制成本的設(shè)計(jì)思想研究成本特征與設(shè)計(jì)特征之間的轉(zhuǎn)化，提出了面向用戶的目標(biāo)成本核算法；美國學(xué)者（在面向報(bào)價方面）對已有或生產(chǎn)過的產(chǎn)品作回歸統(tǒng)計(jì)的結(jié)果，建立了成本模型；日本、瑞士、英國等學(xué)者也均對制造階段的成本估算進(jìn)行了較多的研究。但由于研究經(jīng)費(fèi)和人力不足，工作量和難度大等原因，進(jìn)展仍很緩慢。國內(nèi)的

76、許多學(xué)者也對這一課題進(jìn)行了數(shù)年的研究，提出了DFC 和DTC 的研究模式，完成了全方位分析比較的單臺和系列起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)水平和設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)成本的綜合評價體系。但數(shù)據(jù)積累量較少，實(shí)用范圍較小。從上述可看出，對產(chǎn)品降低成本的設(shè)計(jì)長期以來還一直停留在局部階段的分析和計(jì)算，尚未把它納入到貫穿設(shè)計(jì)全過程一體化的CAD 系統(tǒng)中，且未引入產(chǎn)品的全壽命周期概念，導(dǎo)致分析結(jié)果大多是定性的，少數(shù)定量分析又是基于有限數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析基礎(chǔ)上的，因此，建立支持設(shè)計(jì)全過程尤

77、其是初始方案和總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)階段的成本信息模型已成為</p><p>　　2.2 創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)的快速反應(yīng)</p><p>　　1992 年東京國際會議上正式提出了并行工程技術(shù)，在此基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展成旨在縮短產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)周期的快速設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)（RDT），目前國際上在針對快速設(shè)計(jì)的并行設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)、快速原型技術(shù)、系列化模塊化技術(shù)和虛擬制造技術(shù)等發(fā)展均較為迅速，但起重機(jī)行業(yè)還沒有得到大范圍的推廣應(yīng)用。</p&g

78、t;<p>　　2.3 仿真與虛擬設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)</p><p>　　國內(nèi)外的研究均較為活躍，在機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的仿真建模中，目前應(yīng)用最廣泛的包括有限元方法（FEM）、有限差分法等。仿真技術(shù)得到了日益廣泛的使用，從而能突破物理空間和時間的限制。數(shù)字化樣機(jī)的仿真設(shè)計(jì)對大型復(fù)雜起重機(jī)產(chǎn)品的方案評審、機(jī)構(gòu)動作原理審查、結(jié)構(gòu)干涉檢查等具有十分重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。同時在計(jì)算機(jī)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)系統(tǒng)（VRS）環(huán)境中的虛擬設(shè)計(jì)（VD）

79、技術(shù)方面的研究也開始受到人們的重視。</p><p>　　2.4 智能設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)</p><p>　　各主要工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家正從傳統(tǒng)的CAD 技術(shù)不斷向智能CAD（ICAD）和人機(jī)智能化設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)方向發(fā)展，電氣控制系統(tǒng)自分析、自調(diào)整、自糾錯的智能化水平不斷提高，使得起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)和使用全過程的自動化和智能化得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　2.5 廣義優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)</p&

80、gt;<p>　　國內(nèi)的數(shù)值優(yōu)化技術(shù)約在70 年代初應(yīng)用于工程設(shè)計(jì)，且目前離散和隨機(jī)變量優(yōu)化、結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、智能優(yōu)化、優(yōu)化建模和復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化方法學(xué)等領(lǐng)域的研究已取得具有相當(dāng)水平的理論和應(yīng)用成果，但對向前擴(kuò)展到建立模型、處理模型，向后擴(kuò)展到優(yōu)化結(jié)果顯示的全過程的研究還不夠深入和全面，與主要工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家有著一定差距。國內(nèi)關(guān)于起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)的敏感度分析以及廣義優(yōu)化的具體應(yīng)用也取得了初步成效。</p><p>

81、;　　3 目標(biāo)及主要研究內(nèi)容和方向</p><p><b>　　3.1 目標(biāo)</b></p><p>　　研究并掌握產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)的理論與方法，并有重點(diǎn)地應(yīng)用于一批產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)中，提高產(chǎn)品綜合設(shè)計(jì)能力和水平，使起重機(jī)產(chǎn)品在產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、價格、交貨期及功能、型式（造型色彩）等方面滿足用戶不斷發(fā)展的需求，在激烈的市場競爭中占據(jù)較多的份額。</p><p>

82、;　　3.2 主要研究內(nèi)容</p><p>　　3.2.1 創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)</p><p>　　開展對起重機(jī)傳動型式創(chuàng)新、結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造創(chuàng)新和功能原理創(chuàng)新等方面理論及技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)研究，為此著重研究新材料、新工藝、新的傳動裝置，從而通過對不同設(shè)計(jì)方案的優(yōu)選、分解和組合來產(chǎn)生新的設(shè)計(jì)方案，不斷推出傳新創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)成果。</p><p>　　3.2.2 降低成本設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)</p

83、><p>　　在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)過程中采用面向成本設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)和并行的成本估算技術(shù)是使產(chǎn)品成本降低的關(guān)鍵，其中重點(diǎn)要研究的是成本結(jié)構(gòu)分析技術(shù)和價值工程分析技術(shù)，且需要構(gòu)造多種專用的設(shè)計(jì)知識庫和成本數(shù)據(jù)庫來精確地并行估算成本。做到產(chǎn)品成本的即時反應(yīng)，通過設(shè)計(jì)方案的調(diào)整實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)階段控制產(chǎn)品成本的真實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)。創(chuàng)新并不總等同于用較高的成本去發(fā)明新的零部件，利用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)構(gòu)件，甚至標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件和外購件同樣也可以組合成新產(chǎn)品，這也是一種創(chuàng)新。</p

84、><p>　　3.2.3 快速設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)</p><p>　　極短交貨期的市場需求要求開展基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的協(xié)同（異地）設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)、并行工程技術(shù)研究，這樣可以縮短產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)周期。其中，系列化模塊化設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)、人工智能技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品專家設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)技術(shù)和虛擬制造技術(shù)也是快速設(shè)計(jì)的所要研究的重要內(nèi)容。</p><p>　　3.2.4 仿真與虛擬設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)</p><p>

85、;　　建模及仿真軟件是計(jì)算機(jī)仿真技術(shù)中的重要研究課題，對創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)的可觀化研究，以及將專家系統(tǒng)模糊決策和人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等技術(shù)引入仿真系統(tǒng)的研究將有助于形成一個高效的、智能的起重機(jī)仿真系統(tǒng)。開展虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)（VR）技術(shù)的研究，將使起重機(jī)的仿真技術(shù)具有一個更加真實(shí)方便的輸入輸出系統(tǒng)，可以快捷地做出各種方案評價和決策。</p><p>　　3.2.5 智能設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)研究</p><p>　　起重機(jī)智能C

86、AD（ICAD）技術(shù)和人機(jī)智能化設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)技術(shù)的研究，使得面向CIMS的智能設(shè)計(jì)走向智能設(shè)計(jì)的高級階段。原理方案智能設(shè)計(jì)；協(xié)同求解；基于實(shí)例的推理；知識獲取、表達(dá)和利用等技術(shù)也是智能設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)所要研究的重要內(nèi)容。</p><p>　　3.2.6 廣義優(yōu)化技術(shù)和全過程的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>　　起重機(jī)廣義優(yōu)化技術(shù)的研究將使得人們能夠從模型的建立、處理、一直到優(yōu)化結(jié)果顯示等全過程進(jìn)行優(yōu)化?，F(xiàn)

87、代設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)中的一般性優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方法及其應(yīng)用已日趨成熟，普通的連續(xù)變量優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)、混合離散變量優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，已發(fā)展到隨機(jī)變量優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)（可靠性優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)）、模糊變量優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，單目標(biāo)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)已發(fā)展到多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。僅將優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的范圍局限于優(yōu)化方法及其應(yīng)用程序的編制上已不能適應(yīng)當(dāng)代起重機(jī)技術(shù)發(fā)展的需要，只有全局優(yōu)化才是現(xiàn)代起重機(jī)的優(yōu)化，廣義的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)是優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的重要發(fā)展方向，其內(nèi)容主要包括工程優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)問題的自動建模技術(shù)、優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)問題的前處理與后處理、優(yōu)