外文翻譯--淺談加強(qiáng)公共建筑節(jié)能和節(jié)能設(shè)計的重要性

1、<p><b>　　中文3886字</b></p><p><b>　　附 錄</b></p><p><b>　　附錄A 外文翻譯</b></p><p>　　Talking About The Importance Of Strengthening Public Building E

2、nergy Efficiency And Energy Saving Design</p><p>　　Abstract：In recent years, with the rapid development of national economy and accelerating urbanization, China's building energy consumption accounts for

3、 the proportion of the community is also growing rapidly, increasing by one percentage point more than a year, of which, many large public buildings to "seek Yang, Innovation, and big" building energy consumpti

4、on and become a "black hole." Strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public buildings and promoting energy efficiency and</p><p>　　Keywords：Public buildings Building energy effici

5、ency Building energy efficiency design Importance</p><p>　　1　Introduction</p><p>　　Our country is a developing country, it is a big country building, housing a total construction area of ??the

6、 country has more than 400 million square meters of new housing area per year up to 17~18 million square meters, more than the sum of all the developed countries each year completed the construction area. With the gradua

7、l advance of building a well-off society, the rapid development of construction, building energy consumption growing rapidly and has become the world's second largest ener</p><p>　　2　Strengthen the const

8、ruction of energy-saving, especially the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings</p><p>　　2.1　The need to strengthen the energy efficiency of public buildings and social development</p>&l

9、t;p>　　With the rapid economic and social development, and constantly improve the living standards of technology and science and technology, energy problem has become one of the important countries in the world. The to

10、tal energy consumption in the world, 25% to 40% of energy consumption in buildings. At present, China's total energy consumption building society accounts for the total energy consumption of 27%, gradually, refrain.

11、Especially in recent years, with the European style of vogue, many large </p><p>　　2.2　To enhance public building energy efficiency is needed to improve the working and living environment</p><p>

12、;　　With the gradual advance of building a moderately prosperous society, comfortable thermal environment is increasingly becoming the need of people's work and life. In developed countries, the suitable temperature h

13、as become a basic needs. In China, people are gradually increased requirements for quality of life. Meanwhile, China's vast territory, continental climate performance significantly: compared with other regions of the

14、 same latitude, the winter of the world's coldest countries in the same</p><p>　　2.3　Strengthen public building energy efficiency is to realize the need for national energy saving targets</p><

15、p>　　China's "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" proposed to reduce by about 20% during the "Eleventh Five-Year" energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product, the total discharge of major polluta

16、nts by 10%. "Twelve Five-Year" Plan also proposed that "five" period of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to 11.4%; reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP by 16%, reduce carbon dioxide

17、 per unit of GDP by 17%; major significantly reduce pollutant emissions and chemical oxygen demand and sulfur d</p><p>　　2.4　The need to strengthen public building energy efficiency building technology advan

18、ces</p><p>　　On the one hand, increasing as the country's energy requirements of the building, a fundamental part of the walls, doors, windows, roofs, floors and heating, lighting and other buildings hav

19、e undergone tremendous changes. Housing construction is no longer a world of several traditional masonry and other materials, learning materials and processes used in practice for many years may have to quit the stage of

20、 history. Sprung up many new efficient insulation materials, sealing materials, energy eff</p><p>　　3　The importance of strengthening public building energy efficiency design</p><p>　　Building e

21、nergy efficiency is the sum of the whole life of the whole building process every step of energy. Refers to the building planning, design, new (renovation, expansion), transformation and use of the process, the implement

22、ation of building energy efficiency standards, using energy-saving technologies, processes, equipment, materials and products to improve building insulation and heating performance heating, air conditioning, refrigeratio

23、n and heating system efficiency, strengthening bui</p><p>　　3.1　The overall energy-saving design and the external environment</p><p>　　3.1.1　Reasonable siting </p><p>　　Construction

24、 site is mainly based on the factors of local climate, soil, water, topography and the surrounding environmental conditions, considering. Architectural design, both to make the building suitable microclimate maintained t

25、hroughout its life cycle, while also achieve the harmony of architecture and nature.</p><p>　　3.1.2　Rational design of the external environment </p><p>　　After building address is determined, ac

26、cording to the needs of architectural features, the external environment through rational design, to improve the existing micro-climate, creating an enabling environment for building energy efficiency.</p><p&g

27、t;　　3.1.3　Reasonable planning and program design</p><p>　　Reasonable construction planning and program design can effectively adapt to the harsh micro- climate. It includes determining the amount of the over

28、all body building, body building and construction portfolio size, construction and other aspects of sunshine and orientation. Like yurt circular plane, conical roofs can effectively adapt to the harsh prairie climate, se

29、rve to reduce building cooling area, resist sand effect. For most areas, the introduction of energy-efficient natural ventilation o</p><p>　　3.2　Energy-saving design monomers</p><p>　　3.2.1　Ener

30、gy-saving structural design of various parts of the building</p><p>　　Energy-efficient structural design of various parts of the building, mainly to meet the same building as a fundamental part of the functi

31、on, to be further design aspects of the material through the various parts (roof, floors, walls, doors, windows, etc.), construction and so on. Make full use of the building exterior climate conditions, to save energy an

32、d improve the effect of indoor microclimate environment.</p><p>　　(1)Energy-saving design for roof </p><p>　　The roof is an important part of the building and the outdoor air in contact with the

33、 main energy saving measures: ①the use of sloping roof; ②Set roof insulation layer; ③If necessary, an additional roof insulation (insulated overhead roofing, water roofing, green roofs, etc.).</p><p>　　(2)En

34、ergy-saving design for floor layer </p><p>　　The main structure is the use of a hollow space, and the design of the floor to the ceiling shape. If the circulating water disposed therein, the summer can reduc

35、e the indoor temperature of cold water circulating in winter and hot water circulation heating.</p><p>　　(3)Energy-saving design for building envelope wall</p><p>　　In addition to energy-saving

36、design of the wall to adapt to climate conditions, good insulation, moisture, insulation and other measures, should be reflected in the special structure can improve the micro-climate conditions, such as cold regions of

37、the sandwich wall design, passive solar house in various regenerative wall (water wall) design, the Baghdad area in order to adapt to local climatic conditions are hot and dry in the wall of the outlet design.</p>

38、<p>　　(4)Energy-efficient doors and windows design </p><p>　　According to statistics, in our existing buildings with high energy consumption, 40% of the energy is dissipated through the doors. Therefor

39、e, to solve the problem of energy-saving windows and doors is important.</p><p>　　(5)Energy-efficient building envelope design detail </p><p>　　Energy-saving design detail, the overall energy ef

40、ficiency of the building is also very important. Should proceed with the following parts: ①thermal bridge, take a reliable insulation and the "bridge" measure; ②the external walls and overhangs member attached

41、to the wall components, such as balconies, rain cover, by the facades balcony railing, air conditioner outdoor unit shelf, with pilasters, bay windows, decorative lines, bridges and shall take off the heat insulation mea

42、sures; ③window aroun</p><p>　　3.2.2　Rational design of building space </p><p>　　Reasonable space is designed in a fully meet the functional requirements of the building using the premise of reas

43、onable architectural space delimited (delimited flat and vertical separator) to improve indoor insulation, ventilation, lighting and other micro-climatic conditions, to save energy.</p><p>　　3.2.3　Selection

44、of energy-saving building materials </p><p>　　An important aspect of the rational use of energy-saving building materials are also comprehensive building energy efficiency. Building materials should be selec

45、ted to follow a healthy, efficient, economical, energy-saving principles. On the one hand, with the development of technology, a lot of new efficient materials continue to be developed and applied to architectural design

46、 to better achieve energy savings. Such as new insulation material, waterproof material used in walls, roofs, and achie</p><p>　　4　Conclusion</p><p>　　In recent years, a series of national regul

47、ations and local building energy efficiency standards were introduced, from government officials to the construction industry all employees, not just from the thought of the importance of energy efficiency in buildings h

48、ave a certain visual recognition, and in particular work has also made ??certain achievements. However, with China's energy goals, there is a considerable gap, particularly public building energy efficiency, hesitant

49、, far more than other</p><p>　　From: Theoretical Studies Of Urban Construction</p><p>　　淺談加強(qiáng)公共建筑節(jié)能和節(jié)能設(shè)計的重要性</p><p>　　摘要：近年來，隨著國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，城市化進(jìn)程的不斷加快，我國建筑能耗占社會能耗的比重也在快速增長，每年增加一個百分點以上，而

50、其中，不少大型公共建筑為“求洋、求新、求大”而成為建筑能耗的“黑洞”。加強(qiáng)建筑節(jié)能，尤其是公共建筑節(jié)能有利于從根本上促進(jìn)能源資源節(jié)約和合理利用，緩解我國能源資源供應(yīng)與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展的矛盾，提高人民群眾生活質(zhì)量。其中建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計也是一個很重要的環(huán)節(jié)。本文主要對公共建筑節(jié)能的的重要性以及如何在建筑設(shè)計中落實建筑節(jié)能進(jìn)行了闡述,并提出了一些個人的建議。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：公共建筑 建筑節(jié)能 建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計

51、重要性</p><p><b>　　1 引言</b></p><p>　　我國是一個發(fā)展中大國，又是一個建筑大國，全國房屋總建筑面積已超過400多億，每年新建房屋面積高達(dá)17~18億，超過所有發(fā)達(dá)國家每年建成建筑面積的總和。隨著全面建設(shè)小康社會的逐步推進(jìn)，建設(shè)事業(yè)迅猛發(fā)展，建筑能耗迅速增長，已成為世界第二大能源消耗國。而一些公共建筑經(jīng)常被作為一個城市現(xiàn)代化的象征,但

52、又由于其結(jié)構(gòu)和用途的特殊性，公共建筑往往也是耗能大戶,這類建筑的節(jié)能潛力亟待挖掘。</p><p>　　2 加強(qiáng)建筑節(jié)能，尤其是公共建筑節(jié)能的重要性</p><p>　　2.1 加強(qiáng)公共建筑節(jié)能是社會發(fā)展的需要</p><p>　　隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的快速發(fā)展、科技技術(shù)和生活水平的不斷提高，能源問題已成為世界各國普遍重視的問題之一。在全世界總的能源消耗中，有25%~4

53、0%的能源消耗在建筑上。目前我國建筑總能耗約占社會能源消費總量中的27%，逐漸接近三成。尤其是近年來，隨著歐陸風(fēng)的盛行，許多大型公共建筑為“求洋、求新、求大”，追求外立面效果，大面積采用玻璃幕墻，冬天冷、夏天熱，必須借助于空調(diào)調(diào)節(jié)室溫，以至于這類建筑的空調(diào)能耗比一般建筑要高出3倍。據(jù)調(diào)查，目前我國有5億左右的大型公共建筑，耗電量為70~300年,為住宅的8~15倍。我國大型公建每平方米年耗電量是普通居民住宅的10至20倍，許多大型公建包

54、括政府辦公大樓、商業(yè)大廈在使用過程中，其供暖、空調(diào)、通風(fēng)、照明等方面消耗的能量已占全國建筑總能耗的30%左右。由此可見，加強(qiáng)建筑節(jié)能，尤其是公共建筑節(jié)能勢在必行。</p><p>　　2.2 加強(qiáng)公共建筑節(jié)能是改善工作生活環(huán)境的需要</p><p>　　隨著全面建設(shè)小康社會的逐步推進(jìn)，舒適的建筑熱環(huán)境日益成為人們工作生活的需要。在發(fā)達(dá)國家，適宜的室溫已成為一種基本需求。在我國，人們對于生

55、活品質(zhì)的要求也在逐年提高。同時我國幅員遼闊，大陸性氣候表現(xiàn)明顯：與同緯度其他地區(qū)相比，冬季我國是世界上同緯度最冷的國家，一月平均氣溫東北地區(qū)比同緯度其它地區(qū)平均要偏低15～20，黃淮流域偏低10～15，長江以南偏低6～10，華南沿海也偏低5；夏季則是世界上同緯度平均最暖的國家(沙漠除外)，七月平均氣溫東北比同緯度其它地區(qū)平均偏高4，華北偏高2.5，長江中下游偏高1.5～2。因此，冬冷夏熱，長期困擾著國民。人民生活越是改善，越不堪忍受寒冬

56、酷暑的折騰，冬季要供暖，夏季要降溫，這都要消耗能源。初步調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，夏季空調(diào)制冷電耗是近年來民用用電逐年遞增的主要因數(shù)。而公共建筑更是成為能耗的“黑洞”，公共建筑空調(diào)系統(tǒng)能耗占建筑物總能耗的比重也在逐年增加。從宏觀上講，只有實現(xiàn)了能源資源的節(jié)約和合理利用，才能滿足人們對舒適的熱環(huán)境的需要。由此可見，加強(qiáng)建筑節(jié)能，尤其是公共建筑節(jié)能刻不容緩。</p><p>　　2.3 加強(qiáng)公共建筑節(jié)能是實現(xiàn)國家節(jié)能減排目標(biāo)的需要

57、</p><p>　　中國“十一五”規(guī)劃綱要提出，“十一五”期間單位國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值能耗降低20%左右、主要污染物排放總量減少10%。“十二五”規(guī)劃綱要又提出，“十二五”期間非化石能源占一次能源消費比重達(dá)到11.4%；單位國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值能耗降低16%，單位國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值二氧化碳降低17%；主要污染物排放總量顯著減少，化學(xué)需氧量、二氧化硫排放分別減少8%，氨氮、氮氧化物排放分別減少10%。隨著城鎮(zhèn)化的迅速發(fā)展，供暖和空調(diào)建

58、筑用能日益增加，向大氣排放的污染物急劇增長。我國二氧化碳的排放量已占到世界第二位，而建筑用能造成的二氧化碳的排放量又占到全國總用能造成的二氧化碳的排放量的1/4。在一定時期內(nèi)，這種狀況依然存在，節(jié)能減排任重道遠(yuǎn)。</p><p>　　2.4 加強(qiáng)公共建筑節(jié)能是建筑技術(shù)進(jìn)步的需要</p><p>　　一方面，隨著國家對建筑節(jié)能要求的日益提高，墻體、門窗、屋頂、地面以及供暖、照明等建筑的基本

59、組成部分都發(fā)生了巨大的變化。房屋建筑不再是磚石等幾種傳統(tǒng)材料的天下，多年來習(xí)用的材料和工藝做法可能不得不退出歷史舞臺。許多新的高效保溫材料、密封材料、節(jié)能設(shè)備和保溫管道等如雨后春筍般出現(xiàn)。另一方面，新的節(jié)能材料的出現(xiàn)也促使了營造技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展。建筑相關(guān)行業(yè)，如設(shè)計、施工等部門不得不調(diào)整技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)，創(chuàng)造出更好的、滿足人民群眾需要的節(jié)能建筑。</p><p>　　3 加強(qiáng)公共建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計的重要性</p>

60、<p>　　建筑節(jié)能是整個建筑全壽命過程中每一個環(huán)節(jié)節(jié)能的總和。是指在建筑物的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計、新建(改建、擴(kuò)建)、改造和使用過程中，執(zhí)行建筑節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，采用節(jié)能型的技術(shù)、工藝、設(shè)備、材料和產(chǎn)品，提高建筑保溫隔熱性能和供暖供暖、空調(diào)制冷制熱系統(tǒng)效率，加強(qiáng)建筑物用能系統(tǒng)的運行管理，利用可再生能源，在保證室內(nèi)熱環(huán)境質(zhì)量的前提下，減少供暖、空調(diào)制冷制熱、照明、熱水供應(yīng)的能耗。建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計是全面的建筑節(jié)能中一個很重要的環(huán)節(jié)，是加強(qiáng)建筑節(jié)能的

61、第一道閘門 。</p><p>　　3.1 整體及外部環(huán)境的節(jié)能設(shè)計</p><p>　　3.1.1 合理選址</p><p>　　建筑選址主要是根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂颉⑼临|(zhì)、水質(zhì)、地形及周圍環(huán)境條件等因素，綜合考慮。建筑設(shè)計中，既要使建筑在其整個生命周期中保持適宜的微氣候環(huán)境，同時又要做到建筑與自然的和諧統(tǒng)一。</p><p>　　3.1.2

62、 合理的外部環(huán)境設(shè)計</p><p>　　在建筑位址確定之后，根據(jù)建筑功能的需要，通過合理的外部環(huán)境設(shè)計，來改善既有的微氣候環(huán)境，創(chuàng)造建筑節(jié)能的有利環(huán)境。</p><p>　　3.1.3 合理的規(guī)劃和方案設(shè)計</p><p>　　合理的建筑規(guī)劃和方案設(shè)計能有效地適應(yīng)惡劣的微氣候環(huán)境。它包括對建筑整體體量、建筑體型及建筑形體組合、建筑日照及朝向等方面的確定。像蒙古包

63、的圓形平面，圓錐形屋頂能有效地適應(yīng)草原的惡劣氣候，起到減少建筑的散熱面積、抵抗風(fēng)沙的效果。對于大多數(shù)地區(qū)來說，引入自然通風(fēng)對建筑節(jié)能非常重要。在規(guī)劃布局上, 可以通過建筑的向陽面和背陰面形成不同的氣壓，即使在無風(fēng)時也能形成通風(fēng)。在建筑體型設(shè)計上形成風(fēng)洞，使自然風(fēng)在其中回旋，得到良好的通風(fēng)效果，從而達(dá)到節(jié)能的目的。日照及朝向選擇的原則是冬季能獲得足夠的日照并避開主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向，夏季能利用自然通風(fēng)并盡量減少太陽輻射。然而，建筑的朝向、方

64、位以及建筑方案的設(shè)計往往受到社會歷史文化、地形、城市規(guī)劃、道路、環(huán)境等條件的制約，要想使建筑物的朝向同時滿足夏季防熱和冬季保溫通常是困難的。因此，只能權(quán)衡各個因素之間的得失，找到一個平衡點，盡可能地做到合理。</p><p>　　3.2 單體的節(jié)能設(shè)計</p><p>　　3.2.1 建筑各部位的節(jié)能構(gòu)造設(shè)計</p><p>　　建筑各部位的節(jié)能構(gòu)造設(shè)計，主要是

65、在滿足其作為建筑的基本組成部分功能的同時，通過對各部位(屋頂、樓板、墻體、門窗等)的材料、構(gòu)造等方面加以進(jìn)一步設(shè)計。充分利用建筑外部氣候環(huán)境條件，達(dá)到節(jié)能和改善室內(nèi)微氣候環(huán)境的效果。</p><p>　　(1)屋頂?shù)墓?jié)能設(shè)計</p><p>　　屋頂是建筑物與室外大氣接觸的一個重要部分，主要節(jié)能措施為：①采用坡屋頂；②設(shè)置屋面保溫層；③根據(jù)需要，加設(shè)一保溫隔熱屋面(架空隔熱屋面、蓄水屋面、

66、種植屋面等)。 　　</p><p>　　(2)樓板層的節(jié)能設(shè)計</p><p>　　主要是利用其結(jié)構(gòu)中空空間，以及對樓板吊頂造型加以設(shè)計。如將循環(huán)水管布置在其中，夏季可以利用冷水循環(huán)降低室內(nèi)溫度,冬季利用熱水循環(huán)取暖。</p><p>　　(3)建筑外圍護(hù)墻體的節(jié)能設(shè)計</p><p>　　墻體的節(jié)能設(shè)計除了適應(yīng)氣候條件，做好保溫

67、、防潮、隔熱等措施外，還應(yīng)體現(xiàn)在能夠改善微氣候環(huán)境條件的特殊構(gòu)造上，如寒冷地區(qū)的夾心墻體設(shè)計、被動式太陽房中各種蓄熱墻體(如水墻)設(shè)計、巴格達(dá)地區(qū)為了適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)馗蔁釟夂驐l件在墻體中的風(fēng)口設(shè)計等。</p><p>　　(4)建筑門窗的節(jié)能設(shè)計</p><p>　　據(jù)統(tǒng)計資料,在我國既有的高耗能建筑中，有40%的耗能是通過門窗散失的。因此,解決好門窗節(jié)能的問題相當(dāng)重要。 </p&

68、gt;<p>　　(5)建筑物圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)部的節(jié)能設(shè)計</p><p>　　細(xì)部的節(jié)能設(shè)計，對于建筑物的整體節(jié)能也非常重要。應(yīng)從以下各部位著手：①熱橋部位，應(yīng)采取可靠的保溫與“斷橋”措施；②外墻出挑構(gòu)件及附墻部件，如陽臺、雨罩、靠外墻陽臺欄板、空調(diào)室外機(jī)擱板、附壁柱、凸窗、裝飾線等均應(yīng)采取隔斷熱橋和保溫措施；③窗口外側(cè)四周墻面，應(yīng)進(jìn)行保溫處理；④門、窗框與墻體之間的縫隙，應(yīng)采用高效保溫材料填堵；⑤門、

69、窗框四周與抹灰層之間的縫隙，宜采用保溫材料和嵌縫密封膏密封,避免不同材料界面開裂，影響門、窗的熱工性能；⑥采用全玻璃幕墻時，隔墻、樓板或梁與幕墻之間的間隙，應(yīng)填充保溫材料。</p><p>　　3.2.2 合理的建筑空間設(shè)計</p><p>　　合理的空間設(shè)計是在充分滿足建筑使用功能要求的前提下，對建筑空間進(jìn)行合理分隔(平面分隔和豎向分隔)，以改善室內(nèi)保溫、通風(fēng)、采光等微氣候條件，

70、60;達(dá)到節(jié)能目的。 </p><p>　　3.2.3 選用建筑節(jié)能材料</p><p>　　合理選用建筑節(jié)能材料也是全面建筑節(jié)能的一個重要方面。建筑材料的選擇應(yīng)遵循健康、高效、經(jīng)濟(jì)、節(jié)能的原則。一方面，隨著科技的發(fā)展，大量的新型高效材料不斷被研制并應(yīng)用到建筑設(shè)計中去，更好地達(dá)到節(jié)能效果。如新型保溫材料、防水材料在墻體、屋頂中的應(yīng)用，達(dá)到了更好的保溫防潮效果；新型透光隔熱玻璃(

71、如 Low-E玻璃等)在門窗中的應(yīng)用，起到了更好的透光隔熱效果；采用可調(diào)節(jié)的鋁材遮陽板，達(dá)到遮陽的目的。</p><p><b>　　4 結(jié)語</b></p><p>　　近年來，隨著一系列關(guān)于建筑節(jié)能的國家法規(guī)及地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的相繼出臺，從政府官員到建筑行業(yè)各從業(yè)人員，不僅從思想上對建筑節(jié)能的重要性有了一定的認(rèn)視，而且在具體工作中也取得了一定的成績。但是，與我