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1、<p>  中文3100字,1400單詞,8400英文字符</p><p>  文獻(xiàn)出處:Brehmer A, Lilly B, Tippins M J. Improving Salesperson Recruitment: Examining Practices of Screening Candidates for Potential Success versus Potential Failure

2、[J]. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 2013, 15(1): 29-38.</p><p><b>  原文</b></p><p>  Improving Salesperson Recruitment: Examining Practices of Screening Candidates for Pot

3、ential Success versus Potential Failure</p><p>  Brehmer A, Lilly B, Tippins M J</p><p>  Salesperson recruitment efforts largely target identifying candidates who appear to possess 'sales s

4、uccess traits'. However, success traits may differ from failure traits. Theory and practice both devote low attention to understanding the unsuccessful salesperson, and how to incorporate sales failure into the recru

5、itment process. This paper reports the results of an exploratory study that examines salesperson recruitment, tests the notion that recruiters 'overlook' failure issues, and develops v</p><p>  INTRO

6、DUCTION</p><p>  One of the most important tasks facing sales managers is hiring the right people. Personnel selection receives significant interest in the academic sales literature, with studies examining a

7、ntecedents and consequences of hiring decisions (e.g., Ganesan, Weitz and John 1993), trends in recruitment practices (e.g., Cron et al. 2005), hiring for contexts that involve international sales efforts (Honeycutt, For

8、d and Kurtzman 1996), and individual characteristics that signal potential fit (e.g., Maxw</p><p>  The two insights examined in this study are stated as mistakes commonly made when hiring salespeople. One m

9、istake was referred to as "Using successful people as models," and refers to the notion of hiring people who possess characteristics common to top sales performers, without recognizing that these same character

10、istics may be common among bottom performers. Thus, screening tools used to recruit salespeople may be ineffective because they may identify the wrong "top" candidates, as these candi</p><p>  Give

11、n the insights above, the purpose of this paper is to examine the assertion of these mistakes. We seek to assess the importance of the two 'common mistakes', and measure the degree to which these problems occur.

12、Further, if the assertions appear to be important and prevalent, then we seek to develop recommendations for research and practice that would lead to corresponding improvements in hiring processes. The remainder of this

13、paper is organized as follows. We discuss the importance of thes</p><p>  IMPORTANCE OF INCLUDING FAILURE ISSUES IN SCREENING</p><p>  The importance of focusing on failure during a screening pr

14、ocess may be questioned for three reasons, each discussed below. Questioning the importance of excluding failure in the screening process is important, because if excluding failure is unimportant, then the exclusion is a

15、ppropriate rather than mistaken.</p><p>  First, in sales settings are failures rare or low in cost? We consider a failure to be an employee who fails to achieve minimum work related goals, or who decides to

16、 leave the company so the cost of the recruitment effort is insufficiently recovered. If virtually all recruited salespeople were later deemed as non-failures, then spending time identifying potential failures would be w

17、asteful, as their likelihood of occurring would be very low. Also, if the cost of recruitment is low, then again sp</p><p>  Second, does screening candidates for success essentially accomplish the same obje

18、ctive as screening candidates for potential failure? If so, then failure issues are addressed through efforts that focus on success. In response to this second question, we note success typically is equated to in-role ac

19、hievements, such as sales productivity. On the other hand, as recognized in the OCB literature, extra-role behaviors often correlate significantly with managers' evaluations of salesperson performan</p><p&

20、gt;  Third, are signals of failure obvious to sales managers, or even potential salespeople? In this case, putting low overt effort into screening for failure would make sense, as screening would occur without much effor

21、t or notice. However, research results indicate sales managers often have mistaken impressions of why failures occur among salespeople (Lilly and Porter 2003), and are unable to anticipate who would be the worst salesper

22、son at a rate higher than chance (Emery and Handell 2007). Furthe</p><p>  Based on the issues above, our overall assessment is that: 1) salesperson failure is costly and frequent, 2) screening for potential

23、 success may insufficiently guard against hiring a person who fails, and 3) effort spent screening for failure is likely to be helpful, as causes of failure are often non-obvious. To some extent, the oft-repeated adage f

24、rom Winston Churchill applies, specifically that those who fail to study history are doomed to repeat it. In the context of salesperson recruitment,</p><p>  STUDY 1: QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT</p><p&

25、gt;  We had four primary objectives for Study-1 which parallel four questions. First, from the perspective of professionals involved in salesperson recruitment, do recruitment efforts generally lack a component of lookin

26、g for issues that signal potential failure? Second, if recruitment efforts really do omit efforts to probe for potential failure, do practitioners view the omission as a case of failure being overlooked, or is the omissi

27、on intended for reasons beyond the three issues discussed above? </p><p><b>  譯文</b></p><p>  提高銷售人員招聘成效:甄選出潛在成功和潛在失敗的</p><p><b>  候選人的實(shí)踐研究</b></p>&l

28、t;p>  亞歷山德拉·布雷默;布萊恩·莉莉;邁克爾·蒂平斯</p><p>  關(guān)于銷售人員的招聘工作,其主要目標(biāo)就是識(shí)別出銷售崗位候選人中誰(shuí)最可能擁有“成功營(yíng)銷員的特質(zhì)”。然而,這種成功的特質(zhì)可能不同于失敗的特質(zhì)。當(dāng)前的理論和實(shí)踐研究都很少會(huì)去關(guān)注和了解那些不成功的銷售人員,以及很少會(huì)去如何將銷售上的失敗問題也納入到招聘過程中。本文即是一個(gè)探索性研究,主要研究銷售人員的招聘

29、過程,檢查招聘人員“忽視”招聘失敗的問題,以及激勵(lì)大家對(duì)失敗問題進(jìn)行探索,本文的研究對(duì)以后的理論和實(shí)踐研究應(yīng)該是有所助益的。</p><p><b>  引言</b></p><p>  銷售經(jīng)理面臨的最重要的任務(wù)之一就是招到合適的銷售人員。人員選擇的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要是看應(yīng)聘人員在銷售方面的學(xué)術(shù)研究情況、是否有過銷售的經(jīng)歷等,根據(jù)候選人以往的工作經(jīng)歷來判斷他們是否能夠勝任工作

30、,并以此來做出雇傭決策。(加內(nèi)桑,韋茨和約翰.1993),招聘實(shí)踐的動(dòng)向(科隆等人.2005),招聘有國(guó)際化營(yíng)銷背景的人(霍尼卡特、福特和庫(kù)茲曼.1996年),以及潛在的健康等個(gè)人特點(diǎn)(麥克斯韋等人.2005)。人員選拔也關(guān)注從業(yè)者的學(xué)識(shí)水平,這主要體現(xiàn)在從優(yōu)秀到卓越的跨越,學(xué)識(shí)高也分層次,有優(yōu)秀及卓越之分,要盡量選擇卓越的員工,“讓合適的人留在公共汽車上”是至關(guān)重要的(柯林斯.2001),前人所寫的管理類文獻(xiàn),為我們提供了基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)與招

31、聘的相關(guān)建議。本文的研究,探討了兩個(gè)關(guān)于銷售人員招聘的有趣觀點(diǎn)(人力資源Chally集團(tuán)2007)。本文就探索和擴(kuò)展了這兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn),它們對(duì)本課題的學(xué)術(shù)研究是很有用的,進(jìn)一步拓展了理論和實(shí)踐研究的深度。值得注意的是,許多市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷專業(yè)畢業(yè)的本科生都選擇從事銷售工作,將銷售崗位作為自己職業(yè)生涯的開端,因此,我們認(rèn)為本文的研究對(duì)教市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷專業(yè)的教授具有潛在的好處,能夠幫助大學(xué)教授們更好</p><p>  本文的研究的這兩

32、個(gè)觀點(diǎn)在招聘銷售人員的實(shí)際操作中,通常會(huì)被誤解。一個(gè)誤解是所謂的“以成功的員工作為標(biāo)桿模型”,這主要是指成功的精英營(yíng)銷人才所具備的共同特征,這種看法顯然沒有認(rèn)識(shí)到這些所謂的共同特征有可能是底層營(yíng)銷人員所具備的。因此,用于招聘營(yíng)銷人員的篩選工具很可能是無(wú)效的,因?yàn)樗麄兛赡軣o(wú)法識(shí)別出誰(shuí)才是真正的“頂級(jí)”營(yíng)銷精英候選人,因?yàn)檫@些候選人可能都同時(shí)具備營(yíng)銷精英和一般營(yíng)銷人員的特征。第二個(gè)誤解就是所謂的“不去研究銷售人員失敗的原因”,這主要是指招聘

33、經(jīng)理在招聘時(shí)有一個(gè)觀念上的偏差,把精力集中放在研究是什么讓銷售人員成功上,但是不去研究銷售人員為什么失敗。這個(gè)誤解,在以往的研究中很少會(huì)被關(guān)注,如附錄1所示,這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致招聘經(jīng)理會(huì)招聘到一個(gè)在某些方面表現(xiàn)很好的人,但這個(gè)人也可能會(huì)在工作的其他方面做的不好。這兩個(gè)誤解都將會(huì)導(dǎo)致銷售失敗,并且將會(huì)導(dǎo)致忽視人員甑選過程中的失敗問題。</p><p>  鑒于上述觀點(diǎn),本文的目的就是研究這些錯(cuò)誤的論斷。我們尋求對(duì)這兩個(gè)常

34、見誤解的重要性進(jìn)行評(píng)估,并測(cè)量這些問題引發(fā)的后果。然后,我們尋求為后續(xù)的研究和實(shí)踐提出建議,這將能夠改進(jìn)相應(yīng)的招聘流程。本文的其余部分主要是:我們探討了這些問題的重要性;在招聘員工時(shí),為什么研究失敗問題在甄選營(yíng)銷人員時(shí)也是至關(guān)重要的。我們?nèi)缓筇接懥搜芯?,這是一個(gè)定性分析,將驗(yàn)證我們之前的一些斷言和假設(shè)。接著我們探討了研究2,這是一個(gè)個(gè)案定量分析,并將提供進(jìn)一步的驗(yàn)證。最后,我們提出了結(jié)論和相關(guān)建議。</p><p&

35、gt;  把甄選失敗問題納入招聘過程的重要性</p><p>  關(guān)注篩選過程中失敗問題的重要性可能會(huì)因?yàn)槿齻€(gè)原因而遭受到質(zhì)疑,下面將分別討論這三個(gè)原因。質(zhì)疑把甄選失敗問題納入招聘過程的重要性,這本身就很重要。</p><p>  首先,是因?yàn)殇N售操作上的失敗很少,還是因?yàn)檎衅赋杀静桓??我們認(rèn)為失敗是由于一個(gè)員工未能達(dá)到最低的工作目標(biāo),或者是由于員工決定離開公司,造成招聘成本上的投入沒能夠

36、收回。但如果幾乎所有招募到的銷售人員都被視為非失敗員工,那么去花費(fèi)時(shí)間識(shí)別潛在的失敗將會(huì)是會(huì)是一種浪費(fèi)。同樣,如果招聘的成本很低,然后再花時(shí)間去檢查失敗問題也會(huì)是一種浪費(fèi)。對(duì)于這種“幾乎無(wú)失敗或低的招聘成本”問題,我們注意到,研究表明銷售崗位上的失敗率與其他崗位相比,都是相對(duì)很高的,(理查森.1999),并且重新?lián)Q人,造成的成本也一直相當(dāng)高(羅森博格、吉布森和愛普雷.1981)。另外,我們注意到一個(gè)公司可能存在這樣的一種員工,即公司認(rèn)為

37、他們是失敗的銷售人員,但是仍然保留了這些雇員;這種情況也會(huì)導(dǎo)致很高的成本,同時(shí),相關(guān)工作目標(biāo)也沒有達(dá)到。因此,從這方面來說,銷售上的失敗并不是罕見的,且是昂貴的。</p><p>  第二,篩選成功候選人和篩選潛在的失敗候選人本質(zhì)上是一樣的嗎?如果是這樣的話,那么就要和關(guān)注成功一樣去努力關(guān)注失敗問題。為了應(yīng)對(duì)第二個(gè)問題,我們注意到成功通常等與銷售人員的角色內(nèi)成就是一致的,比如:銷售效率。另一方面,相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)也認(rèn)為,

38、角色外行為明顯與經(jīng)理人對(duì)相關(guān)銷售人員的績(jī)效評(píng)估有關(guān),但也可能不是,目前可能還沒被公認(rèn)為是成功的元素(麥肯齊、達(dá)薩科夫和費(fèi)特,1993)。因此,某些方面的績(jī)效將可能區(qū)分成功與缺乏成功,而其他方面的績(jī)效,將可能區(qū)分失敗與缺乏失敗。這個(gè)概念經(jīng)常被應(yīng)用于產(chǎn)品性能滿意度研究。(瓦戈等人,2007),類似于員工績(jī)效滿意度。最終,我們希望銷售人員在銷售業(yè)績(jī)和角色外業(yè)績(jī)方面都是成功的,這種情況可分為來那個(gè)可能:成功的銷售業(yè)績(jī),但失敗的角色外業(yè)績(jī)(反之亦

39、然),或失敗的銷售業(yè)績(jī)和成功的角色外業(yè)績(jī)。事實(shí)上,即使銷售人員在銷售業(yè)績(jī)和角色外業(yè)績(jī)方面都被視為是成功的,或者在銷售業(yè)績(jī)和角色外業(yè)績(jī)方面都被視為是失敗的。出現(xiàn)失敗的問題,主要是由于銷售人員在公司收回招聘成本之前就決定離開公司,這導(dǎo)致公司的招聘成本居高不下。因此甄選成功的銷售人員可能要專注于關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)里的幾個(gè)指標(biāo),防止招聘到的銷售</p><p>  第三,銷售經(jīng)理對(duì)銷售人員的評(píng)估,在評(píng)判銷售人員的失敗問題上有顯著的

40、影響。在這種情況下,花費(fèi)較少的經(jīng)歷去篩選失敗的銷售員工將會(huì)導(dǎo)致更多的精力浪費(fèi)去探尋銷售上的失敗問題。然而,研究結(jié)果表明,銷售經(jīng)理在為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)失敗的銷售人員問題上存在著誤解。(莉莉和波特,2003),并且和無(wú)法預(yù)測(cè)誰(shuí)會(huì)最有機(jī)會(huì)成為銷售精英(埃默里和漢德爾,2007)。另外,即使銷售人員自己也往往不確定什么因素促成了他們的銷售業(yè)績(jī)(迪克森,福布斯和斯科特,2005),我們期望失敗的特征能夠更明顯識(shí)別出來,以使我們能夠快速識(shí)別潛在的銷售人員

41、。因此,我們得出這樣的結(jié)論:即失敗的特征不僅是顯而易見的,而且需要我們花費(fèi)更多的精力去關(guān)注銷售中的失敗問題,這一點(diǎn)是很重要的。</p><p>  基于以上的問題,我們的總體判斷是:1)銷售上的失敗問題導(dǎo)致的成本是昂貴的,也是很常見的。2)篩查潛在的成功銷售人員并不一定就能保證效果好于招聘到失敗的銷售人員。3)花費(fèi)精力去篩選銷售中的失敗問題很可能是有助益的,雖然失敗的原因往往不是很明顯。從某種程度上說,溫斯頓&#

42、183;丘吉爾的常掛在嘴邊的諺語(yǔ)很適用在這方面,即不去研究歷史的人注定要重蹈覆轍。在銷售人員招聘工作的背景下,在甄選銷售人員時(shí),關(guān)注失敗問題是非常重要的。</p><p><b>  研究1:定性分析</b></p><p>  在定性分析中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)有四個(gè)主要目標(biāo)對(duì)應(yīng)著研究中的四個(gè)問題。首先,是以專業(yè)人士的身份參與銷售人員的招聘工作,從事招聘的工作人員是否普遍缺乏動(dòng)

43、力去探究影響工作失敗的原因?第二,如果招聘工作人員不付出任何努力去探究影響工作失敗的原因,他們就會(huì)把這種疏忽當(dāng)作一個(gè)理所當(dāng)然的失敗案例,或者為了所謂的失敗去尋找借口,那么是否超出了上述討論的三個(gè)問題的范圍呢?第三,對(duì)于銷售人員的招聘工作失敗后,招聘工作者通常采用的方式是進(jìn)行事后檢驗(yàn),那么他所積累的經(jīng)驗(yàn)可以很容易地用于后續(xù)招聘工作嗎?第四,當(dāng)探究潛在的失敗時(shí),是什么因素讓招聘人員覺得理所應(yīng)當(dāng)激勵(lì)他們付諸更多的努力?</p>

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