外文翻譯--下沉指數(shù)最小翹曲、注塑件用熱塑性田口優(yōu)化方法

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系 部： 機(jī)械工程系 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 </p><p>　　姓 名： &l

2、t;/p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： </p><p>　　外文出處： 《Manufacturing Engineering and </p><p>　　Technology—Machining》

3、 </p><p>　　附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 </p><p>　　注：請(qǐng)將該封面與附件裝訂成冊(cè)。</p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p>　　下沉指數(shù)最小翹曲、注塑件用熱塑性田口優(yōu)化方法</p>&

4、lt;p><b>　　5 金相組織</b></p><p>　　為了分析金相結(jié)構(gòu)、電流密度、溫度值,主要是改良。樣品分析、橫向組額葉組(垂直于沉積)。實(shí)現(xiàn)便捷的準(zhǔn)備,他們?cè)诜奖愕姆庋b樹脂巧言鐫刻在不同階段有硝酸、醋酸混合物。瓶子的進(jìn)行每隔15,25,40,50收盤后擦拭，為了觀察事后在奧林匹斯金相顯微鏡碲-日常生活330/10以前的照片進(jìn)行評(píng)論本文說是要用來制造炮彈模型作了一個(gè)差分快速

5、成型當(dāng)熔融塑料機(jī)械(ABS)的,后來,堅(jiān)固,逐層貫通。每一層、擠出模具留下的螺紋直徑約0.15毫米即橫向和縱向的紗線板結(jié)inmediately后定居。因此, 它的表面可以觀察到薄線標(biāo)明的道路,然后由組長(zhǎng)機(jī)。這些線路將作為參考顯示重復(fù)性水平鎳解決。重復(fù)性模式將是一個(gè)基本要素評(píng)估注塑模具基本內(nèi)容: 表面紋理。</p><p>　　該系列測(cè)試表1所示：</p><p><b>　　表1

6、 檢驗(yàn)系列</b></p><p>　　圖3顯示系列表面樣本后首蝕刻。它顯示了差分機(jī)原產(chǎn)道路,也就是說,有一個(gè)良好的重復(fù)性。它仍無(wú)法察覺四舍五入糧食結(jié)構(gòu)。在無(wú)花果4、2系列之后第二蝕刻、可以觀察到的一條線道的方式,較前明顯減少。在無(wú)花果5 2°3系列和蝕刻它開始出現(xiàn)了一批糧食結(jié)構(gòu)，雖然很難遏制 這時(shí)道路. 另外,最黑暗的地方標(biāo)明含有蝕刻過程和洗滌條件不足而成。</p><

7、;p>　　圖3 系列1(×150)、蝕刻1</p><p>　　圖4 系列2(×300),蝕刻2</p><p>　　圖5 系列3(×300),蝕刻2</p><p>　　這一行為表明,工作在低電流密度、高溫、炮彈以良好的示范和再現(xiàn)了獲得粒度小,即足供所需的應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　如果進(jìn)行了分析,

8、橫向的平面沉積它可以在所有的測(cè)試樣品和一切條件,存款增長(zhǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)是層(圖6),什么是差強(qiáng)人意,雖然取得了高機(jī)械阻力不惜犧牲低延展性。這是由于質(zhì)量,首先向在場(chǎng)的添加劑,因?yàn)闆]有洗澡磺酸鎳添加劑通常制造纖維和非層結(jié)構(gòu)[9]。改裝直到近空值的潤(rùn)濕劑,使由于層結(jié)構(gòu)保持在任何情況下,決定對(duì)此事表明,這種結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)力消脂(allbrite習(xí)得)。在另一方面, 據(jù)測(cè)試,根據(jù)不同層結(jié)構(gòu)層厚度的計(jì)算電流密度。</p><p>　　圖6

9、 機(jī)橫向系列2 (×600),蝕刻2.</p><p><b>　　6 內(nèi)部講</b></p><p>　　其中一個(gè)主要特征是要有一個(gè)空殼為應(yīng)用是有一個(gè)像插入低水平內(nèi)部講。不同的測(cè)試,在不同電流密度和鍍液溫度測(cè)量系統(tǒng)做了彎落在陰極張力法。鋼鐵被用來測(cè)試與控制等方面的自由和固定(160毫米，長(zhǎng)度寬度12.7毫米,厚度0.3毫米)。因?yàn)橹挥性谝慌猿练e金屬檢測(cè)控制

10、機(jī)械應(yīng)變(拉伸或壓應(yīng)力)允許計(jì)算內(nèi)部講。根據(jù)Stoney模型[10]申請(qǐng)被假定臥鎳厚度不夠,影響小(3微米)、在彈性的角度來看,對(duì)部分鋼鐵緊張。在所有案件中最值的測(cè)試是內(nèi)部壓力和極端條件下為50兆帕2協(xié)會(huì)最佳條件,申請(qǐng)所需的可接受值。最后的結(jié)論是,electrolitic浴允許在不同的條件和工作參數(shù)無(wú)明顯變化內(nèi)部講。</p><p><b>　　7 測(cè)試的注塑模具</b></p>

11、<p>　　試驗(yàn)已進(jìn)行各種代表性熱塑性材料如聚丙烯、壩、高密度聚乙烯和PC、據(jù)分析和性能的零件,如注射大小,重量、抗延性僵化。拉伸力學(xué)性能測(cè)試和分析,光破壞性試驗(yàn)。約500針進(jìn)行這一核心,其余條件下經(jīng)受更多。</p><p>　　一般而言,重大分歧都未察覺之間的行為樣本的核心,從加工腔,分析了一整套的材料。但是在分析photoelasticiy(圖七)據(jù)國(guó)家之間發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩種不同張標(biāo)本基本上是由于在炎熱

12、劃轉(zhuǎn)、剛度分別塑造蛀牙。這種差異說明延性差異較突出的部分材料,如聚乙烯、清澈壩六。</p><p>　　圖7 分析光注入標(biāo)本</p><p>　　此案為高密度聚乙烯管在所有分析化驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)它是在一個(gè)較低延性標(biāo)本，所得鎳核心,量化30%左右。在這種情況下壩6價(jià)值也接近50%。</p><p><b>　　8 結(jié)論</b></p>&l

13、t;p>　　經(jīng)過連續(xù)的測(cè)試和不同的條件已經(jīng)清查磺酸鎳浴、已獲準(zhǔn)使用添加劑的鎳殼獲得一些機(jī)械性能的要求可以接受申請(qǐng),注塑模具,也就是說,重復(fù)性好,高硬度及良好的機(jī)械阻力因而層結(jié)構(gòu)。機(jī)械不足的部分將取代鎳殼的環(huán)氧樹脂飾面,塑造核心為注塑,允許注入中型系列塑料零件可接受的質(zhì)量水平。</p><p><b>　　參 考 資 料</b></p><p>　　[1] a.e

14、.w. 景、丙、ESELogicg.r. 貝內(nèi)特，快速原型電電芯放電加工電極,乃J. 過程. 辨識(shí)方法 (2001)110頁(yè). 186-196. summaryplus|全文+通|以PDF(771十一)</p><p>　　[2] p.k.d.v. yarlagadda、腹腔 Ilyas和Pchrstodoulou、快速模具開發(fā)板材、立體畫用鎳電平版進(jìn)程 J停留. 過程. 辨識(shí)方法 (2001)111頁(yè). 286

15、-294. summaryplus|全文+通|以PDF(740十一)</p><p>　　[3] J哈特、甲沃森、電:基本上不獲認(rèn)可,而是擴(kuò)大了至關(guān)重要業(yè)interfinish96、14屆世界大會(huì),伯明翰 英國(guó),1996</p><p>　　[4]米棍等. ,aplicacidelelectroconformado恩臘德moldes德inyecciónfabricació

16、;n一瞥,Revistaplásticosmodernos德. 84(2002)年03月 557.</p><p>　　[5] L六漢密爾頓等. ,cálculos德químicaanalítica,均有山(1989) .</p><p>　　[6] Ejulve,electrodeposiciónmetales德,2000(e.j.s.)

17、 .</p><p>　　[7] 甲沃森、解磺酸鹽鎳,鎳發(fā)展學(xué)會(huì)(1989) .</p><p>　　[8] 甲沃森、增補(bǔ)辦法磺酸鹽鎳,鎳發(fā)展學(xué)會(huì)(1989).</p><p>　　[9] J迪尼、涂料、電鍍基板材料科學(xué)、箱內(nèi)出版物(1993年).</p><p>　　[10] 萬(wàn)豪 朱迪,與多晶硅微磁屈,船長(zhǎng)報(bào)告,系形體、柏克萊加州大學(xué)，1

18、994.</p><p>　　附件2：外文原文（復(fù)印件）</p><p>　　A technical note on the characterization of electroformed nickel shells for their application to injection molds</p><p>　　Metallographic structu

19、re</p><p>　　In order to analyze the metallographic structure, the values of current density and temperature were mainly modified. The samples were analyzed in frontal section and in transversal section (perp

20、endicular to the deposition). For achieving a convenient preparation, they were conveniently encapsulated in resin, polished and etched in different stages with a mixture of acetic acid and nitric acid. The etches are ca

21、rried out at intervals of 15, 25, 40 and 50s, after being polished again, in order to</p><p>　　Before going on to comment the photographs shown in this article, it is necessary to say that the models used to

22、 manufacture the shells were made in a FDM rapid prototyping machine where the molten plastic material (ABS), that later solidifies, is settled layer by layer. In each layer, the extruder die leaves a thread approximatel

23、y 0.15mm in diameter which is compacted horizontal and vertically with the thread settled inmediately after. Thus, in the surface it can be observed thin lines that ind</p><p>　　The tested series are indicat

24、ed in Table 1.</p><p><b>　　Table 1.</b></p><p>　　Tested series</p><p>　　Fig. 3 illustrates the surface of a sample of the series after the first etch. It shows the roads

25、 originated by the FDM machine, that is to say that there is a good reproducibility. It cannot be still noticed the rounded grain structure. In Fig. 4, series 2, after a second etch, it can be observed a line of the road

26、 in a way less clear than in the previous case. In Fig. 5, series 3 and 2° etch it begins to appear the rounded grain structure although it is very difficult to check the roads at thi</p><p>　　Fig3 Ser

27、ies 1 (×150), etch 1.</p><p>　　Fig4 Series 2 (×300), etch 2.</p><p>　　Fig5 Series 3 (×300), etch 2.</p><p>　　This behavior indicates that, working at a low current

28、density and a high temperature, shells with a good reproducibility of the model and with a small grain size are obtained, that is, adequate for the required application.</p><p>　　If the analysis is carried o

29、ut in a plane transversal to the deposition, it can be tested in all the samples and for all the conditions that the growth structure of the deposit is laminar (Fig. 6), what is very satisfactory to obtain a high mechani

30、cal resistance although at the expense of a low ductibility. This quality is due, above all, to the presence of the additives used because a nickel sulfamate bath without additives normally creates a fibrous and non-lami

31、nar structure [9]. The modificat</p><p>　　Fig6 Plane transversal of series 2 (×600), etch 2.</p><p>　　Internal stresses</p><p>　　One of the main characteristic that a shell sh

32、ould have for its application like an insert is to have a low level of internal stresses. Different tests at different bath temperatures and current densities were done and a measure system rested on cathode flexural ten

33、siometer method was used. A steel testing control was used with a side fixed and the other free (160mm length, 12.7mm width and thickness 0.3mm). Because the metallic deposition is only in one side the testing control ha

34、s a mechanical</p><p>　　Test of the injection mold</p><p>　　Tests have been carried out with various representative thermoplastic materials such as PP, PA, HDPE and PC, and it has been analysed

35、the properties of the injected parts such as dimensions, weight, resistance, rigidity and ductility. Mechanical properties were tested by tensile destructive tests and analysis by photoelasticity. About 500 injections we

36、re carried out on this core, remaining under conditions of withstanding many more.</p><p>　　In general terms, important differences were not noticed between the behavior of the specimens obtained in the core

37、 and the ones from the machined cavity, for the set of the analysed materials. However in the analysis by photoelasticiy (Fig. 7) it was noticed a different tensional state between both types of specimens, basically due

38、to differences in the heat transference and rigidity of the respective mold cavities. This difference explains the ductility variations more outstanding in the parti</p><p>　　Fig7 Analysis by photoelasticit

39、y of injected specimens.</p><p>　　For the case of HDPE in all the analysed tested tubes it was noticed a lower ductility in the specimens obtained in the nickel core, quantified about 30%. In the case of PA

40、6 this value was around 50%.</p><p>　　Conclusions</p><p>　　After consecutive tests and in different conditions it has been checked that the nickel sulfamate bath, with the utilized additives has

41、 allowed to obtain nickel shells with some mechanical properties acceptable for the required application, injection molds, that is to say, good reproducibility, high level of hardness and good mechanical resistance in te

42、rms of the resultant laminar structure. The mechanical deficiencies of the nickel shell will be partially replaced by the epoxy resin that finish</p><p>　　References</p><p>　　[1] A.E.W. Rennie,

43、C.E. Bocking and G.R. Bennet, Electroforming of rapid prototyping mandrels for electro discharge machining electrodes, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 110 (2001), pp. 186–196. </p><p>　　[2] P.K.D.V. Yarlagadda,

44、I.P. Ilyas and P. Chrstodoulou, Development of rapid tooling for sheet metal drawing using nickel electroforming and stereo lithography processes, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 111 (2001), pp. 286–294.</p><p>

45、　　[3] J. Hart, A. Watson, Electroforming: A largely unrecognised but expanding vital industry, Interfinish 96, 14 World Congress, Birmingham, UK, 1996.</p><p>　　[4] M. Monzón et al., Aplicación del

46、 electroconformado en la fabricación rápida de moldes de inyección, Revista de Plásticos Modernos. 84 (2002), p. 557.</p><p>　　[5] L.F. Hamilton et al., Cálculos de Química Anal

47、ítica, McGraw Hill (1989).</p><p>　　[6] E. Julve, Electrodeposición de metales, 2000 (E.J.S.).</p><p>　　[7] A. Watson, Nickel Sulphamate Solutions, Nickel Development Institute(1989).&

48、lt;/p><p>　　[8] A. Watson, Additions to Sulphamate Nickel Solutions, Nickel Development Institute (1989).</p><p>　　[9] J. Dini, Electrodeposition Materials Science of Coating and Substrates, Noyes