外文翻譯-服裝制造企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任、經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化與發(fā)展中國(guó)家（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　字?jǐn)?shù)：英文2537單詞，14312字符；4981漢字</p><p>　　出處：Mohammed Ziaul Haque,Fara Azmat.Corporate social responsibility, economic globalization and developing countries: A case study of the ready made garments ind

2、ustry in Bangladesh[J].Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal.2015,6(2):166-189</p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)：　</b></p><p>　　Corporate social responsibility, economic globalizat

3、ion and developing countries: A case study of the ready made garments industry in Bangladesh</p><p><b>　　Abstract </b></p><p>　　Purpose – This paper aims to examine the state of corp

4、orate social responsibility (CSR) in labour-intensive industries in developing countries in the context of economic globalization. Using the ready-made garments’ (RMG) industry in Bangladesh as a case study, challenges a

5、nd key issues relating to CSR are highlighted.</p><p>　　Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws from the review of existing literature, and the content analysis of two leading newspapers in Bangladesh

6、for a period of one year (July 2012-June 2013) to identify the key and contemporary issues related to CSR in the RMG industry.</p><p>　　Findings – Findings identify the contemporary issues of concerns associ

7、ated with CSR in the RMG industry, relating them to the debate on the applicability of Carroll’s CSR pyramid to developing countries. The findings suggest that non-compliance of CSR in labour-intensive industries is a fu

8、nction of the nature of economic globalization. The need for a stakeholder approach towards CSR for the profitability and sustainability of this industry is also highlighted.</p><p>　　Practical implications

9、– This paper makes contributions to two different but important interrelated discourses on CSR and economic globalization. It also provides insights into the complexity involved in CSR in labour-based export industries i

10、n developing countries and acts as a springboard for further research. </p><p>　　Originality/value – The paper is the first to look at all major issues of concern regarding CSR in the RMG industry in Banglad

11、esh. As Bangladesh is an exemplar of developing countries and RMG is a typical starter industry, the findings are generalizable to similar industries in other developing countries.</p><p>　　Keywords Banglade

12、sh, Developing countries, Corporate social responsibility, Economic globalization, Ready-made garments</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Corporate social responsibility is not about writing cheques

13、 to museums. It is life and death, and must become a crucial part of how companies do business (Bader, 2013).</p><p>　　Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become increasingly important for businesses,

14、particularly in the context of the global spread of unethical practices among businesses in both developed and developing countries, as it helps businesses retain their reputation and be more competitive, sustainable and

15、 innovative (Carroll and Shabana, 2010; Lee, 2008). The realities of globalization and tougher competitive conditions, as well as the increase in the power of corporations, put pressure on bus</p><p>　　Altho

16、ugh CSR already exists in various forms in developing countries, it has gained importance recently amid rising concerns about lack of good governance and irresponsible business practices. Dangerous products from emerging

17、 economies, such as unsafe toys from China, have raised serious concerns for safety, negatively affected the image of the country, and damaged the reputation of the corporation involved (Li et al., 2010), while, in Bangl

18、adesh, industrial disasters in the ready-made garments’</p><p>　　In this backdrop, the paper examines the CSR issues in RMG industry in Bangladesh through the lens of stakeholder theory. More specifically, w

19、e aim to investigate, “what are the major concerns as well as key issues for the adoption of CSR in the ready made garments industry in Bangladesh in the context of economic globalization?” In doing so, the paper contrib

20、utes to two different but important interrelated discourses on CSR and economic globalization by analyzing how economic globalization infl</p><p>　　Methodology</p><p>　　The choice of a case stud

21、y approach for our study draws on Creswell’s (2007) and Granlund’s (2003) recommendations for such a method to provide a detailed and in-depth understanding of the issue. According to Yin (2009), the case study approach

22、can be exploratory, descriptive, explanatory or causal. In this paper, the case study of Bangladesh RMG industry is exploratory and explanatory.</p><p>　　Bangladesh has been chosen for this case study becaus

23、e it has characteristics shared by other developing countries, a combination of overpopulation, poverty, environmental degradation, a depleted resource base and poor governance. Like other developing countries, particula

24、rly in Asia, it has exploited its cheap labour force, the lack of other employment options for women and simple technology needs to facilitate rapid growth of the RMG industry (Khosla, 2009). However, CSR has emerged as

25、a serio</p><p>　　Our study used a two-phase content analysis, a methodology of structured and systematic protocols for data reduction to facilitate analysis of large quantities of textual data which can be u

26、sed quantitatively (frequency counts, correlations, trends and differences over time) or qualitatively (theme identification, theory elaboration) (Krippendorff, 2004). The first phase considered topics related to CSR in

27、RMG in Bangladesh, published in academic journals or in reports from international and nat</p><p>　　(1)occupational health and safety;</p><p>　　(2)fair pay;</p><p>　　(3)legal aspect

28、s;</p><p>　　(4)social welfare/work–life balance;</p><p>　　(5)labour rights;</p><p>　　(6)environment;</p><p>　　(7)gender issues; and</p><p>　　(8)fair trade.

29、</p><p>　　A relative lack of recent research on CSR in the RMG industry in Bangladesh was overcome by including the content analysis of two leading daily newspapers in Bangladesh, The Daily Star (2012/2013)

30、and Prothom Alo (2012/2013), in the second phase. These newspapers are the most widely circulated and creditable, available in English and in Bangla (Rolt, 2012). This phase established a link between the available liter

31、ature and empirical work, and relevant events occurring between 1 July 2012 and 30 </p><p>　　Discussion</p><p>　　Based on the content analysis of academic publications and two leading newspapers

32、 from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013, this paper has identified and explored the contemporary issues of concerns for the compliance of CSR in the RMG industry in Bangladesh in the context of economic globalization through t

33、he lens of stakeholder theory. In doing this, the paper also contributes to the debate on the application of Carroll’s four-part CSR model in developing countries. Our findings point to some interest</p><p>

34、　　First, our findings confirm that meeting the demands of stakeholders become complicated when there is a powerful nexus of vested interest groups. In line with earlier studies (Islam and Deegan, 2008), our findings sugg

35、est that although the RMG industry in developing countries has multiple key stakeholders, such as the industry owners, international buyers, RMG workers, public sector, non-governmental organization (NGO) and civil socie

36、ty organizations, local community and natural environment, it </p><p>　　Second, our study suggests that profit maximization by businesses, both local and MNC; use of unethical and unsustainable business prac

37、tices to exploit the human resources; inadequate commitment; and the capacity of the state to effect compliance with CSR, have emerged as the dominant challenges to the implementation of CSR in the RMG sector and can be

38、attributed to the predatory nature of globalization.</p><p>　　Finally, our findings suggest that the order of the CSR levels proposed by Carroll differs in developing countries. We found economic responsibil

39、ities get the most emphasis in Bangladesh, followed by philanthropic, legal and the ethical responsibilities. This is consistent with the findings of Visser (2008) who suggested a similar order in the African context. Ou

40、r findings provide evidence that in the RMG sector in Bangladesh, the majority of businesses have focussed on profit maximization witho</p><p>　　Based on the findings of our content analysis, we have identif

41、ied key issues that businesses need to focus on to be sustainable in labour-intensive industries like RMG. These issues are presented in Figure 1, in the form of a framework that can also be applied to other labour-inten

42、sive export industries in developing countries.</p><p>　　Figure 1. Dimensions of CSR in the RMG industry in developing countries</p><p>　　The eight dimensions of CSR issues include gender realit

43、ies, legal aspects, fair trade, fair pay, social welfare/work–life balance, labour rights, occupational health and safety and environment. We argue that it is important for businesses to consider these issues, as it is n

44、ot just in their financial interests but is also crucial for the sustainability of RMG and other similar industries where CSR has emerged as a serious concern.</p><p>　　Conclusion</p><p>　　The p

45、aper aimed at shedding light on the realities and the complexities involved in regard to CSR in labour-intensive industries in developing countries in the context of economic globalization using the RMG sector in Banglad

46、esh as a case study. Findings suggest that the non-compliance of CSR in the RMG industry in Bangladesh is a result of multiple factors such as economic globalization, failure of the industry to respond to key stakeholder

47、s and the weak role of the state. The RMG industry in B</p><p><b>　　中文譯文：</b></p><p>　　企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任、經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化與發(fā)展中國(guó)家：</p><p>　　以孟加拉成衣制造業(yè)為例</p><p><b>　　摘要</b&g

48、t;</p><p>　　目的-本文旨在探討經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化背景下發(fā)展中國(guó)家勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任（CSR）狀況。以孟加拉國(guó)成衣制造業(yè)（RMG）作為研究案例，強(qiáng)調(diào)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的挑戰(zhàn)與關(guān)鍵問題。</p><p>　　設(shè)計(jì)/方法/方式-本文借鑒了現(xiàn)有的文獻(xiàn)綜述，以及孟加拉國(guó)兩大主要報(bào)紙為期一年（2012年7月至2013年6月）的內(nèi)容分析，從而確定成衣制造業(yè)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的關(guān)鍵和當(dāng)代問題。<

49、/p><p>　　研究結(jié)果-研究結(jié)果確定了成衣制造業(yè)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任關(guān)注的當(dāng)代問題，并將其與卡羅爾的社會(huì)責(zé)任金字塔對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的適用性的爭(zhēng)論聯(lián)系起來。研究結(jié)果表明，不遵守企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)是經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化本質(zhì)的一種功能，還強(qiáng)調(diào)了利益相關(guān)者對(duì)該行業(yè)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的盈利能力和可持續(xù)性方法的需求。</p><p>　　實(shí)踐意義-本文對(duì)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任和經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化這兩個(gè)不同但重要的相關(guān)論述做出了貢獻(xiàn)。它

50、還提供了對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的勞動(dòng)型出口產(chǎn)業(yè)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任所涉及的復(fù)雜性的深刻見解，并作為進(jìn)一步研究的跳板。</p><p>　　原創(chuàng)性/價(jià)值-本文首先介紹了孟加拉國(guó)成衣制造業(yè)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任關(guān)注的所有重要問題。由于孟加拉國(guó)是發(fā)展中國(guó)家的典范，而且成衣制造業(yè)是典型的原始行業(yè)，因此研究結(jié)果可推廣到其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家的類似行業(yè)。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞 孟加拉國(guó)，發(fā)展中國(guó)家，企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化，成

51、衣</p><p><b>　　引言</b></p><p>　　企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任不是向博物館寫支票。它是生命和死亡，必須成為公司經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)的關(guān)鍵部分（巴德，2013）。</p><p>　　企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任（CSR）對(duì)企業(yè)越來越重要，特別是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家的企業(yè)不道德行為在全球蔓延的背景下，因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任有助于企業(yè)保持聲譽(yù)，使企業(yè)更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力、可持

52、續(xù)性和創(chuàng)新性（卡羅爾和謝巴納，2010；李，2008）。全球化和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)形勢(shì)更加嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)實(shí)局面，以及企業(yè)實(shí)力的增強(qiáng)，迫使企業(yè)審視他們的社會(huì)責(zé)任，并將負(fù)責(zé)任的做法與其業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)結(jié)合起來（亞當(dāng)斯，2008；伯克和洛格斯登，1996；聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易與發(fā)展會(huì)議，2011）。在西方世界，企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任審計(jì)、報(bào)告和規(guī)劃現(xiàn)在本身就是一個(gè)行業(yè)（布朗，2011；杜蘇基，2008）；而發(fā)展中國(guó)家并非如此。</p><p>　　盡管企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任在

53、發(fā)展中國(guó)家已經(jīng)以各種形式存在，但是由于對(duì)缺乏良好的治理和不負(fù)責(zé)任的商業(yè)行為的擔(dān)憂日漸加劇，企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任已經(jīng)變得越來越重要。來自新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體的危險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品，如來自中國(guó)的不安全玩具，引發(fā)了對(duì)安全問題的極大擔(dān)憂，對(duì)國(guó)家形象造成了負(fù)面影響，并損害了相關(guān)公司的聲譽(yù)（李等人，2010），而在孟加拉國(guó)，成衣制造業(yè)（RMG）的工業(yè)災(zāi)難，如2013年拉納廣場(chǎng)大樓的倒塌和2012年塔茲琳服裝工廠的火災(zāi)，已經(jīng)造成數(shù)千人死亡（隆德-湯姆森和林德格林，2014；曼尼克

54、和亞德利，2012；亞德利，2012c）。在巴基斯坦的阿里服裝廠，300名工人在火災(zāi)爆發(fā)時(shí)被活活燒死或吸入濃煙致死（隆德-湯姆森和林德格林，2014）。這些災(zāi)難不僅給全世界造成了道德上的憤怒，前所未有地強(qiáng)化了企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的重要性和需求，而且暴露了發(fā)展中國(guó)家像成衣制造業(yè)一樣的勞動(dòng)型出口產(chǎn)業(yè)的缺陷。發(fā)展中國(guó)家最近的這些災(zāi)害引發(fā)了各種國(guó)內(nèi)外利益相關(guān)者的一系列改革舉措和提議（亞德利，2012c），但進(jìn)展緩慢。</p><p&

55、gt;　　在這種背景下，本文從利益相關(guān)者理論的角度，探討了孟加拉國(guó)成衣制造業(yè)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任問題。更具體地說，我們的目標(biāo)是調(diào)查“在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的背景下，孟加拉國(guó)成衣制造業(yè)中采用的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的主要問題和關(guān)鍵問題是什么？”在這一過程中，本文以孟加拉國(guó)成衣制造業(yè)為研究案例，通過分析經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化如何影響企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任，從而為企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任和經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化這兩個(gè)不同但重要的相關(guān)論述做出了貢獻(xiàn)。我們專注于孟加拉國(guó)的成衣制造業(yè)有多種原因。首先，成衣制造業(yè)對(duì)發(fā)展中

56、國(guó)家的成長(zhǎng)發(fā)揮了重要作用，特別是亞洲發(fā)展中國(guó)家的成長(zhǎng)（格里菲和梅梅多維奇，2003）。由于低固定成本和側(cè)重勞動(dòng)密集型制造業(yè)，成衣制造業(yè)已經(jīng)成為國(guó)家發(fā)展的一個(gè)跳板，并且是出口導(dǎo)向型工業(yè)化國(guó)家典型的原始產(chǎn)業(yè)（阿迪卡里和維拉通格，2006；格里菲和弗雷德里克，2010；格里菲，1999）。第二，世界貿(mào)易組織（世貿(mào)組織）在1995年至2005年期間逐步淘汰多種纖維協(xié)定（MFA），對(duì)亞洲發(fā)展中國(guó)家進(jìn)入發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的服裝市場(chǎng)有重大影響（格里菲和弗雷德里

57、克，2010）。雖然中國(guó)是最大的贏家，但孟加拉國(guó)、印度、越南和印度尼西亞等其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家也受益匪淺（格里菲和弗雷德里克，2010）</p><p><b>　　方法</b></p><p>　　我們?cè)诎咐芯糠椒ǖ倪x擇上借鑒了克雷斯韋爾（2007）和格蘭隆德（2003）對(duì)這種方法的建議，以提供對(duì)這個(gè)問題詳細(xì)和深入的認(rèn)識(shí)。根據(jù)尹（2009）可知，案例研究方法可以是探索性

58、的、描述性的、解釋性的或因果性的。在本文中，孟加拉國(guó)成衣制造業(yè)的案例研究是探索性的和解釋性的。</p><p>　　選擇孟加拉國(guó)作為研究案例，是因?yàn)樗哂衅渌l(fā)展中國(guó)家共有的特點(diǎn)，即兼具人口過剩 、貧困、環(huán)境惡化、資源枯竭和治理不善等。與其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家一樣，特別是亞洲，孟加拉國(guó)利用其廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力，缺乏其他就業(yè)選擇的婦女和簡(jiǎn)單的技術(shù)需求，促進(jìn)了成衣制造業(yè)的快速增長(zhǎng)（科斯拉，2009）。然而，對(duì)這種勞動(dòng)密集型、出口導(dǎo)向

59、型產(chǎn)業(yè)的生存來說，企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題，孟加拉國(guó)和其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家一樣，現(xiàn)在面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是需要解決這些問題以維持該產(chǎn)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展（拉希姆和韋蘇蒂薩克，2013；納斯魯拉和拉希姆，2014）。因此，本案例研究旨在揭示成衣制造業(yè)當(dāng)前關(guān)注的問題，以便制定可應(yīng)用于成衣制造業(yè)和其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家類似出口行業(yè)的補(bǔ)救措施。</p><p>　　我們的研究采用了兩階段的內(nèi)容分析，一種結(jié)構(gòu)化和系統(tǒng)化的協(xié)議的方法論用于數(shù)據(jù)簡(jiǎn)

60、化，便于分析大量的文本數(shù)據(jù)，可以定量使用（頻率計(jì)數(shù)，相關(guān)性，趨勢(shì)和隨時(shí)間的差異）或定性使用（主題識(shí)別，理論闡述）（克里彭多夫，2004）。第一階段考慮的主題與孟加拉國(guó)成衣制造業(yè)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任有關(guān)，發(fā)表在學(xué)術(shù)刊物上，或國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)和國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)如孟加拉國(guó)服裝制造商和出口商協(xié)會(huì)、孟加拉國(guó)職業(yè)安全健康與環(huán)境基金會(huì)、國(guó)際勞工組織（ILO）、國(guó)際工會(huì)聯(lián)盟、透明國(guó)際孟加拉國(guó)分部、美國(guó)國(guó)際開發(fā)署（USAID）和反匱乏組織的報(bào)告上。這導(dǎo)致了以下八個(gè)主題：<

61、;/p><p>　?。?）職業(yè)健康安全；</p><p><b>　　（2）公平報(bào)酬；</b></p><p><b>　?。?）法律方面；</b></p><p>　?。?）社會(huì)福利/工作-生活平衡；</p><p><b>　?。?）勞動(dòng)權(quán)利；</b>&

62、lt;/p><p><b>　　（6）環(huán)境；</b></p><p><b>　?。?）性別問題；</b></p><p><b>　?。?）公平貿(mào)易。</b></p><p>　　在第二階段，通過納入孟加拉國(guó)的兩個(gè)主要日?qǐng)?bào)——每日星報(bào)（2012/2013）和曙光日?qǐng)?bào)（2012/2

63、013）的內(nèi)容分析，克服了近年來對(duì)孟加拉國(guó)成衣制造業(yè)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的研究相對(duì)匱乏這一問題。這些報(bào)紙流傳最廣、可信度最高，有英語和孟加拉語（羅爾特，2012）。這一階段建立了現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)和實(shí)證工作之間的聯(lián)系，以及2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期間發(fā)生的相關(guān)事件。</p><p><b>　　討論</b></p><p>　　基于2012年7月1日至2013年6月3

64、0日期間的學(xué)術(shù)出版物和兩大主要報(bào)紙的內(nèi)容分析，本文從利益相關(guān)者理論的角度，確定并探討了在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化背景下孟加拉國(guó)成衣制造業(yè)遵守的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任所關(guān)注的當(dāng)代問題。在這一過程中，本文還有助于對(duì)卡羅爾的由四部分組成的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任模型在發(fā)展中國(guó)家的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行辯論。我們的研究結(jié)果指出了在發(fā)展中國(guó)家的環(huán)境中，成衣制造業(yè)和其他勞動(dòng)密集型行業(yè)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任動(dòng)態(tài)中的一些有趣的方面，如下所述。</p><p>　　首先，我們的研究結(jié)果證

65、實(shí)，當(dāng)既得利益集團(tuán)之間存在著強(qiáng)大的聯(lián)系時(shí)，滿足利益相關(guān)者的需求將變得復(fù)雜。與早期的研究一致（伊斯蘭和迪根，2008），我們的研究結(jié)果表明，雖然發(fā)展中國(guó)家的成衣制造業(yè)有多個(gè)關(guān)鍵利益相關(guān)者，如業(yè)主、國(guó)際買家、成衣制造業(yè)工人、公共部門、非政府組織（NGO）和民間社會(huì)組織、當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)和自然環(huán)境，但主要受國(guó)際買家的要求驅(qū)動(dòng)。這導(dǎo)致了對(duì)其他主要利益相關(guān)者的一貫忽視，例如服裝工人、該行業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)的社區(qū)和自然環(huán)境。如果這個(gè)行業(yè)是可持續(xù)的，那么正確識(shí)別關(guān)鍵利益

66、相關(guān)者，并解決他們的問題是很有必要的。盡管雇員/工人是重要的利益相關(guān)者，他們既創(chuàng)造產(chǎn)品又構(gòu)成最大的利益集團(tuán)，但他們被輕視和忽視。先前的研究表明，孟加拉國(guó)的企業(yè)明顯地指望“高勞動(dòng)密集型和貧困國(guó)家的脆弱點(diǎn)作為他們的利潤(rùn)來源”（拉希姆，2012，第105-106頁）；本研究贊同這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　其次，我們的研究表明，企業(yè)包括地方和跨國(guó)公司的利潤(rùn)最大化；利用不道德和不可持續(xù)的商業(yè)做法來剝削人力資源；不適當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

67、承諾；以及國(guó)家對(duì)遵守企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的影響能力，已經(jīng)成為成衣制造業(yè)履行企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的主要挑戰(zhàn)，可歸因于全球化的掠奪性。</p><p>　　最后，我們的研究結(jié)果表明，卡羅爾提出的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任級(jí)別的順序在發(fā)展中國(guó)家不同。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)孟加拉國(guó)最重視經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任，其次是慈善、法律和倫理責(zé)任。這與維瑟（2008）的發(fā)現(xiàn)相一致，他發(fā)現(xiàn)非洲國(guó)家有一個(gè)類似的順序。我們的研究結(jié)果提供的證據(jù)表明，在孟加拉國(guó)的成衣制造業(yè)中，大多數(shù)企業(yè)都專注于利

68、潤(rùn)最大化，而不遵守國(guó)家或國(guó)際法律標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，損害企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的“必要”法律要素，本質(zhì)上，沒有遵守社會(huì)責(zé)任的基本條件（卡羅爾，1991；維瑟，2008）。對(duì)員工的剝削，以及給工人的條件差，表明部分企業(yè)主對(duì)倫理的考慮不足，包括對(duì)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的“預(yù)期”結(jié)構(gòu)。雖然成衣制造業(yè)中的一些企業(yè)履行他們的慈善責(zé)任，但該行業(yè)主要集中于其狹窄的經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任，甚至忽視其法律責(zé)任和其對(duì)利益相關(guān)者的責(zé)任，這仍然存在爭(zhēng)議。慈善捐款是重要的和不可被低估的，但不是可持續(xù)的，因?yàn)樗?/p>

69、們往往具有短期重點(diǎn)，并且遠(yuǎn)離業(yè)務(wù)目標(biāo)和利潤(rùn)（賈馬利，2007）。根據(jù)該行業(yè)所遇到的問題可知，該行業(yè)似乎缺乏企業(yè)公民應(yīng)該以“為了共同利益而超越自身利益”的意愿的形式表現(xiàn)的“仁慈”水平（帕拉佐和里克特，2005，第396頁）。</p><p>　　根據(jù)我們內(nèi)容分析的結(jié)果，我們確定了像成衣制造業(yè)般的勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)想要致力于可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵問題。這些問題在圖1中以一個(gè)框架的形式提出，該框架也可以應(yīng)用于發(fā)展中國(guó)家的其他勞動(dòng)

70、密集型出口行業(yè)。</p><p>　　圖1.發(fā)展中國(guó)家的成衣制造業(yè)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任維度</p><p>　　企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任問題的八個(gè)維度包括：性別現(xiàn)實(shí)、法律方面、公平貿(mào)易、公平報(bào)酬、社會(huì)福利/工作-生活平衡、勞動(dòng)權(quán)利、職業(yè)健康安全與環(huán)境。我們認(rèn)為，企業(yè)必須考慮這些問題，因?yàn)檫@不僅僅是他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，而且是成衣制造業(yè)以及其他類似行業(yè)的可持續(xù)性的關(guān)鍵因素，企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題。<

71、;/p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　本文以孟加拉國(guó)的成衣制造業(yè)作為研究案例，旨在揭示經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化背景下發(fā)展中國(guó)家勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任方面所涉及的現(xiàn)實(shí)和復(fù)雜性。研究結(jié)果表明，孟加拉國(guó)的成衣制造業(yè)不遵守企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任是多種因素的結(jié)果，例如經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化，行業(yè)無法對(duì)關(guān)鍵利益相關(guān)者負(fù)責(zé)，以及國(guó)家處于弱勢(shì)地位。孟加拉國(guó)成衣制造業(yè)的發(fā)展“具有主導(dǎo)的核心-外圍

72、生產(chǎn)的結(jié)構(gòu)”（拉赫曼，2004，第75-76頁），這是由外部因素決定的，當(dāng)?shù)氐钠髽I(yè)家無法掌控。像發(fā)展中國(guó)家的許多類似行業(yè)一樣，孟加拉國(guó)的成衣制造業(yè)受困于國(guó)際品牌零售商的“鐵三角”，即以最低的價(jià)格要求最高的質(zhì)量和最快的交貨期（布朗，2011）。孟加拉國(guó)的國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)由出口導(dǎo)向型的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策驅(qū)動(dòng)，廢除了其作為社會(huì)權(quán)利的捍衛(wèi)者的作用（卡恩，2001），他們保衛(wèi)的“嚴(yán)格管制的環(huán)境”（穆罕默德，2007，第185頁）給予企業(yè)主最大限度的自由。這項(xiàng)研究的