外文翻譯--關于一幢高層建筑的消防安全設計的研究

1、<p><b>　　中文2490字</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　關于一幢高層建筑的消防安全設計的研究</p><p>　　馬錢利a 郭偉b</p><p>　　a濱海新區(qū)分公

2、司消防隊 中國 天津 濱海新區(qū)中心路7號 300457</p><p>　　b天津消防和安全科學研究所 中國 天津 南開區(qū)魏晉南路110號 30387</p><p>　　摘要：高層住宅建筑在消防安全設計上的幾個問題：疏散樓梯和電梯不能從頂部運行到地上，居民無法轉(zhuǎn)移到建筑物外;消防電梯不能直接到達一樓和剪刀型樓梯與消防電梯的合用大廳?；谶@些問題, 提出消防安全目標并提供了解決方案。希

3、望，建議的解決方案可以為類似的高層建筑的消防安全設計提供參考。</p><p>　　關鍵詞： 高層住宅建筑；消防設計；消防電梯</p><p><b>　　引言</b></p><p>　　“11.15”上海災難性的火災引起了人們對高層住宅建筑消防安全的思考。這次災難是由于節(jié)能項目建設引起，而不是因為高層設計本身。然而,如何提高消防安全的高層住

4、宅建筑和維護的生命安全居民已成為最重要的問題，必須認真考慮在這類高層建筑上的消防安全設計。因此，分析了我國北方的一幢高層建筑的消防安全設計，以它為例子來為同類建筑的消防安全設計提供參考。</p><p>　　高層建筑的火災風險因素</p><p>　　通常高層住宅建筑火災風險包括以下:</p><p>　　2.1火和煙霧的快速擴散</p><p&

5、gt;　　因為高層建筑的“煙囪效應”，如果控制措施不夠，火和煙會通過樓梯、電梯和管道在短時間內(nèi)快速的蔓延到樓上。</p><p><b>　　2.2火災撲救困難</b></p><p>　　類似于建筑的高度，不完善的消防設備和過大的離地距離，給滅火增加了難度。此外，中國目前的高層建筑大部分的電力器材都是可燃的，這大大增加了大火的垂直蔓延速度。這樣，大火覆蓋了建筑的外表

6、面，為消防員的滅火增加了難度。</p><p><b>　　2.3居民逃生困難</b></p><p>　　一般來說，高層建筑居民要比低層建筑居民多，另外，高層建筑高度大使得疏散更加困難。此外，公民缺乏消防安全常識大大增加安全疏散時間，公民的消防安全意識需要改善。</p><p>　　2.4火災持續(xù)時間長</p><p>

7、;　　高層建筑面積和荷載較大，有時它可能蔓延到鄰近建筑，使得高層建筑火災持續(xù)時間更長。</p><p>　　3.高層住宅建筑的消防安全設計</p><p>　　在中國北方，因為冬天寒冷，大多數(shù)高層住宅建筑是成組的，居民通常選擇擁有足夠陽光的房間。在這里，我把一個聯(lián)合高層建筑的消防安全設計作為例子。建筑高99.8米，布置新穎。見圖1細節(jié)。</p><p>　　（a）

8、 （b）</p><p>　　圖一，高層住宅建筑素描圖</p><p>　　根據(jù)高層民用建筑設計防火規(guī)范“GB50045-95（2005）【1】”,這類住宅應被設計成防火建筑，然而在建筑消防設計中出現(xiàn)了以下問題。</p><p>　　3.1疏散樓梯和電梯不能從頂部運行到地上，居民無法轉(zhuǎn)移到建筑

9、物外</p><p>　　由圖一知，這個建筑形式很新穎。上部有兩個懸空的結(jié)構(gòu)，懸空結(jié)構(gòu)里有兩個單元，因此，每個單元里會有一部電梯無法直接運行到一樓。見圖2</p><p>　　圖二 樓梯和消防電梯的草圖</p><p>　　3.2消防電梯不能直接到一樓</p><p>　　就像在兩個懸空結(jié)構(gòu)中的樓梯和消防電梯，在頂層（轉(zhuǎn)換層）的下方，消防電梯

10、就停止了，然后在相鄰單元繼續(xù)運行。見圖2</p><p>　　圖3 消防樓梯和樓梯的共享間</p><p><b>　　消防安全目標</b></p><p>　　通常，消防安全目標可能包括生命和財產(chǎn)安全，遺產(chǎn)和環(huán)境保護，然而，消防安全目標會隨建筑的使用功能，結(jié)構(gòu)形式和高度有所不同。因此，基于使用功能，結(jié)構(gòu)布局，以及高層住宅建筑中特有的火災隱患等

11、所存在的問題，列出消防安全目標：</p><p>　　所有人員必須在規(guī)定時間撤離到戶外</p><p><b>　　防火落實到戶</b></p><p>　　建筑有足夠的條件利于消防員滅火</p><p>　　防火設計可以減少火災隱患并減少財產(chǎn)損失</p><p><b>　　解決方案&

12、lt;/b></p><p>　　為了實現(xiàn)以上的消防目標，提出下面的建議</p><p>　　5.1轉(zhuǎn)換層和轉(zhuǎn)換通道</p><p>　?。?）轉(zhuǎn)換層應開放不少于5%房間面積的機械排煙或自然排煙系統(tǒng)以便確保住戶安全通過。轉(zhuǎn)換層的防火門應設計成B類防火門【3】</p><p>　?。?）在轉(zhuǎn)換層，樓梯和消防電梯應該設計成雙向【4-5】&l

13、t;/p><p>　　(3)轉(zhuǎn)換層的消防電梯標志和疏散標志應沿應急通道安裝，應急燈也應提供。疏散通道應呈一條直線。</p><p>　　（4）相鄰的電梯，樓梯，走廊和公寓應使用單獨的疏散通道，防火墻至少3.0H耐火等級。</p><p>　?。?）鋼結(jié)構(gòu)桁架的轉(zhuǎn)換層應防火，確保鋼結(jié)構(gòu)安全。</p><p><b>　　5.2 樓梯和大廳

14、</b></p><p>　?。?）防火墻將消防電梯大廳與剪刀樓梯分開，并根據(jù)相關國家標準【6-7】，見圖4細節(jié)。如果防火墻開洞，洞口應設置一個防火門。不允許有開門的樓梯，為的是防止煙霧延到樓梯。</p><p>　　（2）樓梯應提供自然采光和排煙措施</p><p>　?。?）如果前廳不能提供自然采光和排煙，那么應設置機械防煙系統(tǒng)。</p>

15、<p>　?。?）前廳和疏散通道禁止有可燃物，這些約束能保證居民安全通過大廳和應急通道。</p><p>　?。?）家庭門應設置為防火門</p><p>　　（6）如果大廳不能提供自然采光和自然排煙，應安裝應急照明和疏散指示標志，特別是應急通道。</p><p>　　5.3 樓梯與大廳的共用間和消防電梯</p><p>　　(1

16、)應采取措施保證在建筑的上部和下部的電梯可以自動下降到最低層（轉(zhuǎn)換層消防電梯的上部和一樓較低的部分）以防火災</p><p>　?。?） 每一層樓電梯井內(nèi)的通風管道應能防火，保護門應為C類防火門</p><p>　?。?） 滅火器應安裝在大堂和每個公寓樓，可以用來撲滅小火。應采取措施保證在建筑的上部和下部的電梯可以自動下降到最低層（轉(zhuǎn)換層消防電梯的上部和一樓較低的部分）以防火災</p

17、><p><b>　　6.可行性分析</b></p><p>　　通過可行性分析和有效性分析解決一下三方面問題：確保居民安全疏散，控制早期火災和控制煙霧蔓延。</p><p>　?。?）確保居民安全疏散和保證消防滅火順利進行</p><p>　　在火災中，煙霧、高溫和有毒氣體給人體帶來了極大的危險，因此，設計時應考慮如何防止

18、初期火源和煙霧的蔓延。在這種情況下，足夠的防火間距是必要的。例如，安裝防火門能有效的防止火災和煙霧從大堂蔓延到家庭。</p><p>　　轉(zhuǎn)換層應設計層雙向的應急通道，轉(zhuǎn)換層作為第二個出口，提供了一條應急疏散線路，因此，一個樓梯著火了，上層居民可以通過其他樓梯撤離，通過這種方式，可以確保居民的安全疏散和滅火的順利進行。</p><p>　　（2） 早期火災控制</p><

19、;p>　　這個民用住宅建筑人口有限，主要的火災荷載是家具所產(chǎn)生的荷載。除了室內(nèi)消火栓系統(tǒng)，滅火器對撲滅早期家具所引起的火災是非常有效的。因此建議在大廳和公寓內(nèi)安裝滅火器。</p><p>　　（3） 煙霧和有毒氣體的控制</p><p>　　如果發(fā)生火災，通過防煙樓梯是住戶疏散到安全地方的唯一的路徑，而消防電梯有助于消防工具和設備的運輸。因此，采取合理有效的措施防止煙霧和熱氣擴散到樓

20、梯和電梯，確保居民安全疏散和火災撲滅的順利進行。如果住戶家里著火了，煙霧肯定會擴散出來。增壓設備可以防止煙霧過道和大堂。根據(jù)以上分析，如果建筑按照上述提供的建議進行高層建筑的消防安全設計可以確保人員的安全疏散。</p><p><b>　　7．結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　對這個建筑的消防安全設計案例進行了分析。根據(jù)設計要求和使用功能提出消防安全目標，基于這些提供

21、可行的消防系統(tǒng)設計的要求和方法，進行可行性的分析和探討。希望改進后的消防設計方法可以為類似的建筑提供有價值的參考。</p><p><b>　　參考文獻</b></p><p>　　[1] The Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China, 2005, Code for Fire Pro

22、tection Design of Tall Buildings GB 50045-95 (2005</p><p>　　Edition). China Planning Press, Beijing.</p><p>　　[2] Zhang Xiaoling, Zheng Yanqiu, 2007. Discussion on the design of shared lobby of

23、buildings, Asia Fire Protection 1, p. 58.</p><p>　　[3] The Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China, 2006, Code for design of building fire protection and prevention GB 50015-2006.</p

24、><p>　　China Planning Press, Beijing</p><p>　　[4] Tian Yumin, 2005. Function of fire elevator in evacuation and fire fighting, Fire Technique and Products Information 9, p. 34.</p><p>

25、　　[5] Wang Bing. Discussion on Problems of Fire Evacuation of Modular High-rise Housing [J]. Fire Science and Technology. 2009, 4: 182-183.</p><p>　　[6] Naohiro Takeichi, Yoshiyuki Yoshida, Tomonori Sano, et

26、c, 2007. Characteristics of Merging Occupants in a Staircase, Fire Science and Technology 4,</p><p><b>　　p.363</b></p><p>　　[7] Dai Wenyan, Qin Jian, Zhou Yuanyuan, 2012. Discussion

27、on Setting of Residual Pressure Valve in Pressurization Design, Construction Science and</p><p>　　Discussion on the fire safety design of a high-rise building</p><p>　　MA Qianlia, GUO Weib,*<

28、/p><p>　　aEco-city Branch of Binhai New Area Fire Brigade, NO. 7, Zhongxin Road, Binhai New Area, Tianjin 300457, China</p><p>　　bFire Code Research Division of Tianjin Fire Research Institute

29、of MPS, NO. 110, Weijin Road (South), Nankai District Tianjin 300381, China</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　There are several problems in the fire safety design of a high-rise res

30、idential building: the staircase for evacuation can’t run from the topto the ground and the occupants can’t directly evacuate to the outside of the building; fire lift can’t directly reach the first floor and thescissor-

31、shaped staircase shares its lobby with the fire lift. Based on these problems, fire safety objectives have been defined and suggestedsolutions have been provided. Hopefully, the suggested solutions can provide</p>

32、<p>　　Keywords: high-rise residential building; fire protection design; fire lift</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　“11.15” Shanghai disastrous fire aroused profound consideration of the f

33、ire safety of high-rise residential buildings inChina. This disaster was caused by the energy-saving project of the building, not because of the design of the high-riseuilding itself, however, how to improve the fire saf

34、ety of high-rise residential buildings and to safeguard the life safety ofthe residents has become the most important issue that must be considered seriously during the fire safety design of this kindof build</p>

35、<p>　　2. Fire risks of the high-rise residential building</p><p>　　Fire risks of the high-rise residential building usually include the followings.</p><p>　　(1) Rapid fire and smoke spread.

36、</p><p>　　Because of the “chimney effect” of the high-rise building, fire and smoke can spread to the upper floors very rapidly through staircases, elevator shafts and ducts in a very short time if the fire

37、and smoke control measures are not adequate. </p><p>　　(2) Difficult fire fighting and rescue.</p><p>　　Factors like the height of the building, the inadequate fire fighting equipment and fire f

38、ighting at an elevated heightcertainly increase the difficulties of the fire fighting in a high-rise building. Moreover, the current cladding systems of mosthigh-rise buildings in China are combustible, which contribute

39、a lot to the vertical spread of fire. In this case, fire covers thebuilding from outside and it increases the difficulties for fire fighters to do fire fighting and rescue.\</p><p>　　(3) Difficult safe evacu

40、ation of the occupants</p><p>　　Generally speaking, there will be more occupants in a high-rise residential building than those of a low building. In addition, the vertical travel distance for a high-rise bu

41、ilding is quite long, which makes the evacuation more difficult. Furthermore, the fire safety sense of the public in China needs to be improved. The lack of common sense of fire safety and ability of escaping safely from

42、 the building in case of fire increases the safe evacuation time.</p><p>　　(4) Fire usually lasts for a quite long time</p><p>　　Fire lasts longer in a high-rise building because high-rise build

43、ings are usually large in area and heavy in fire load. Therefore, high-rise building fire often lasts longer and sometimes it may spread to the adjacent buildings.</p><p>　　3. Problems in fire safety design

44、of a high-rise residential building</p><p>　　In the north part of China, most high-rise buildings for residential occupancy are unitized because it is quite cold in winter and the residents often choose room

45、s with enough sunshine. Here, I would like to take a unitized high-rise residential building as an example to show the problems in the fire safety design of this building. The building is 99.8m in height with a quite nov

46、el configuration. See Fig.1 for the details.</p><p><b>　　(a) (b)</b></p><p>　　Fig. 1. Design sketch of a high-rise residential building.</p><p>　　According to current n

47、ational standard “Code for Fire Protection Design of Tall Buildings” GB 50045-95(2005)[1], this residential building should be designed as Class I fire resistance. However, during the fire protection design of the buildi

48、ng, the following problems have been found.</p><p>　　3.1. Staircase for evacuation can’t run from the top to the ground and the occupants can not directly evacuate to the outside of the building</p>&

49、lt;p>　　From Fig.1, we can see that the building is quite novel in shape. The upper two parts of the building suspend in midair and each suspended part has two units. Therefore, there will be one staircase in each susp

50、endedpart failing to run directly to the first floor. See Fig. 2 for the details.</p><p>　　Fig. 2. Sketch map of staircases and fire lifts.</p><p>　　3.2. Fire lift can’t directly reach the first

51、 floor</p><p>　　Just like the staircase, the fire lifts of those two suspended parts can’t directly reach the first floor. At the top floor (transfer floor) of the lower part, the fire lifts just stop and th

52、en continue in the adjacent units. See Fig.2 for the details.</p><p>　　3.3. Scissor-shaped staircase shares its lobby with the fire lift</p><p>　　In the trial design, the staircases have been de

53、signed in scissor shapes. The scissor-shaped staircase shares its lobby with the fire lift. This kind of lobby is usually called “shared lobby”[2] (two lobbies of the scissor-shaped staircase and one lobby of the fire li

54、ft) in China. See Fig.3 for the details.</p><p>　　Fig. 3. Shared lobby of the staircase and fire lift.</p><p>　　4. Fire safety objectives</p><p>　　Generally, the fire safety objecti

55、ves may include life safety, protection of property and structure, continuity of business operation, heritage and environmental protection. However, the fire safety objectives of a building may vary with the occupancy, s

56、tructure and height of the building. Therefore, based on the occupancy, layouts as well as the problems in fire safety design of this high-rise residential building and its unique fire hazards, the following fire safety

57、objectives have been defin</p><p>　　(1) All the occupants shall evacuate to the outdoor safely within the required time;</p><p>　　(2) Fire shall be controlled within one family;</p><p

58、>　　(3) The conditions inside the building shall be favorable enough for fire fighters to do fire fighting and rescue safely;</p><p>　　(4) The fire prevention design can reduce fire hazards effectively and

59、 control the property loss within acceptable range.</p><p>　　5. Suggested solutions</p><p>　　In order to fulfill the above fire safety objectives, the following solutions have been suggested.<

60、;/p><p>　　5.1. Transfer floor and transfer passageway</p><p>　　(1) Transfer floor and transfer passageway should be designed and there should be no combustibles inside the transfer lobby on the tra

61、nsfer floor. Independent mechanical smoke exhaust system or natural smoke exhaust system with opening area not less than 5% of the room area should be installed to secure the safety of the occupants during evacuation thr

62、ough the transfer floor. Rooms connecting to the transfer lobby should be protected by class B fire door[3].</p><p>　　(2) On the transfer floor, the staircase and fire lift should be designed for two way eva

63、cuation[4-5].</p><p>　　(3) Signs to indicate the location of the fire lift on the transfer floor and continuous evacuation signs should be installed along the transfer passageway. Emergency light should also

64、 be provided. The transfer passageway should be in a straight line.</p><p>　　(4) Fire wall with at least 3.0 h fire resistance rating should be used to separate the transfer passageway from the adjacent elev

65、ator shafts, staircases, corridors and apartments. If there are openings in the fire wall, the openings should be protected</p><p>　　with Class A fire door.</p><p>　　(5) The steel truss of the t

66、ransfer floor should be fire protected to ensure the safety of the steel structure.</p><p>　　5.2. Staircase and lobby</p><p>　　(1) To separate the lobby of the fire lift from that of the scissor

67、 staircase by fire wall, and provide smoke prevention measures according to the related national standards[6-7], see Fig.4 for details. If there are openings in the fire wall, the openings should be protected by Class A

68、fire door. No room should be permitted to have doors open to the staircase so as to prevent smoke from spreading to the staircase.</p><p>　　(2) Natural lighting and smoke exhaust facilities should be provide

69、d in the staircase;</p><p>　　(3) If the lobby can’t be provided with natural lighting and smoke exhaust, mechanical smoke prevention system should be installed and liability and effectiveness should be ensur

70、ed.</p><p>　　(4) Lobby and transfer passageway should be finished with non-combustibles, no combustibles and other articles that may not guarantee the safe evacuation of the occupants should be permitted in

71、the lobby and the transfer passageway;</p><p>　　(5 Family doors should be protected by Class A fire door;</p><p>　　(6) If the lobby can’t be provided with natural lighting and natural smoke exha

72、ust, emergency lighting and evacuation indicating signs should be installed, especially in the transfer passageway.</p><p>　　Fig. 4. Shared lobby of the staircase and fire lift.</p><p>　　5.3. Ot

73、her solutions</p><p>　　(1) Linkage measures should be taken to ensure that the fire lifts of upper and lower parts of the building canautomatically descend to the lowest floor (the transfer floor for the fir

74、e lifts of the upper parts and the first floor for the lower parts) in case of fire;</p><p>　　(2) The ducts inside the fire lift shafts should be fire stopped at each floor. Maintenance doors should be prote

75、cted by Class C fire door.</p><p>　　(3) Fire extinguishers should be installed in the lobby and each apartment, which can be used to put out early stage fires.</p><p>　　Linkage measures should b

76、e taken to ensure that the fire lifts of upper and lower parts of the building can automatically descend to the lowest floor (the transfer floor for the fire lifts of the upper parts and the first floor for the lower par

77、ts) in case of fire</p><p>　　6. Feasibility analysis</p><p>　　Feasibility and effectiveness of the above solutions has been analyzed through the following 3 aspects: to secure the safe evacuatio

78、n of occupants, to control the early stage fire and to control smoke from spreading.</p><p>　　(1) To secure the safe evacuation of occupants and fire fighting practice.</p><p>　　In case of fire,

79、 smoke with high temperature and toxicity brings great danger to people’s life. Therefore, the fire protection design of buildings shall consider how to prevent fire and smoke from spreading out of the fire origin. In th

80、is case, reliable fire separation shall be needed. For example, installation of fire door for each family can effectively prevent fire and smoke from spreading to the lobby. </p><p>　　Two way evacuation tran

81、sfer passageway shall be designed on the transfer floor. The transfer floor can’t be regarded asthe second exit, however, it does provide an alternative evacuation route, so that if there is something wrong with one stai

82、rcase, occupants on the upper floors can evacuate through the other staircase. In this way, evacuation of the occupants and fire fighting practice can be guaranteed.</p><p>　　(2) Early stage fire control.<

83、;/p><p>　　This is a residential building and the area for each family is quite limited. The main fire load of the family is furniture. Except indoor fire hydrant system, fire extinguishers are also helpful and

84、effective in putting out early stage furniture fires. Therefore, it is suggested that fire extinguishers shall be installed both in the lobby and the apartments.</p><p>　　(3) Smoke control.</p><p&

85、gt;　　In case of fire, smoke protected staircase is the only way for occupants to evacuate to a safe location while fire lift is very helpful in transporting fire fighting tools and equipment. Therefore, reasonable and ef

86、fective smoke control measures shall be taken to prevent smoke and heat from spreading to staircases and elevator shafts so as to ensure the safe evacuation of the people and the fine conditions for fire fighting and res

87、cue.</p><p>　　When the residents escape from the fire apartment, smoke will certainly flow out. The pressurization facilities in the lobby can help to prevent smoke from spreading to the lobby.</p>&l

88、t;p>　　According to the above analysis, it can be proved that the fire safety design of this high-rise building is safe enough for</p><p>　　occupant evacuation and fire fighting if it is designed according

89、 to the above suggested solutions.</p><p>　　7. Conclusions</p><p>　　The problems in fire safety design of a high-rise residential building have been analyzed. The fire safety objectives have bee

90、n defined according to the design features and occupancy of the building. Based on these, feasible fire safety design countermeasures have been suggested and their feasibility has been analyzed and discussed. Hopefully,

91、the improved design methods of the building can provide valuable reference for the fire safety design of the similar buildings</p><p>　　References</p><p>　　[1] The Ministry of Public Security of

92、 the People’s Republic of China, 2005, Code for Fire Protection Design of Tall Buildings GB 50045-95 (2005</p><p>　　Edition). China Planning Press, Beijing.</p><p>　　[2] Zhang Xiaoling, Zheng Ya

93、nqiu, 2007. Discussion on the design of shared lobby of buildings, Asia Fire Protection 1, p. 58.</p><p>　　[3] The Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China, 2006, Code for design of buil

94、ding fire protection and prevention GB 50015-2006.</p><p>　　China Planning Press, Beijing</p><p>　　[4] Tian Yumin, 2005. Function of fire elevator in evacuation and fire fighting, Fire Technique

95、 and Products Information 9, p. 34.</p><p>　　[5] Wang Bing. Discussion on Problems of Fire Evacuation of Modular High-rise Housing [J]. Fire Science and Technology. 2009, 4: 182-183.</p><p>　　[6

96、] Naohiro Takeichi, Yoshiyuki Yoshida, Tomonori Sano, etc, 2007. Characteristics of Merging Occupants in a Staircase, Fire Science and Technology 4,</p><p><b>　　p.363</b></p><p>　　[7