外文翻譯--壓電發(fā)電裝置的能量轉(zhuǎn)換及存儲(chǔ)特性的研究

1、<p><b>　　附錄A</b></p><p>　　Energy Conversion and Storage Characteristics Research on Piezoelectric Generator</p><p>　　Through to the cantilever beam piezoelectricity electric pow

2、er facility energy conversion characteristic theoretical analysis, has obtained the piezoelectricity Liang output voltage and the electrical energy theoretical model, but this is merely considers piezoelectricity Liang o

3、wn factor alone to the power rate the influence rule. But in practical application, what often considered are the piezoelectricity electric power facility output, and its value's size and the load resistance concern.

4、 The</p><p>　　May discover by the second chapter of theoretical analysis, although piezoelectricity Liang can produce the great voltage, but it each time distorts the electrical energy which outputs to be ve

5、ry limited, still could not meet the modern mostly electronic installation's need. This chapter while carries on the theory and experimental study to the piezoelectricity electric power facility's output, but als

6、o has conducted the memory characteristic research through each kind of storage medium to the p</p><p>　　At the same time, for the confirmation theoretical formula's accuracy, presently separately confir

7、ms piezoelectric vibrator's in above two kind of situations output voltage and the output and between the load resistance size relations through the experimental method, and draws up the corresponding assay curve, an

8、d carries on the comparative analysis with the theoretical formula computed result. the test equipment mainly includes the HEAS-5 power amplifier, the HEV-50 high energy driver, the DS-5</p><p>　　The electri

9、cal vibrator outputs between active voltage and active power and load resistance theory relations curve; At the same time, the use experiment test system, the selection different resistance number's resistance carrie

10、s on the experiment, may draw up between them the experimental relations curve, its correspondence's optimum load and the maximum output performance number respectively are 71.89 kilo ohms and 0.7617 kilowatt; Obtain

11、s actually the optimum load and the maximum output perfor</p><p>　　Test the selected piezoelectric vibrator, and its structural parameters and material properties are related to the power 3.1 of this chapter

12、 to verify test the same as the piezoelectric vibrator. Physical map of the test equipment as shown， Piezoelectric vibrator exciter fixed, the piezoelectric power generation device constitutes a cantilever. Power amplifi

13、er by adjusting the frequency of vibration can set the frequency according to the piezoelectric vibrator incentives; At the same time, the p</p><p>　　Capacity can be used as a power supply. At present, the c

14、ommonly used electrolytic capacitors are tantalum electrolytic capacitors and aluminum electrolytic capacitors. Tantalum electrolytic capacitors and aluminum electrolytic capacitors compared to the benefits include: ① sm

15、all; ② wide use of humidity; ③ long life, high insulation resistance, leakage current small; ④ good impedance frequency characteristics; ⑤ high reliability. In order to compare the two types of charging characteristics o

16、f e</p><p>　　When the piezoelectric vibrator when a certain output voltage, the electrolytic capacitor charge voltage eventually become a stable value, that is reaching saturation voltage; when the piezoelec

17、tric vibrator of the open circuit voltage at the same time, different-capacity aluminum electrolytic capacitor can be reached saturation voltage the same, are 12.8 V; but the capacity of different aluminum electrolytic c

18、apacitors, which charge different rates, and the capacitor charging rate with the elec</p><p>　　The above-capacity aluminum electrolytic capacitors of different charging tests, piezoelectric vibrator in the

19、same open-circuit voltage conditions, piezoelectric vibrator in order to obtain the open circuit voltage of the electrolytic capacitor charging rate relationship test in the same capacity electrolytic capacitor, the piez

20、oelectric vibrator open circuit voltage of the charging rate of the relationship. Regulation of power amplifiers, so that the same vibration frequency of 44.3Hz, change </p><p>　　But the discharge time is li

21、mited to 50V-470 micro-electrolytic capacitor current law, the use of more batteries include rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries and lithium-ion battery. As a result of nickel-cadmium ba

22、ttery has a serious memory effect and recycling less, such as the shortcomings, at the same time, cadmium is a toxic substance, if not handled properly easily pollute the environment, makes the shortcomings of many nicke

23、l-cadmium batteries for electric</p><p>　　But the discharge time is limited to 50V-470 micro-electrolytic capacitor current law, the use of more batteries include rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, nicke

24、l metal hydride batteries and lithium-ion battery. As a result of nickel-cadmium battery has a serious memory effect and recycling less, such as the shortcomings, at the same time, cadmium is a toxic substance, if not ha

25、ndled properly easily pollute the environment, makes the shortcomings of many nickel-cadmium batteries for electric</p><p>　　Three integrated storage, we can see that the rechargeable battery has a short lif

26、e, vulnerable to the shortcomings of the environmental impact and at the same time, the charging circuit of the voltage and current requirements to a certain extent, the need for charging control circuit and overcharge p

27、rotection circuit at present, not to be widely used. Ordinary electrolytic capacitor with a fast charge rate and charge the advantages of simple circuit to generate electricity in the piezoelectric </p><p>&

28、lt;b>　　附錄B</b></p><p>　　壓電發(fā)電裝置的能量轉(zhuǎn)換及存儲(chǔ)特性的研究</p><p>　　通過(guò)對(duì)懸臂梁壓電發(fā)電裝置能量轉(zhuǎn)換特性的理論分析，得出了壓電梁輸出電壓和電能的理論模型，但這僅僅是單獨(dú)考慮壓電梁自身因素對(duì)發(fā)電量的影響規(guī)律。而實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，往往考慮的是壓電發(fā)電裝置的輸出功率，且其數(shù)值的大小與負(fù)載電阻有關(guān)。因此，本章則對(duì)壓電發(fā)電裝置外接負(fù)載后的輸出功率

29、進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的研究，并采用不同阻值的負(fù)載電阻進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。</p><p>　　由第二章的理論分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，壓電梁雖然能產(chǎn)生較大電壓，但其每次變形所輸出的電能很有限，仍不能滿足現(xiàn)代大多電子設(shè)備的需求。本章在對(duì)壓電發(fā)電裝置的輸出功率進(jìn)行理論和試驗(yàn)研究的同時(shí)，還通過(guò)各種存儲(chǔ)介質(zhì)對(duì)壓電發(fā)電裝置的發(fā)電量進(jìn)行了存儲(chǔ)特性研究。由第二章壓電振子的基礎(chǔ)理論知識(shí)可知，壓電陶瓷的電特性等效電路可表示為電荷等效電路。其中，壓電陶瓷的絕緣

30、電阻相對(duì)于外部負(fù)載來(lái)說(shuō)，阻值較大，可以忽略。以上兩種情況下的理論計(jì)算公式可以看出，實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，無(wú)論壓電振子采用何種連接方式，都會(huì)存在一個(gè)最佳的負(fù)載電阻，使其輸出功率達(dá)到最大值。</p><p>　　同時(shí)，為驗(yàn)證理論公式的正確性，現(xiàn)通過(guò)試驗(yàn)的方法分別驗(yàn)證壓電振子在以上兩種情況下的輸出電壓和輸出功率與負(fù)載電阻大小之間的關(guān)系，且繪制相應(yīng)的試驗(yàn)曲線，并與理論公式計(jì)算結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較分析。</p><p&g

31、t;　　試驗(yàn)設(shè)備主要包括HEAS-5功率放大器，HEV-50高能激振器、DS-5000系列數(shù)字存儲(chǔ)示波器。試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)功率放大器的頻率及電壓，產(chǎn)生一個(gè)給定振幅和頻率的正弦激勵(lì)信號(hào)，使激振器按此正弦激勵(lì)振動(dòng)。由于壓電振子固定在激振器上，能產(chǎn)生一個(gè)相同頻率的正弦波交流電，所以通過(guò)負(fù)載電阻兩端的電壓也為正弦交流電，并可用示波器測(cè)得。根據(jù)公式P =V2R，可求得負(fù)載電阻所消耗的功率，即壓電振子的輸出功率。本節(jié)試驗(yàn)所使用的壓電振子的尺寸和材

32、料性能參數(shù)如下：壓電陶瓷的材料為PZT-4，壓電陶瓷的尺寸參數(shù)為：L×W×h=58mm×30mm×0.35mm。金屬基板的材料為鈹青銅，尺寸參數(shù)為：L×W×h=80mm×30mm×0.35mm。利用萬(wàn)用表可測(cè)得本試驗(yàn)所使用的壓電振子的等效電容大小為：C=0.05微法。壓由試驗(yàn)原理可知，當(dāng)調(diào)節(jié)功率放大器，使激振器以頻率f=44.3Hz激勵(lì)壓電振子時(shí)，則壓電振子

33、產(chǎn)生一個(gè)角頻率ω=2πf=278.204rad/s的正弦波電壓，其空載時(shí)的電壓輸出波形。由該圖可以看出，壓電振子空載時(shí)，其電壓輸出波形為正弦波，通過(guò)示波器可讀出其峰值電壓0v為14.8V。</p><p>　　電振子所輸出的有效電壓和有效功率與負(fù)載電阻之間的理論關(guān)系曲線；同時(shí)，利用試驗(yàn)測(cè)試系統(tǒng)，選取不同阻值的電阻進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)，可繪制出它們之間的試驗(yàn)關(guān)系曲線，其對(duì)應(yīng)的最佳負(fù)載和最大輸出功率值分別為71.89千歐和0.7

34、617毫瓦；實(shí)際測(cè)得的最佳負(fù)載和最大輸出功率值分別為71千歐和0.867毫瓦，此時(shí)，理論和試驗(yàn)所對(duì)應(yīng)的電流大小分別為0.103毫安和0.012毫安。</p><p>　　當(dāng)壓電振子外接整流橋和濾波電容時(shí)，其所輸出的為直流電，輸出的電壓和功率也與負(fù)載電阻有很大關(guān)系。同理，由理論公式和試驗(yàn)測(cè)試系統(tǒng)可得其輸出電壓和輸出功率與負(fù)載電阻之間的關(guān)系曲線，理論計(jì)算所用的相關(guān)參數(shù)與當(dāng)壓電振子直接和負(fù)載相連時(shí)相同。由以上的研究可以

35、發(fā)現(xiàn)，雖然壓電振子能產(chǎn)生較大電壓，但其所輸出的電流相對(duì)較小，其輸出功率還只能以毫瓦級(jí)來(lái)計(jì)算，相對(duì)于目前的一些電子器件的正常工作的功率來(lái)說(shuō)，壓電陶瓷的發(fā)電能力是極其有限的。同時(shí)，在某些場(chǎng)第三章壓電發(fā)電裝置的輸出功率與存儲(chǔ)特性分析，要保證在壓電發(fā)電裝置不工作的情況下，電器設(shè)備仍能正常工作，這就需要對(duì)壓電振子每次的發(fā)電量進(jìn)行存儲(chǔ)。因此，對(duì)壓電發(fā)電裝置的能量存儲(chǔ)特性的研究是很有必要的，本節(jié)進(jìn)行存儲(chǔ)。</p><p>　　

36、試驗(yàn)所選用的壓電振子，其結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)和材料性能參數(shù)均與本章3.1節(jié)的功率驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)時(shí)的壓電振子相同。試驗(yàn)設(shè)備的實(shí)物圖如圖所示。壓電振子固定在激振器上，構(gòu)成懸臂梁壓電發(fā)電裝置。通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)功率放大器的頻率，可以使激振器按給定的頻率激勵(lì)壓電振子；同時(shí)，調(diào)節(jié)功率放大器的電壓值，可以使壓電振子輸出不同幅值的正弦波交流電；示波器用以測(cè)量各部件的發(fā)電量。由于該壓電振子采用懸臂支撐時(shí)，固有頻率較高，其一階固有頻率為98.732Hz，而環(huán)境中振源的頻率遠(yuǎn)低于此值

37、，為了使壓電振子的頻率和環(huán)境中的固有頻率相接近，可采用在壓電振子自由端附加集中質(zhì)量塊的方法進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。試驗(yàn)中，所加質(zhì)量塊的重量為10.7克，使其一階固有頻率降為44.734Hz。調(diào)節(jié)功率放大器，使壓電振子輸出一個(gè)頻率為44.3Hz，峰值電壓為14.8V的正弦交流電（以下試驗(yàn)若無(wú)特別說(shuō)明，均以此為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)），對(duì)電解電容、超級(jí)電容和可充電電池三種存儲(chǔ)介質(zhì)進(jìn)行存儲(chǔ)試驗(yàn)比較。電解電容含有極性，使用時(shí)要注意正負(fù)極的接法，容量大的電解電容可以作為電源來(lái)使

38、用。目前，常用的電解電容主要是鋁電解電容和鉭電解電容。鉭電解電容和鋁電解電容相比具有的優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括：①體積小；②使用濕度范圍</p><p>　　當(dāng)壓電振子的輸出電壓一定時(shí)，各電解電容的充電電壓最后都趨于一個(gè)穩(wěn)定值，即達(dá)到飽和電壓；當(dāng)壓電振子開路電壓相同時(shí)，不同容量的鋁電解電容所能達(dá)到的飽和電壓也相同，均為12.8伏；但對(duì)不同容量的鋁電解電容，其充電速率不同，且電容的充電速率隨著電容容量的增大而減小。當(dāng)初始電壓相同時(shí)

39、，不同容量的鋁電解電容其放電時(shí)間不同，其放電時(shí)間隨著電解電容的容量的增大而增大。對(duì)470微法的鋁電解電容，其電壓從12.8伏下降到3伏的時(shí)間也在2個(gè)小時(shí)以上，這已經(jīng)可以滿足某些電子設(shè)備的需求。以自行設(shè)計(jì)的遙控器為例，當(dāng)對(duì)470微法的鋁電解電容充電時(shí)，充到飽和電壓后，可使遙控器連續(xù)工作5次。</p><p>　　以上對(duì)不同容量的鋁電解電容的充電試驗(yàn)，是在壓電振子開路電壓相同的條件下進(jìn)行的，為了獲得壓電振子開路電壓對(duì)

40、鋁電解電容的充電速率的影響關(guān)系，試驗(yàn)測(cè)試在相同容量的電解電容下，壓電振子開路電壓對(duì)充電速率的影響關(guān)系。調(diào)節(jié)功率放大器，使激振器的頻率44.3Hz不變，改變激振器的振幅，使壓電振子分別輸出正弦波電壓的峰值分別為10.2伏、14.8伏和19.8伏三個(gè)數(shù)值，電容選擇50V-470微法的鋁電解電容。鋁電解電容的飽和電壓隨壓電振子開路電壓的增大而增大。雖然開路電壓不等，但電容電壓達(dá)到飽和電壓的時(shí)間幾乎相等。因此，在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，可以通過(guò)提高壓電振子

41、的發(fā)電量來(lái)提高電能的存儲(chǔ)量。通過(guò)對(duì)電解電容的充電和放電試驗(yàn)，可以看出，普通的電解電容也可以作為儲(chǔ)能元件為電器設(shè)備供電。但其放電時(shí)間有限，以50V-470微法的電解電容目前，使用較多的可充電電池主要包括鎳鎘電池、鎳氫電池和鋰離子電池。由于鎳鎘電池具有嚴(yán)重的記憶效應(yīng)和循環(huán)使用次數(shù)少等缺點(diǎn)，同時(shí)，鎘是有毒物質(zhì)，若處理不當(dāng)易污染環(huán)境，眾多的缺點(diǎn)使得鎳鎘電池已基本被淘汰出電器設(shè)備電池的應(yīng)用范圍。鎳氫電池不含有毒物質(zhì)，其使用次數(shù)相對(duì)于鎳鎘電池的50

42、0次來(lái)說(shuō)，可達(dá)到</p><p>　　綜合三種存儲(chǔ)方式，可以看出，可充電電池具有使用壽命短、易受環(huán)境影響等缺點(diǎn)，同時(shí)，其對(duì)充電電路的電壓和電流也有一定要求，充電時(shí)需有控制電路和過(guò)充保護(hù)電路，目前，還不能被廣泛使用。普通電解電容具有充電速率快和充電電路簡(jiǎn)單的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，可以在壓電振子發(fā)電量極小的情況下快速充電，可以用于手動(dòng)發(fā)電裝置中，但由于存儲(chǔ)容量小，自由狀態(tài)下易漏電等缺點(diǎn)，只能為微電子設(shè)備提供短暫性、間歇性的能量，可滿