建筑外文翻譯--建筑類型和設計

1、<p>　　building types and design</p><p>　　A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .</p><p>　　As classified by their use ,build

2、ings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,em

3、ployment ,education and other social activities .</p><p>　　Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining indust

4、ry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial

5、 buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the w</p><p>　　Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residentia

6、l buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politic

7、s ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of the</

8、p><p>　　Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a n

9、ew neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie

10、 theater ,and the community center .</p><p>　　In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half

11、an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage ea

12、rners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban</p><p>　　Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the

13、building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.</p><p>　　An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible

14、 convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of

15、easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may</p><p>　　It is also essential

16、to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the su

17、rroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height o

18、f buildings ,proportion of green space </p><p>　　There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is

19、 towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural

20、 lighting without sun-glare .</p><p><b>　　翻譯：</b></p><p><b>　　建筑類型和設計</b></p><p>　　建筑物與人們有著緊密的聯(lián)系，他為人們提供必要的空間，用以工作和生活。</p><p>　　根據(jù)適用類型不同，建筑物可以分為兩

21、類：工業(yè)建筑和民用建筑。工業(yè)建筑包括各個工廠或工業(yè)生產(chǎn)所使用建筑，民用建筑是指那些人們用以居住，就業(yè)，教育和其他社會活動的建筑場所。</p><p>　　工業(yè)建筑的廠房可用于采礦業(yè)，冶金工業(yè)，機械制造，化學工業(yè)和紡織工業(yè)等各類領(lǐng)域的加工和制造。廠房可分為兩種類型：單層的和多層的。工業(yè)建筑也屬于建筑的一種。但是，工業(yè)建筑與民用建筑所用的材料和建筑方式不同。</p><p>　　民用建筑按使用

22、可分為兩大類：住宅建筑和公共建筑。住宅建筑要適應家庭生活。每個單位應包括至少三個必要客房：起居室，廚房和廁所。公共建筑可在政治，文化活動，管理工作和其他服務，如學校，寫字樓，公園，醫(yī)院，商店，車站，劇院，體育館，賓館，展覽館，洗浴池，等等。他們都有著不同的職能，這反過來又需要不同的設計類型。</p><p>　　房屋是用以住人的. 其基本功能是提供住房的內(nèi)容，但今天人們需要更多的住房內(nèi)容。一個家庭在進入一個新的社

23、區(qū)后將知道，現(xiàn)有住房不僅要符合其安全，健康和舒適等標準。還要考慮其附近是否有相應的配套設施，如食品市場，學校，商店，圖書館，電影院，以及社區(qū)中心等。</p><p>　　在60年代中期住房最重要的價值是足夠大的空間和方便的出入交通。大多數(shù)家庭會首選約半英畝面積土地的家庭住宅，這樣將提供足夠的空間的用以業(yè)余活動。在高度工業(yè)化的國家，許多家庭的首選是那種盡可能遠離市中心商業(yè)圈的住房，即使距離上班地點不得不有一段距離。

24、相當多的家庭首選是郊區(qū)的住房，因為他們的主要目的是要遠離噪音，擁擠和混亂。擁有方便的公共交通使得距離不再是一個決定性因素，因為大多數(shù)人都是開著自己的汽車去上班了。人們現(xiàn)在主要感興趣的是戶型，房間的大小和臥室的數(shù)目。</p><p>　　在工程項目開始之前，要做好建筑設計和施工流程,讓人提前知道該建筑建成后是什么樣子以及下一步應該做什么。</p><p>　　在建筑設計中要特別重視房間的布局

25、，其目的是提供最大的便利與可能的用途。在一個住宅建筑設計中，布局可考慮以下三個方面： “白天” ， “夜晚”和“服務”。必須注意這些空間區(qū)域之間的連通交流。 “白天”房一般包括餐廳，起居室和廚房，但其他房間可能會增加，如書房，并有可能成為一個大廳。起居室通常是最大的，往往是一個餐廳，也或可能有廚房、凹室等。 “夜間”房間包括臥室、客房?！胺铡庇梅块g包括廚房，浴室，儲藏室 ，和廁所等。廚房和儲藏室需設置在一起，以方便其房間功能的使用。&

26、lt;/p><p>　　此外，還必須考慮各種客房的朝向問題，當然最好盡可能的將那些經(jīng)常使用的房間朝南設置。然而，在考慮到周圍的環(huán)境和地點、道路等多方面因素，往往很難達到最佳要求。在解決這些復雜的問題，還必須按照當?shù)爻鞘幸?guī)劃條例所涉及的對公共設施，人口密度，建筑物高度，綠化面積，建筑紅線等的要求，還要考慮到有相鄰建筑的情況，等等。</p><p>　　盡管工業(yè)建筑需要符合當?shù)爻鞘幸?guī)劃條例但很少有