外文翻譯--機(jī)械制造技術(shù)

1、<p>　　附錄A　　機(jī)械制造技術(shù)是研究產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、加工制造、銷售使用、維修服務(wù)乃至回收再生的整個(gè)過程的工程學(xué)科,是以提高質(zhì)量、效益、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力為目標(biāo),包含物質(zhì)流、信息流和能量流的完整的系統(tǒng)工程。隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展,人們對(duì)產(chǎn)品的要求也發(fā)生了很大變化,要求品種要多樣、更新要快捷、質(zhì)量要高檔、使用要方便、價(jià)格要合理、外形要美觀、自動(dòng)化程度要高、售后服務(wù)要好、要滿足人們?cè)絹碓礁叩囊?就必須采用先進(jìn)的機(jī)械制造技術(shù)。1 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的

2、特點(diǎn)1.1面向21世紀(jì)的技術(shù)　　 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)是制造技術(shù)的最新發(fā)展階段，是由傳統(tǒng)的制造技術(shù)發(fā)展起來的，既保持了過去制造技術(shù)中的有效要素，又要不斷吸收各種高新技術(shù)成果，并滲透到產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的所有領(lǐng)域及其全部過程。先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)與現(xiàn)代高新技術(shù)相結(jié)合而產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)完整的技術(shù)群，它是具有明確范疇的新的技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，是面向21世紀(jì)的技術(shù)。1.2 是面向工業(yè)應(yīng)用的技術(shù)　　 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)并不限于制造過程本身，它涉及到產(chǎn)品從市場(chǎng)調(diào)研、產(chǎn)品開發(fā)及工藝設(shè)計(jì)、生

3、產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備、加工制造、售后服務(wù)等產(chǎn)品壽命周期的所有內(nèi)容，并將它們結(jié)合成一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體。先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的應(yīng)用特別注意產(chǎn)生最好的實(shí)際效果，其目標(biāo)是為了提</p><p>　　（3）制造工藝方面。工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家較廣泛的采用高精密加工、精細(xì)加工、微細(xì)加工、微型機(jī)械和微米/納米技術(shù)、激光加工技術(shù)、電磁加工技術(shù)、超塑加工技術(shù)以及復(fù)合加工技術(shù)等新型加工方法。我國(guó)普及率不高，尚在開發(fā)、掌握之中?！　。?）自動(dòng)化技術(shù)方面。工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家普

4、遍采用數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心及柔性制造單元（FMC）、柔性制造系統(tǒng)（FMS）、計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)（CIMS），實(shí)現(xiàn)了柔性自動(dòng)化、知識(shí)智能化、集成化。我國(guó)尚處在單機(jī)自動(dòng)化、剛性自動(dòng)化階段，柔性制造單元和系統(tǒng)僅在少數(shù)企業(yè)使用。3 我國(guó)先進(jìn)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)　?。?）全球化。一方面由于國(guó)際和國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)越來越激烈，例如在機(jī)械制造業(yè)中，國(guó)內(nèi)外已有不少企業(yè)，甚至是知名度很高的企業(yè)，在這種無情的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中紛紛落敗，有的倒閉，有的被兼并。不少暫時(shí)

5、還在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上占有份額的企業(yè)，不得不擴(kuò)展新的市場(chǎng)；另一方面，網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展推動(dòng)了企業(yè)向著既競(jìng)爭(zhēng)又合作的方向發(fā)展，這種發(fā)展進(jìn)一步激化了國(guó)際間市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這兩個(gè)原因的相互作用，已成為全球化制造業(yè)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力，全球化制造的第一個(gè)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)是網(wǎng)絡(luò)化，網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊技術(shù)使制造的全球化得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。　?。?）網(wǎng)絡(luò)化。網(wǎng)絡(luò)通</p><p>　　制造業(yè)特別是機(jī)械制造業(yè)是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)正在改變著人們的生產(chǎn)方式、生活方

6、式、經(jīng)營(yíng)管理模式乃至社會(huì)的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和文化。由于中國(guó)潛在的巨大市場(chǎng)和豐富的勞動(dòng)力資源，世界的制造業(yè)正在向中國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)移，中國(guó)正在成為世界的制造大國(guó)。我國(guó)在家電等若干產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量已居世界第一位。但是在自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)、先進(jìn)制造工藝和裝備及現(xiàn)代化管理等方面仍然存在很大差距，所以我們還不是制造強(qiáng)國(guó)。本文僅就機(jī)械制造企業(yè)目前管理中存在的問題、如何利用信息技術(shù)提高管理水平、管理信息化的特點(diǎn)和技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)作一些研究，供機(jī)械制造企業(yè)制定信息化方案時(shí)參考。

7、  中國(guó)機(jī)械制造業(yè)經(jīng)過幾十年的努力已經(jīng)具有相當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)模，積累了大量的技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。但是隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的形成，由于中國(guó)潛在的巨大市場(chǎng)和豐富的勞動(dòng)力資源，國(guó)外的技術(shù)、資金、產(chǎn)品大量涌入中國(guó)，中國(guó)企業(yè)面臨前所未有的國(guó)內(nèi)外激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)局面。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)要求企業(yè)產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代快、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量高、價(jià)格低、交貨及時(shí)、服務(wù)好。這些市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的武器與企業(yè)管理的模式、管理方法、管理手段、組織結(jié)構(gòu)、業(yè)務(wù)流程密切相關(guān)。然而中國(guó)企業(yè)及人們的思想意識(shí)由于受到30-

8、40年計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，上述競(jìng)爭(zhēng)武器與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家</p><p>　　中國(guó)機(jī)械制造業(yè)管理的特點(diǎn): 機(jī)械制造業(yè)與其它制造業(yè)的管理具有共性也有個(gè)性；機(jī)械制造業(yè)本身隨著生產(chǎn)類型，生產(chǎn)批量，生產(chǎn)組織方式不同其管理方法存在差異；中國(guó)的制造業(yè)與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比，由于企業(yè)文化、法律、制度的不同也有其特殊性。</p><p>　　械械制造業(yè)管理信息化的發(fā)展趨勢(shì): 隨著全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的加快，

9、新的管理模式和管理方法不斷涌現(xiàn)，計(jì)算機(jī)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信技術(shù)高速發(fā)展，特別是國(guó)際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)滲透到世界的每個(gè)角落。作為機(jī)械制造企業(yè)管理信息化的重要工具---企業(yè)資源計(jì)劃ERP系統(tǒng)，正在發(fā)生著深刻的變化和發(fā)展。下面我們從管理思想、系統(tǒng)性能和軟件開發(fā)平臺(tái)三個(gè)方面講述其發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。 （1）管理思想的發(fā)展 1.在網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)支持下，新的ERP系統(tǒng)將給世界帶入這樣一種境界：消費(fèi)者或客戶通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)在電子商場(chǎng)了解產(chǎn)品性能、價(jià)格，通過電子商務(wù)給

10、生產(chǎn)廠商下達(dá)訂單；生產(chǎn)者通過ERP系統(tǒng)下達(dá)物料采購(gòu)和生產(chǎn)制造指令，通過電子商務(wù)完成物料采購(gòu)、支付活動(dòng)；經(jīng)過生產(chǎn)制造，最后將商品按時(shí)送交用戶，在網(wǎng)上完成交易和結(jié)算。它使供應(yīng)商、生產(chǎn)者、分銷商、客戶，通過供應(yīng)鏈緊密集成，物料不間斷的流動(dòng)，達(dá)到減少庫(kù)存，最大限度減少經(jīng)營(yíng)成本，快速響應(yīng)客戶需求，提高企業(yè)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。所以供應(yīng)鏈管理SCM，電子商務(wù)EC將必不可少。 2.由于市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加劇，制造商要從過去的“以產(chǎn)品為中心”轉(zhuǎn)向以

11、“客戶為中心”的經(jīng)營(yíng)策略。</p><p>　　客戶關(guān)系管理CRM它為企業(yè)提供全方位的客戶視角，賦予企業(yè)更完善的與客戶交流的能力，是一種最大化客戶收益率的方法。它在充分了解客戶的特殊需求基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)行“一對(duì)一”的個(gè)性化服務(wù)，提高客戶對(duì)企業(yè)的滿意度和忠誠(chéng)度，使企業(yè)取得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。其目的在于建立一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，使企業(yè)在客戶服務(wù)、市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、銷售及支持方面形成彼此協(xié)調(diào)的全新的關(guān)系。CRM既是技術(shù)，又是一種新型的管理哲理和機(jī)制。&#

12、160;3.支持敏捷制造和虛擬制造。</p><p>　　敏捷制造是使企業(yè)具有卓越的自適應(yīng)能力，在多變的環(huán)境中占據(jù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)主導(dǎo)地位的總體戰(zhàn)略。在經(jīng)營(yíng)管理范疇中其實(shí)現(xiàn)的技術(shù)手段包括：準(zhǔn)時(shí)生產(chǎn)JIT，精良生產(chǎn)LP，并行工程CE，業(yè)務(wù)流程再造BPR，虛擬制造VM等。通過快速建模工具和參考模型庫(kù)，加快業(yè)務(wù)流程再造的過程。采用基于瀏覽器/服務(wù)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)和軟構(gòu)件技術(shù)，通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)虛擬專用網(wǎng)VPN技術(shù)，完全可以構(gòu)建虛擬制造的環(huán)境，支

13、持虛擬企業(yè)和虛擬制造的管理需求。 4.企業(yè)績(jī)效管理EPM（Enterprise Performance Management）。</p><p>　　EPM根據(jù)企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)和經(jīng)營(yíng)目標(biāo)，設(shè)置各個(gè)部門的目標(biāo)，并將這些目標(biāo)層層分解為每個(gè)員工的目標(biāo)，通過ERP系統(tǒng)采集其執(zhí)行情況，并與分配的目標(biāo)進(jìn)行比較，以確定員工的報(bào)酬和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。并對(duì)整個(gè)公司、部門和員工的績(jī)效進(jìn)行分析。EPM包括計(jì)劃、管理和

14、分析的全過程。以建立完善的激勵(lì)機(jī)制，促成公司目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，提高企業(yè)的績(jī)效。 5.ERP要走專業(yè)化的道路。</p><p>　　鑒于不同行業(yè)在管理細(xì)節(jié)上存在較大差異，需要針對(duì)不同的行業(yè)特點(diǎn)、運(yùn)作機(jī)理，設(shè)置相應(yīng)的業(yè)務(wù)流程、搭建相應(yīng)的組織結(jié)構(gòu)并設(shè)計(jì)相應(yīng)的軟件架構(gòu)去實(shí)現(xiàn)。不能指望用一個(gè)通用解決方案去適用所有行業(yè)，特別是在涉及到生產(chǎn)、銷售、采購(gòu)和成本這樣的企業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，必須擁有專注于某一行業(yè)的方案才能有效解決不

15、同應(yīng)用環(huán)境的信息化問題。另外專業(yè)化的ERP軟件產(chǎn)品其開發(fā)周期短、升級(jí)換代快、實(shí)施容易、成本低等特點(diǎn)。　　制造技術(shù)不僅是衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家科技發(fā)展水平的重要標(biāo)志,也是國(guó)際間科技競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的重點(diǎn)。我國(guó)正處于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,制造技術(shù)是我們的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。只有跟上發(fā)展先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的世界潮流,將其放在戰(zhàn)略優(yōu)先地位,并以足夠的力度予以實(shí)施,才能盡快縮小與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的差距,才能在激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中立于不敗之地?？傊?在我國(guó)研究和發(fā)展先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)勢(shì)在必行。<

16、/p><p><b>　　附錄B</b></p><p>　　The machine manufacture technology mainly studies the product design, theproduction, the processing manufacture, the sales use, the serviceserves and even r

17、ecycles the regeneration the entire process projectdiscipline, taking improves the quality, the benefit, the competitiveability as the goal, contains the material class, the information flowand Energy integrity systems e

18、ngineering. Along with society'sdevelopment, the people also had very sweeping change to the productrequest, the request var</p><p>　　1.1 the technologies of Facing 21st century</p><p>　　The

19、 advanced manufacture technology is the manufacturetechnology most recent development stage, is by the traditionalmanufacture technological development, both maintained in the pastmanufacture technology active principle,

20、 and must unceasingly absorbeach kind of high-tech achievement, and seeps to product productionall domains and its the complete process. The advanced manufacturetechnology and the modern high-tech unified has produced a

21、completetechnical group, it was has is clear about the ca</p><p>　　1.2 the technology of facing the industrial application </p><p>　　The advanced manufacture technology certainly is not restrict

22、edin manufacture process itself, it involves to the product from productlife cycle and so on market investigation and study, productdevelopment and technological design, production preparation,processing manufacture, pos

23、t-sale service all contents, and ties themsynthesizes an organic whole. The advanced manufacture technologyapplication specially pays attention has the best actual effect, itsgoal is for enhance the enterprise competiti&

24、lt;/p><p>　　1.3 controling production process systems engineering </p><p>　　The advanced manufacture technology specially emphasized thecomputer technology, the information technology, Transmission

25、 induction the technology, the automated technology, the new material technology andthe modern system administration technology in the product design, themanufacture and the production organization manages, aspect the an

26、d soon sale and post-sale service application. It must unceasingly absorbeach kind of high-tech achievement and the traditional manufacturetechnology unifies, </p><p>　　1.4 faces the global competition the t

27、echnology Since the 1980s, the market globalization had the furtherdevelopment, the developed country through the finance, the economy,the technical method capture the market, dumps the product, the outputcapital. Along

28、with the global market formation, causes the marketcompetition to change more and more intensely, the advancedmanufacture technology is precisely for adapts this kind of intensemarket competition to appear. Therefore, a

29、national advancedmanuf</p><p>　　1.5 marketing competitions three essential factors unifications </p><p>　　Before 20th century 70's, product technology relative quitesimple, a new product goe

30、s on the market, is very quick can have thesame function the product with to go on the market. Therefore, how themarket competition core does enhance the productivity. To 1980s after,the manufacturing industry had to win

31、 the market competition theprincipal contradiction already to transform from the enhancementlabor productivity into take the time as the core time, the cost andthe quality three essential factors </p><p>　　2

32、 .advanced machine manufactures technology development presentsituation In recent years, our country manufacturing industry unceasinglyused the advanced manufacture technology, but compared with theindustry developed cou

33、ntry, still had in a gradual whole thedisparity.</p><p>　　(1) managing the aspect. The industry developed country widely uses thecomputer management, takes to organize and the management system, theproductio

34、n pattern renewal development, has promoted the punctualproduction (JIT), the agile manufacture (AM), the fine profitproduction (LP), the parallel project (CE) and so on the newmanagement thought and the technology. Our

35、country only the minoritymajor industry partially to use the computer assistance management,the most small businesses still were in</p><p>　　(2) designing the aspect. The industry developed country unceasing

36、lyrenews the design data and the criterion, uses the new design method,widely uses the computer-aided design technology (CAD/CAM), the majorindustry starts the non- blueprint design and the production. Ourcountry uses th

37、e CAD/CAM technology the proportion to be lower.</p><p>　　(3) makingthe craft aspect. The industry developed country morewidespread use high precise processing, the fine processing, the tinyprocessing, the m

38、iniature machinery and a micron/nanotechnology, thelaser processing technology, the electromagnetism processingtechnology, ultra model the processing technology as well as thecompound processing technology and so on the

39、new processing method.Our country popular rate is not high in, still at develops, grasps. </p><p>　　(4) automated technology aspect. The industry developed countrygenerally uses numerical control engine bed,

40、 processing center and theflexible manufacture unit (FMC), the flexible manufacture system(FMS), the computer integration manufacture system (CIMS), hasrealized the flexible automation, the knowledge intellectualization,

41、the integration. Our country still occupied the single planeautomation, the rigid automation stage, the flexible manufacture unitand the system only uses in the minority bus</p><p>　　3 .our country advanced

42、machine manufacture technology developmenttendency </p><p>　　(1) globalization. On the one hand because international and inthe domestic market competition is more and more intense, for examplein the mechani

43、cal manufacturing industry, domestic and foreign hadmany enterprises, even is the well-knownness very high enterprise,falls the defeat in abundance in this kind of heartless competition,some going out of business, some a

44、re annexed. Many temporarily alsoholds the share in the domestic market the enterprise, can not butexpand the new market; On the other</p><p>　　(2) network. The network communication technology rapid develop

45、mentand the popularization, have brought the revolutionary transformationfor enterprise's production and management. The product design, thematerial choice, the components manufacture, the market developmentand the p

46、roduct sale all may different or surmounts the nationalboundary to carry on. In addition, the network communicationtechnology fast development, the acceleration technical informationexchange, strengthens the product deve

47、l</p><p>　　(3) hypothesized. In the manufacture process hypothesized technologyis refers face the product production process simulation and theexamination. The examination product workability, the processin

48、gmethod and the craft rationality, take optimizes the product themanufacture craft, the guarantee product quality, the production cycleand the most low cost as a goal, carries on the production processplan, the organizat

49、ion manages, the workshop dispatcher, supplies thechain and the thing flows the desi</p><p>　　(4) automation. The automation is a dynamic concept, at present itsresearch mainly displays in the manufacture sy

50、stem the integratedtechnology and the system technology, the man-machine integrationmanufacture system, the manufacture unit technology, the manufactureprocess plan and the dispatch, the flexible manufacture technology a

51、ndthe adaption presently melts production pattern aspect and so onmanufacture environment. The manufacture automation technologydevelopment tendency is makes the globa</p><p>　　(5) green. The green manufactu

52、re through the green production process,the green design, the green material, the green equipment, the greencraft, the green packing, the green management and so on will producethe green product, the product add-on uses

53、later to recycle the useagain through green processing. Uses the green manufacture to be ablemaximum limit to reduce the manufacture to the environment negativeinfluence, simultaneously causes the raw material and the en

54、ergy useefficiency achieves hi</p><p>　　Machinery manufacturing industry, especially the manufacturing sector is a pillar industry in the national economy. Modern manufacturing industry is changing people

55、9;s ways of production and lifestyle, management patterns, and even the social structure and culture. China's huge market potential and rich labor resources, is the world's manufacturing to China, China is becomi

56、ng the world's manufacturer. China's household appliance products in a number of ranking first in the world. But the independ</p><p>　　China's machinery industry after several decades of effort h

57、as grown to a considerable size and has accumulated a great deal of skill and experience. However, with the integration of the world economy formed, because China's huge market potential and rich labor resources. for

58、eign technology, capital and products into China, Chinese enterprises are facing an unprecedented internal and external situation of fierce competition. Competitive products require less the product of high quality, low

59、pric</p><p>　　China's machinery manufacturing management characteristics of machinery manufacturing and the management of other manufacturing industries common to have personality; machinery manufacturin

60、g itself with the type of production, production volume, production organization, its mode of management differences; China's manufacturing Compared with the developed countries, because of corporate culture, law, a

61、different system has its particularity. </p><p>　　Armed with firearms manufacturing management information with the development trend of global economic integration process is accelerated, The new management

62、 model and management methods are constantly emerging, computer and high-speed network communications technology development, especially Internet to infiltrate every corner of the world. Machinery manufacturing enterpris

63、es as a management information tool -- the Enterprise Resource Planning system, is undergoing profound changes and developm</p><p>　　1.the development of management thinking of one. The network system suppor

64、t, The new ERP system will give this world into a realm : consumers or customers through the Internet in electronic malls understand product performance, price, through e-commerce for manufacturers to issue orders; Produ

65、cer issued through the ERP system materials procurement and manufacturing orders through e-commerce completed materials procurement, pay; After manufacturing, the final products will be delivered on time us</p>&l

66、t;p>　　2. As market competition intensifies, manufacturers from the past "to the product as the center" to a "customer-centric" operating strategy. Customer Relationship Management CRM it to provide

67、 a full range of enterprise customers perspective, give enterprises more comprehensive exchanges with the customer's ability to maximize customer is a yield method. It fully understood the special needs of customers,

68、 based on the "one-on-one" personalized services, enhance customer of the business satisfacti</p><p>　　3. Agile manufacturing and virtual manufacturing. Agile manufacturing is the enterprise has a

69、remarkable adaptive capacity, in volatile competitive environment to occupy the leading position in the overall strategy. In the area of management to achieve its technical means, including : JIT JIT, sophisticated produ

70、ction LP, concurrent engineering, BPR BPR, such as VM virtual manufacturing. Through rapid modeling tools and reference models for accelerating business process reengineering process. Ba</p><p>　　4.Enterpris

71、e Performance Management EPM (Enterprise Performance Managem ent). EPM enterprises under the strategic goals and operational objectives, the various departments set up the goal, and decomposition of these goals for each

72、level of staff and through its acquisition of ERP system implementation, and the distribution and the goal, to determine the remuneration of staff and incentives. As well as the whole company, departments and staff in th

73、e performance analysis. EPM including planning, m</p><p>　　The manufacture technology not only is weighs a nationalscience and technology level of development the important symbol, alsois the international t

74、echnical competition key point. Our country isbeing in the economical development the crucial time, the manufacturetechnology is our weak link. Only follows the development advancedmanufacture technology the trends in th