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1、<p><b>  中文4135字</b></p><p>  本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)專業(yè)外文翻譯</p><p>  原 文: Magnesium alloy electric wheel hub </p><p>  micro-arc oxidation production research </p&g

2、t;<p>  譯 文: 鎂合金電動車輪轂微弧氧化生產(chǎn)研究 </p><p>  指導(dǎo)教師 : 職稱: </p><p>  學(xué)生姓名 : 學(xué)號: </p><p>  專 業(yè)

3、 : 機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化 </p><p>  院(系) : 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 </p><p>  2015年4月10日</p><p>  Magnesium alloy electric wheel hub micro-arc oxidation production research</p>

4、<p>  Most electric vehicles at home and abroad is configured to aluminum alloy wheel hub, its quality, energy saving, shock absorption, noise reduction and vehicle dynamics characteristics index is much lower than

5、magnesium alloys. Magnesium alloy is 30% lighter than aluminum alloy, the damping effect is 30 times that of aluminum alloy. Replace the aluminum alloy with magnesium alloy wheel hub, driving the development of magnesium

6、 alloy material development and deep processing technology, to reduce e</p><p>  One Micro-arc oxidation mechanism</p><p>  Micro-arc oxidation technology is a new surface treatment technology

7、of green environmental protection, can grow in light metal surface in situ ceramic layer directly. Its technological characteristics, surface treatment, as well as the performance of the since the technology was invented

8、 by the favour of people, its mechanism is to light metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium and its alloy put in electrolyte aqueous solution as anode, using the method of electrochemical spark discharge sp</p>

9、;<p>  Two research methods and technology</p><p>  This topic in the research on magnesium alloy electric wheel hub, higher requirements on the toughness of the alloy, so choose AM60B, melt and ini

10、tial temperature of 468 ℃, the melting end temperature is 596 ℃, the liquidus temperature range of 165 ℃. The chemical composition as shown in table 1.</p><p>  Table 1 AM60B alloy chemical composition (WB /

11、 %)</p><p>  Because of the magnesium alloy electric wheel hub surface area is larger, general above 0.4 m2, require micro-arc oxidation power supply is bigger, this subject adopts the lanzhou university of

12、technology institute of materials and development of MAO - 300 type nc micro-arc oxidation production device (figure 1) micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy wheel casting processing, its similar to ordinary anodic oxid

13、ation equipment, including special high-voltage power supply, micro-arc oxidation alka</p><p>  With micro-arc oxidation method in sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide electrolyte fluid system in the prepara

14、tion of magnesium alloy wheel casting oxide ceramic membrane, the concrete technological process first set oxidation process parameters and the alkaline tank sodium silicate solution, the cleaning after micro-arc oxidati

15、on of magnesium alloy wheel casting into cell 15 ~ 20 min, clean with clear water tank 2 ~ 4 min, add hot water in hot water (80 ℃, 10 ~ 15 min), closed, then cool in th</p><p>  Figure 1 MAO - 300 type nc m

16、icro-arc oxidation power supply</p><p>  Figure 2 after micro-arc oxidation magnesium alloy wheel hub casting and interception of membrane layer analysis sample</p><p>  Three micro-arc oxida

17、tion process parameters on the quality of the film</p><p>  Based on the research of the sample and analysis of micro-arc oxidation technology is, in fact, the substrate magnesium magnesium oxide. Figure 3 f

18、or the dimension of samples before and after oxidation appearance schematic simulation, which is suitable for ceramic oxide film a outward growth, namely the increase of size part, b is the depth of the internal oxidatio

19、n to the matrix, a and b interface for initial sample surface position, h for the total thickness of oxide film.</p><p>  Figure 3 samples dimension changes before and after micro-arc oxidation diagram</p

20、><p>  Larger influence on test has a positive voltage, frequency, duty cycle, current density and oxidation time on the process parameters. Due to the electric casting of magnesium alloy surface area is larger

21、, micro-arc oxidation micro-arc discharge must be formed in the surface can occur after a certain thickness of oxide film, so the formation of the oxide film is needed for the voltage doesn't need much, the current i

22、s larger, the oxide film formation and the process of thickening, often accompani</p><p>  From electric casting magnesium alloys is not hard to find in the micro-arc oxidation test result analysis, micro-ar

23、c oxidation in the process can be divided into two steps, namely the oxide film formation stage and the stage of micro-arc oxidation film discharge, the formation of oxide film phase as the initial stage, the stage of th

24、e supply voltage is small, and after the film to produce micro-arc discharge requires high voltage, for magnesium alloy electric casting the large workpiece with mi</p><p>  Experimental results also found t

25、hat the dc power of oxide film faster than pulse power, in the absence of micro arc discharge, oxide film layer is not dense, it can be seen from appearance, need again with pulse power supply for micro-arc oxidation dis

26、charge, the oxide film become more dense. In order to improve the production efficiency, to meet the needs of industrial production, suggest early low voltage adjustable dc constant voltage power supply are available to

27、set up the initial oxidatio</p><p>  The size of the current density in a certain extent reflects the intensity of micro-arc oxidation, strongly affect the resulting performance of the micro arc oxidation ce

28、ramic layer. The duration of oxidation also seriously affects the coating corrosion resistance: oxidation time is too short, although generated mainly the dense layer, but the film is too thin, don't have good corros

29、ion resistance; After oxidation time is too long, at some time, with the increase of time, although the overall fi</p><p>  Four micro-arc oxide film layer structure characteristics</p><p>  A

30、fter micro-arc oxidation of magnesium alloy wheel hub interception by Mef3 large metallurgical microscope observation of the sample, the micro-arc oxide film surface morphology as shown in figure 4. Can be seen from the

31、figure in the wheel hub surface layer is made up of many tiny "small volcanic cone" (figure protuberant part around the holes) in dendritic combination, constitute the mesh structure. "Small volcanic cone&

32、quot; center has a small hole, this is the electrolyte reaction with matrix mic</p><p>  Figure 4 magnesium alloy wheel hub micro-arc oxide film layer surface morphology</p><p>  Figure 5 AM60B

33、magnesium alloy micro-arc oxidation film section morphology by SEM</p><p>  Figure 5 is through JMS - 6700 - f field emission scanning electron microscopy (sem) observed the micro-arc oxide film layer sectio

34、n morphology photos. Figure 5 shows the average film thickness of about 22 (including m, the oxide film and substrate with good, decomposition of a distinct, density on the interface is good, no big holes. By figure 5 ca

35、n also see, micro-arc oxide film by the outermost layer of loose layer, the inside of the transition layer and layer in between density of three part</p><p>  Figure 6 is obtained by Phlip X 'pert X-ray

36、diffractometer AM60B magnesium alloy wheel hub of micro-arc oxidation film XRD spectrum, according to the intensity of diffraction peak accumulation analysis shows that the matrix of Mg peak relatively obvious, the main

37、phase of micro-arc oxidation coating is cubic structure of MgO style, surface with Mg2Si2O4 and MgAl2O4 spinel phase, according to the test conditions that may also contain SiO2, MgF2 and small amounts of Mg (OH) 2, and

38、the oxide of Al,</p><p>  Figure 6 AM60B magnesium alloy micro-arc oxidation film XRD spectrum</p><p>  Five To detect the corrosion resistance of the micro-arc oxide film layer</p><

39、p>  In order to meet the requirements of the use of electric cars, micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy electric wheel hub on the corrosion resistance test, salt spray testing machine mainly USES the WJ - 90 after m

40、icro-arc oxidation treatment of the surface of the wheel hub for salt spray test. After testing found that did not use hot water seal processing of the surface of the wheel hub 48 h corrosion rate was 0.108%, while only

41、0.073%, after hot water hole sealing hubs such as chromium than oth</p><p>  Six The conclusion</p><p>  (1) quality of micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy electric wheel hub surface influe

42、nce factor has a positive voltage, frequency, duty cycle, current density and oxidation time on the process parameters. Optimum process parameters for 150 ~ 180 V voltage, current density of 1.1 A/dm2, oxidation time to

43、20 min, 400 Hz frequency, duty cycle of 20%.</p><p>  (2) the oxide film is divided into two layers of loose layer and dense layer structure, the dense layer is the main body, the film formed by cubic struct

44、ure of MgO style, the surface is MgO style and MgA12O4, spinel phase mixture, and combined with matrix and closely for hard ceramic layer and played a key role of the magnesium alloy surface anticorrosion</p><

45、p>  (3) the micro-arc oxidation technology for new surface treatment technology of environmental protection, but its large area needed for the magnesium alloy casting film for a long time, the production efficiency is

46、 low, the mass production to meet the large area of magnesium alloy castings, micro-arc oxidation power supply can be established by using dc power first initial oxidation film layer, then use pulse power arc discharge s

47、trengthening oxide film layer, the ways which are already so dense </p><p>  鎂合金電動車輪轂微弧氧化生產(chǎn)研究</p><p>  國內(nèi)外大多數(shù)電動車車輛配置為鋁合金輪轂,其在質(zhì)量、節(jié)能、減震、降噪和車輛動力學(xué)特性等指標(biāo)大大低于鎂合金。鎂合金比鋁合金輕30%,減振效果是鋁合金的30倍。以鎂合金輪轂代替鋁合金輪轂,

48、帶動鎂合金材料開發(fā)和深加工技術(shù)發(fā)展,達(dá)到降低電動車自重及用電消耗,節(jié)能環(huán)保;減少振動和噪聲;改善駕乘舒適度,提高電動車輛動力學(xué)特性等目的(交通工具質(zhì)量每減輕10%,能耗將減少8%~10%)。但它的耐蝕性差,嚴(yán)重限制了其應(yīng)用。常用的化學(xué)氧化和陽極氧化形成的氧化膜對鎂合金有一定的保護(hù)作用,但是其耐蝕性、環(huán)境友好性、外觀等方面還不能令人滿意,急需開發(fā)新的表面處理方法。近年來,人們嘗試開發(fā)了各種新技術(shù),如微弧氧化技術(shù),較好滿足了上述要求。微弧氧

49、化又稱為微等離子體氧化,是近年來在普通陽極氧化基礎(chǔ)上開發(fā)的一種新技術(shù)。它采用較高的能量密度,通過熱化學(xué)、等離子體化學(xué)和電化學(xué)的共同作用,鎂合金表面原位形成陶瓷質(zhì)氧化膜,極大地提高了鎂合金鑄件表面的耐蝕性能,具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。</p><p><b>  一、微弧氧化機(jī)理</b></p><p>  微弧氧化技術(shù)是一種綠色環(huán)保的新興表面處理工藝技術(shù),可直接在輕金屬表面

50、原位生長陶瓷層。其工藝特點明顯,表面處理的性能優(yōu)勢突出,自該技術(shù)被發(fā)明以來,備受人們的青睞,其機(jī)理是將鋁、鎂、鈦等輕金屬或其合金置于電解質(zhì)水溶液中作為陽極,利用電化學(xué)方法在該材料的表面產(chǎn)生火花放電斑點,在熱化學(xué)、等離子體化學(xué)和電化學(xué)的共同作用下,獲得金屬氧化物陶瓷層的一種表面改性技術(shù)。</p><p><b>  二、研究方法及工藝</b></p><p>  本課題

51、的研究對象是鎂合金電動車輪轂,對合金的韌性要求較高,故選用AM60B,其熔化初始溫度為468 ℃,熔化結(jié)束溫度為596 ℃,固液相線溫度區(qū)間為165 ℃。其化學(xué)成分如表1所示。</p><p>  表1 AM60B合金化學(xué)成分(WB/%) </p><p>  由于鎂合金電動車輪轂表面積比較大,一般在0.4 m2以上,要求微弧氧化電源較

52、大,本課題采用蘭州理工大學(xué)材料學(xué)院開發(fā)的MAO-300型數(shù)控微弧氧化生產(chǎn)裝置(圖1)對鎂合金輪轂鑄件進(jìn)行微弧氧化處理,其裝置類似普通陽極氧化設(shè)備,包括微弧氧化專用高壓電源、堿性溶液電解槽、攪拌系統(tǒng)、冷卻系統(tǒng),工件與不銹鋼板為對等電極。</p><p>  用微弧氧化方法在硅酸鈉-氫氧化鈉電解液體系中制備鎂合金輪轂鑄件氧化陶瓷膜,具體工藝流程為先設(shè)定氧化工藝參數(shù)及配制堿性槽硅酸鈉溶液,將清洗后的鎂合金輪轂鑄件吊入電

53、解槽微弧氧化15~20 min,用清水槽清洗2~4 min,再放入熱水中進(jìn)行熱水封閉(80 ℃,10~15 min),然后在冷水槽冷卻2 min,吊出輪轂排水、烘干、清理檢查。微弧氧化處理完后一定要通過熱水封閉,這樣因微弧氧化放電形成的小孔通道及周圍分布的大量微裂紋會封閉,防止氧氣進(jìn)入引起氧化。微弧氧化完成后,從微弧氧化后的鎂合金輪轂鑄件上截取膜層試樣進(jìn)行分析,為便于試驗分析,要求試樣做成圓形片狀,故試樣截取位置選擇輪轂中間較大部分處,

54、如圖2所示。利用掃描電鏡觀察分析氧化膜的表面和對試樣進(jìn)行測量。通過改變電解液的組成、設(shè)備工藝參數(shù)調(diào)整等形式來改變生成膜層的組織和性能,從而得到適合鎂合金電動車輪轂需要的膜層和表面質(zhì)量要求。</p><p>  圖1 MAO-300型數(shù)控微弧氧化電源</p><p>  圖2 微弧氧化后鎂合金輪轂鑄件及截取膜層分析試樣處</p><p>  三、微弧氧化工藝參數(shù)對膜層

55、質(zhì)量的影響</p><p>  通過對試樣的研究和分析,微弧氧化技術(shù)實際上是把基體鎂變?yōu)檠趸V。圖3為氧化前后樣品外形尺寸的變化示意圖的模擬:其中a為陶瓷氧化膜向外生長即尺寸增加部分,b為向基體內(nèi)部氧化的深度,a、b分界面為樣品初始表面位置,h為氧化膜總厚度。</p><p>  圖3 微弧氧化前后樣品外形尺寸的變化示意圖</p><p>  對試驗影響較大的有正電

56、壓、電流密度、頻率、占空比以及氧化時間等工藝參數(shù)。由于鎂合金電動車鑄件的表面積比較大,而微弧氧化的微弧放電必須在工件表面形成一定厚度的氧化膜后才能發(fā)生,故氧化膜的形成所需的正電壓不需要很大,所需的電流則較大,在氧化膜形成并增厚的過程中,往往伴隨著電流和正電壓的突變。當(dāng)氧化膜厚度達(dá)到一定程度后,則需要增加工件兩端電壓,通常在150 V左右就會在工件與電解液間產(chǎn)生微弧放電。隨著電壓的增加,電流不斷增大,微弧密度越來越密,越來越明亮,且微弧在

57、不停跳動,此時電流與電壓基本上呈線性增加,電壓約為180 V,微弧密度基本上達(dá)到了工藝的要求,此時電流的增長速度比較緩慢。當(dāng)氧化膜達(dá)到一定厚度時,電壓即使增加,電流的增加也很小,基本上趨于恒定,這時在工件上的微弧也逐漸稀薄,微弧氧化過程也就可以停止。如果繼續(xù)升高電壓,微弧就會明顯變大,工件與電極之間會出現(xiàn)電弧光,導(dǎo)致氧化膜被坑蝕,甚至在氧化膜表面出現(xiàn)小裂紋,使工件表面質(zhì)量變差。微弧是在一定的電場激發(fā)下,且在氧化膜與內(nèi)層金屬之間產(chǎn)生的一種

58、放電現(xiàn)象。</p><p>  從鎂合金電動車鑄件微弧氧化試驗結(jié)果分析中不難發(fā)現(xiàn),微弧氧化在工藝過程中可分兩步進(jìn)行,即氧化膜生成階段和微弧放電氧化膜階段,氧化膜的形成階段為初始階段,該階段所需的電源電壓較小,而成膜后若要產(chǎn)生微弧放電則需要較高電壓,對于鎂合金電動車鑄件這種大型工件來說,由于微弧氧化處理表面積較大,所需的成膜時間很長,很大程度上影響了生產(chǎn)效率。</p><p>  試驗還發(fā)現(xiàn)

59、直流電源建立氧化膜的速度要快于脈沖電源,由于沒有微弧放電,氧化膜層不致密,這點從外觀可以看出來,還需要用脈沖電源來進(jìn)行再次的微弧放電氧化,使氧化膜變得更加致密。為提高生產(chǎn)效率,適應(yīng)工業(yè)化大生產(chǎn)需求,建議前期可用低壓直流可調(diào)的恒壓電源來建立初始氧化膜,以保證第一階段形成完整的絕緣膜,而后期的氧化膜放電可采用數(shù)字化的脈沖式可調(diào)電源來實現(xiàn),這樣可以縮短整個工件的微弧氧化時間。</p><p>  電流密度的大小在一定程

60、度上反映微弧氧化的劇烈程度,強烈影響著最終得到的微弧氧化陶瓷層的性能。氧化時間的長短也嚴(yán)重影響著膜層的耐蝕性:氧化時間過短,雖然此時生成的主要是致密層,但膜層太薄,不具有很好的耐腐蝕性;氧化時間過長,到了一定時間后,隨著時間的增加,雖然整體膜層的厚度在增加,但是增加的是疏松層,致密層還有減薄的趨勢,不利于膜層的耐腐蝕性,也不經(jīng)濟(jì)。另外微弧的密度還與脈沖頻率有關(guān),當(dāng)脈沖頻率增加時,微弧密度也逐漸增加。這時一定電場的突然建立,就會產(chǎn)生微弧。

61、在基本工藝參數(shù)如電解液濃度、占空比、脈沖個數(shù)確定的情況下,起弧電壓一般為恒定,所以當(dāng)頻率增加時,維持微弧的電壓頻率增加,微弧密度就會增加;當(dāng)頻率減小時,單位時間內(nèi)出現(xiàn)零電壓的時間就會增加,使微弧熄滅的時間變長,所以表現(xiàn)在微弧密度的降低。最終經(jīng)過大量的生產(chǎn)試驗得出最佳參數(shù)為電流密度1.1 A/dm2,氧化時間20 min,頻率400 Hz,占空比20%。</p><p>  四、微弧氧化膜層結(jié)構(gòu)特征</p&g

62、t;<p>  微弧氧化后的鎂合金輪轂截取試樣后通過Mef3大型金相顯微鏡進(jìn)行觀察,其微弧氧化膜表面形貌如圖4所示。從圖中可以看出輪轂表面層是由無數(shù)微小的“小火山錐”(圖中小孔周圍的突起部位)呈枝狀結(jié)合而構(gòu)成的網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)?!靶』鹕藉F”中心有小孔,這是電解液與基體微弧放電反應(yīng)留下的通道,即微弧產(chǎn)生時熔融態(tài)氧化物噴出的通道。此外,由于微區(qū)局部等離子體通道的電流不同致使孔的尺寸有差別,大孔的周圍還分布有大量的微裂紋,微裂紋的產(chǎn)生往

63、往與膜層中存在的應(yīng)力有關(guān)。用SSM Analysis分析軟件[6]對表面致密性進(jìn)行分析,得到膜層為25 µm的試樣,孔洞所占表面積比率為18%,說明生成的微弧氧化膜致密性較好。</p><p>  圖4 鎂合金輪轂微弧氧化膜層表面形貌</p><p>  圖5 AM60B鎂合金微弧氧化膜SEM截面形貌</p><p>  圖5是通過JSM-6700F場發(fā)射

64、掃描電鏡觀察到的微弧氧化膜層截面形貌照片。圖5顯示平均膜層厚度約為22 µm,氧化膜與基體結(jié)合良好,分解面較清晰明顯,界面上致密性較好,無大的孔洞。由圖5也可看出,微弧氧化膜層由最外層的疏松層、最里面的過渡層和介于兩者之間的致密層三部分組成,過渡層是膜層與基體的交界面,疏松層中存在孔洞和其他缺陷,致密層是提高其耐蝕性的關(guān)鍵所在。</p><p>  圖6是通過Phlip X’pert X射線衍射儀得到的

65、AM60B鎂合金輪轂微弧氧化膜XRD圖譜,根據(jù)衍射峰值累積強度分析表明,基體Mg的峰值較為明顯,微弧氧化膜主體相為立方結(jié)構(gòu)的MgO,表層含有MgAl2O4和Mg2Si2O4尖晶石相,根據(jù)試驗條件推測,可能還含有SiO2、MgF2和少量Mg(OH)2,以及Al、K、Na的氧化物。研究顯示MgAl2O4和Mg2Si2O4能提高陶瓷層的耐磨性,MgO對陶瓷層的抗腐蝕性起到很重要的作用。這是微弧氧化膜性能高于陽極氧化膜性能的根本原因。另外,微弧

66、氧化陶瓷層的孔隙率低,也提高了膜層的耐腐蝕性能;陶瓷層從基體上生長,因此與基體結(jié)合緊密,不易脫落。此外,該技術(shù)能在材料內(nèi)外表面生成均勻膜層,擴(kuò)大了微弧氧化的適用范圍。</p><p>  圖6 AM60B鎂合金微弧氧化膜XRD圖譜</p><p>  五、微弧氧化膜層耐腐蝕性檢測</p><p>  為了滿足電動車的使用要求,對微弧氧化后的鎂合金電動車輪轂進(jìn)行了耐腐

67、蝕性檢測,主要采用WJ-90鹽水噴霧試驗機(jī)對微弧氧化處理后的輪轂表面進(jìn)行鹽霧試驗。檢測后發(fā)現(xiàn),未采用熱水封閉處理的輪轂表面48 h腐蝕率為0.108%,而熱水封孔后僅為0.073%,比其他化學(xué)表面處理的輪轂如鉻化處理的腐蝕率(0.6%)低的多,說明微弧氧化后鎂合金電動車輪轂表面耐蝕性能優(yōu)越。對膜層的外觀進(jìn)行粗略檢查評價,手感極好、膜層均勻發(fā)亮表明膜層表面外觀等級較高。實踐表明,未經(jīng)微弧氧化的鎂合金輪轂鑄件表面涂裝后,其抗腐蝕性、耐磨性較

68、差,在很短一段時間內(nèi),零件表面就開始出現(xiàn)氧化脫落現(xiàn)象,很難在市場上銷售;經(jīng)微弧氧化處理后,其抗腐蝕性、耐磨性能得到顯著的提高,零件表面幾乎沒有出現(xiàn)氧化脫落現(xiàn)象,從而大大提高了輪轂的使用壽命,滿足了電動車的日常使用要求。綜上所述,筆者認(rèn)為微弧氧化技術(shù)在目前對鎂合金鑄件來說是較理想的表面處理技術(shù)。</p><p><b>  六、結(jié)論</b></p><p> ?。?)對

69、鎂合金電動車輪轂表面微弧氧化質(zhì)量影響因素有正電壓、電流密度、頻率、占空比以及氧化時間等工藝參數(shù)。最佳工藝參數(shù)為電壓150~180 V,電流密度1.1 A/dm2,氧化時間20 min,頻率400 Hz,占空比20%。</p><p>  (2)氧化膜分為表面疏松層和致密層兩層結(jié)構(gòu),致密層是膜的主體,由立方結(jié)構(gòu)的MgO構(gòu)成,表層則是MgO和MgA12O4、尖晶石相混合體,與基體結(jié)合緊密且為堅硬的陶瓷層,對鎂合金表面

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