數(shù)控專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計英文翻譯--制造系統(tǒng)設(shè)計

1、<p>　　Production Systems Design</p><p>　　The design of a production system starts with the design of the product to be manufactured. Figure 6. 1 describes a typical sequence of steps starting with a pro

2、duct design concept that culminates in a final product design for manufacture. Product engineers are those individuals in a manufacturing organization most familiar with the function of a product.and the customers' c

3、hanging needs relative to that product.</p><p>　　Figure 6. 1 The design manufacturing Interface.</p><p>　　Arts-Way Manufacturing is a manufacturer of farm machinery in Armstrong, Iowa. As soon a

4、s the beet harvesting season comes to an end at the end of summer, Arts Way product engineering and marketing personnel evaluate their most recent harvester design successes and any unique conditions or problems that aff

5、ected the performance of their equipment. There’s nothing like a harvest to bring to light the strengths and weaknesses of a harvester design. As soon as the harvester performance information </p><p>　　Archi

6、tectural and Engineering (A&E) business often applies in this situation: "Sooner or later you have to shoot the engineer and build the building." The best compromise often is for some product improvements t

7、o wait for next year's product design. It will be noted in reviewing Figure 6. 1 that much of the shove effort lies in interactions between product engineering, manufacturing engineering, and production. The manuf

8、acture of a new design is always a process of discovery. In Frederick W. </p><p>　　the machine. When the stronger part was molded. It would be Installed on the machine, the machine would run for some seconds

9、, minuites, or hours. And would fail again, often in a different place, and the process would be repeated. Ultimately, a machine design would evolve that would produce a machine that would run all the time. These machine

10、s were sold to customers. With today's perfected engineering knowledge it is much more likely that the design will perform as designed, if not the first tim</p><p>　　Computer-Aided Drafting and design (C

11、ADD)</p><p>　　Whereas design may have been accomplished with a stick on the molding shop floor in Tailor's time, CAD/CAE/CAM (computer-aided design, computer-aided engineering ,computer-aided manufacturi

12、ng) is becoming the preferred means today for producing designs. Most people think of CADD (computer-aided drafting and design) as simply electronic drafting, which greatly understates the computer revolution associated

13、with the tasks implied in Figure 6. 1. The following excerpt from a paper by Floyd concerni</p><p>　　CAD/CAE/CAM for the Automotive Industry</p><p>　　Bryan Floyd</p><p>　　Executive

14、Manager</p><p>　　Mechanical Design/Engigneering/Manunfacturing. Intergraph Corp</p><p>　　Fully integrated design, engineering, and manufacturing. Automotive manufacturing is a complex business t

15、hat integrates the efforts of many departments and disciplines. Tools that promote the integration of design, engineering, and manufacturing processes yield the greatest productivity benefits. Intergraph offers automaker

16、s the master model Concept a</p><p>　　single Intelligent product definition that drives all aspects of development, from concept through production. Intergraph’s tightly integrated systems eliminate interme

17、diate transfer or re-entry of data between design. Analysis, and manufacturing phases. Additionally, all product development capabilities are simultaneously accessible through a single user interface, allowing engineers

18、to combine functions, as needed, without changing environments, Conceptual design and styling. Intergraph system</p><p>　　Plastics design and analysis. When Integrated Into the mechanical design process, pla

19、stics design and analysis functions can improve the quality of plastic components, increase yield, and reduce manufacturing cycle times. Plastics engineers can predict plastics behavior under molding conditions using the

20、 injection Flow Analysis (I/FLO) package. The FLOW model can then be used in conjunction with the Plastics Cooling Analysis (l/COOL) software to analyze heat transfer in cooling circuit layouts. </p><p>　　Me

21、chanism and kinematic analysis. Engineers designing mechanical systems must determine how forces and motions vary over time to achieve performance goals and eliminate part to part Interference. With Mechanical Systems Mo

22、deler (I/MSM). engineers analyze motions and part to part interactions and conduct kinematic and kinetostatic analyses with the built in solution program. To conduct static equilibrium and dynamic analyses, engineers hav

23、e access to I/MSM's modeling and post processing functions</p><p>　　Manufacturing capabilities. The diversity of processes required in automotive production demands a versatile set of manufacturing tools

24、. Intergraph manufacturing solutions include the Industry's broadest range of NC programming and fabrication tools, I/NC. Intergraph 's off line programming environment. Supports machining capabilities for multip

25、le-axis milling, thermal cutting, wire EDM, turret punching, and turning. Integrated fabrication software addresses flat pattern development and nesting </p><p>　　Integrated designand manufacturing. To minim

26、ize production lead times, Increase equipment and material yields, and reduce errors. Intergraph offers automakers complete CAD-to-CAM integration. M8nufacturing processes are developed directly from the design model, An

27、 intelligent database structure automatically maintains the relationships between component geometries, toolpaths, machine and tool characteristics, and other variables to greatly reduce the input required to generate, m

28、aintain, and ver</p><p>　　Electronic design and analysis. The Increasing electronic content of automobiles demands coordination of electronic and mechanical design processes. To satisfy this demand Intergrap

29、h provides a full suite of Integrated electronics design applications. The Design Engineer series of products works in conjunction with mechanical design applications to</p><p>　　promote a concurrent enginee

30、ring environment</p><p>　　Facilities mauagement. To operate at peak efficiency. manufacturing facilities must optimize spatial and functional relationships. Designers can avoid trial-and-error space planning

31、 and factory layout with Project Planner, a software package that models facilities, simulates manufacturing scenarios, and determines an optimal "lit" within the building envelope.</p><p>　　Comput

32、er Aided Process Planning.According to the Tool & Manufacturing Engineers Handbook, process planning is the systematic determination of the methods by which a product is to be manufactured economically and documentat

33、ion. Processes, machines, tools, operations, and sequences must be selected. Such factors as feeds, speeds, tolerances, dimensions, and costs must be calculated. Finally, documents in the form of setup instructions, work

34、 instructions, illustrated process sheets, and routings mu</p><p>　　Most manufacturing engineers would agree that, if ten different planners were asked to develop a process plan for the same part, they would

35、 probably come up with ten different plans. Obviously, and, in fact, there is no guarantee that any one of them will constitute the optimum method for manufacturing the part.</p><p>　　What may be even more d

36、isturbing is that a process plan developed for a part during a current manufacturing program may be quote different form the plan developed for the same or similar part during a previous manufacturing program and it may

37、never be used again for the same or similar part. That represents a lot of wasted effort and produces a great many inconsistencies in routing, tooling, labor requirements, costing, and possibly even purchase requirements

38、. </p><p>　　Of course, process plans should not necessarily remain static. As lot sizes change and new technology, equipment, and processes become available, the most effective way to manufacture a particula

39、r part also changes, and those changes should be reflected in current process plans released to the shop.</p><p>　　A planner must manage and retrieve a great deal of data and many documents, including establ

40、ished standards, mach-inability data, machine specifications, tooling inventories, stock availability, and existing process plans. This is primarily an information-handling job, and the computer is an ideal companion.<

41、;/p><p>　　There is anther advantage to using computers to help with process planning. Because the task involves many interrelated activities, determining the optimum plan requires many-iterations. Since compute

42、r can readily perform vast numbers of comparisons, many more alternative plans can readily perform vast numbers of comparisons, many more alternative plans can be explored than would be possible manually.</p><

43、p>　　A third advantage in the use of computer-aided process planning is uniformity.</p><p>　　Several specific benefits can be expected from the adoption of computer-aided process-planning techniques:</p

44、><p>　　Reduced clerical effort in preparation of instructions.</p><p>　　Fewer calculation errors due to human error.</p><p>　　Fewer oversights in logic or instructions because of the p

45、rompting capability available with interactive computer programs.</p><p>　　Immediate access to up-to-data information from a central database.</p><p>　　Consistent information, because every plan

46、ner accesses the same database..</p><p>　　Faster response to changes requested by engineering of other operating departments.</p><p>　　Automatic use of the latest revision of a part drawing.<

47、/p><p>　　More-detailed, more-uniform process-plan statements produced by word-processing techniques.</p><p>　　More-effective use of inventories of tools, gages and fixtures and a concomitant reduct

48、ion in the variety of those items.</p><p>　　Better communication with shop personnel because plans can be more specifically tailored to a particular task and presented in unambiguous, proven language.</p&

49、gt;<p>　　Better information for production planning, including cutter-life, forecasting, materials-requirements planning, scheduling, and inventory control.</p><p><b>　　制造系統(tǒng)設(shè)計</b></p>

50、;<p>　　制造系統(tǒng)設(shè)計開始于產(chǎn)品制造的設(shè)計，圖6.1介紹的是一項產(chǎn)品從概念設(shè)計到最后完成產(chǎn)品的典型的次序步驟。產(chǎn)品工程師是那些在產(chǎn)品制造業(yè)中最熟悉產(chǎn)品功能和客戶的不同需求的人。</p><p><b>　　圖6.1 </b></p><p>　　Art-Way農(nóng)機制造業(yè)廠商在啊姆斯特朗、愛荷華地區(qū)。在收獲季節(jié)即將結(jié)束時，Art-Way 的設(shè)計人員就會

51、衡量收割機設(shè)計的成功之處，械的工作條件，以及特殊情況影響了機械運行的問題，沒有什么可以象收割一樣來揭示收割機的優(yōu)點和不足了。盡快的收集收割機的工作資料信息和做出的評估以及經(jīng)銷商和客戶資金的投入。這樣，設(shè)計的改善和相關(guān)的動力改進將會馬上為了明年的更新進的收割機進行測試和生產(chǎn)。比較成熟的設(shè)計將會在以后的設(shè)計周期減少改進。這種小型廠商的利益,沒有自己產(chǎn)品的金額,在中央規(guī)劃 蘇聯(lián)經(jīng)濟能不斷成功復(fù)制。俄國人效仿啊姆斯特朗、愛荷華人，看他門農(nóng)機的設(shè)

52、計和分析去制造走自己的美國之路。</p><p>　　如果一切順利，在豐收季節(jié)之間將有足夠的9個月時間去做工程調(diào)整，補充，設(shè)計改進，以及物資調(diào)用。這樣明年的新收割機就會準(zhǔn)備好。工程上乞求多做實驗是很平常的。在建筑和工程上有句話：“Sooner or later you have to shoot the engineer and build the building。”最好的折衷往往是一些產(chǎn)品的改進等待明年的產(chǎn)品

53、設(shè)計</p><p>　　回顧圖6.1上述辦法在產(chǎn)品工程、制造業(yè)工程學(xué)和生產(chǎn)之間的相互作用這種方式有著很大的幫助。一個新的制造設(shè)計總是體現(xiàn)一個發(fā)現(xiàn)的過程。在Frederick W.Taylor 當(dāng)天零件制造商會畫出模具圖，用更好的機械做出模具從而生產(chǎn)零件。當(dāng)生產(chǎn)出來的更好的零件被安裝在機械中，這個部件會一直不停的運轉(zhuǎn) ，不停的重復(fù)一個運動過程來測試它的強度。最終一個一直使用的老部件將被它取代，機械的設(shè)計也將演變。

54、這些被通過完善的設(shè)計理念和設(shè)計方法制造出的機器被賣給了客戶，如果不是第一次設(shè)計則以前的設(shè)計將被用作借鑒原型。專家系統(tǒng)和Taguchi方法將在本文后面解釋，可靠性高，優(yōu)質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品是在優(yōu)秀的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計和最佳的制造手段的前提下制造的。</p><p><b>　　計算機輔助草圖設(shè)計</b></p><p>　　在Taylor時間內(nèi)，設(shè)計就是基礎(chǔ)。計算機輔助設(shè)計/計算機輔助制造/

55、計算機輔助工藝設(shè)計今天正在成為首選方式制作設(shè)計. 大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為,作為單純的電子起草設(shè)計是最好的設(shè)計方式。然而人們大大低估了計算機革命對人類的隱含意義。圖6.1 以下節(jié)錄了一份有關(guān)使用弗洛伊德在汽車工業(yè)提供一些具體例子。今天電腦革命已經(jīng)被設(shè)計人士用做全面性整體策劃產(chǎn)品設(shè)計。</p><p>　　自動化工業(yè)中的CAD/CAE/CAM</p><p><b>　　布萊恩弗洛伊德<

56、/b></p><p><b>　　行政經(jīng)理</b></p><p>　　機械設(shè)計/工程/制造Intergraph總公司</p><p>　　自動話制造是許多部門促進設(shè)計、工程、制造的整合，一系列的生產(chǎn)線推進一體化設(shè)計、工藝、產(chǎn)量提高，是促進設(shè)計的綜合化的工具而且給制造的過程產(chǎn)生很多的好處。Intergraph提供汽車制造者主要式樣概念：

57、獨特，聰明的產(chǎn)品限定使得所有方面有了很大的發(fā)展，從概念到生產(chǎn)，Intergraph的緊緊集成了系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)再進入設(shè)計、分析和制造業(yè)階段，另外，沒有變化的環(huán)境，所有產(chǎn)品開發(fā)和聯(lián)合設(shè)計都是通過一個單用戶接口使得得到允許工程師在需要時可以共同使用。精確的幾何學(xué)模式。制造工程師可以精確地描述復(fù)雜表面和完全地塑造零件模型。Intergraph適應(yīng)這些需要基于高度準(zhǔn)確不均勻的合理的多槽軸(NURBS)的工程數(shù)學(xué)產(chǎn)生的 (I/EMS)工程學(xué)。Inter

58、graph通過卓越的先進零件塑造提供給給凸輪供營商作為產(chǎn)品的分析和制造。</p><p>　　實體造型。在設(shè)計一輛汽車,工程師必須知道關(guān)鍵性能包括群眾和位移量,自己只是提供實體建模技術(shù).實體包括很多設(shè)計參數(shù)例如容量，斷面面積、回旋半徑，轉(zhuǎn)動慣量，許多密度和其他在I/EMS包,括作為支持軟件的實體造型的軟</p><p><b>　　件部分</b></p>

59、<p>　　裝配設(shè)計和配置管理。汽車的發(fā)展有賴于豐富的數(shù)以千計的零件,應(yīng)用數(shù)據(jù)。</p><p>　　Intergraph提供產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)管理(I/PDM系統(tǒng))作為一個,完整的管理體系,并YO擁有產(chǎn)</p><p>　　品數(shù)據(jù)庫.不同的儲存地點的檔案,或是操作系統(tǒng)平臺,工程師可以找到并定位于任何</p><p>　　一種形式通過聯(lián)網(wǎng)取回數(shù)據(jù).</p&g

60、t;<p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析。設(shè)計建造之前模擬產(chǎn)品性能特點,用較少時間完成汽車設(shè)計,并減少了設(shè) 計量. 有限元分析技術(shù),協(xié)助確保制造績標(biāo)準(zhǔn),減少失敗的風(fēng)險。這些有利條件可以實現(xiàn)自動和交互式嚙合,細(xì)化和綜合技術(shù)求解、全功能后處理,并且連接 Intergraph所有的有限元建模(I/FEM)系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　塑膠設(shè)計與分析。當(dāng)并入機械設(shè)計過程中,設(shè)計分析功能可以提高塑料的塑料部件的質(zhì)量、增加產(chǎn)量、

61、效率，工程師可以預(yù)測塑料制造周期. 塑料工程師能在造型情況下預(yù)計塑料射入流程(I/FLOW)模具的過程。（ I/FLOW）模型在電路冷卻的過程中可能與冷卻分析(I/COOL)軟件的塑料一道分析然后再分析熱傳遞。通過分析溫度狀態(tài)，工程師可以減少塑料零件畸變和冷卻時間</p><p>　　機械和運動學(xué)分析。工程師設(shè)計的機械系統(tǒng)必須確定力和運動如何隨著時間的推移實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)目的目標(biāo),并消除部分部件之間干擾。用機械系統(tǒng)模型（

62、I/MSM）工程師分析產(chǎn)品內(nèi)在問題的解決方案，進行靜平衡與動態(tài)分析工程師們通過接口直接從第三方軟件建模和后處理。</p><p>　　制造能力。多樣性進程必須符合汽車生產(chǎn)的需求,以及靈活的生產(chǎn)工具。制造解決方案括包括了業(yè)界的最廣泛的編程和制作工具，人工/數(shù)控,多樣的離線編程環(huán)境，支持加工能.</p><p>　　綜合設(shè)計與制造。減少生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備時間，逐月增加設(shè)備及材料 ，減少錯誤,interg

63、raph直接從設(shè)計實體模型汽車開始提供完整的計算機輔助設(shè)計到輔助制造進程 ，智能化數(shù)據(jù)庫的建立自動保持關(guān)系的組成要素。機床及工具的特點,以及其他變數(shù),大大減少了,創(chuàng)造,維持,并核實制造所需要的數(shù)據(jù) 。</p><p>　　設(shè)施管理。經(jīng)營效率的高峰期,生產(chǎn)設(shè)施要優(yōu)化空間和功能的聯(lián)系。設(shè)計師能避免試誤空間規(guī)劃及工廠布局與項目規(guī)劃，一套軟件模型設(shè)施和聯(lián)合制造設(shè)施并確定了一個最佳"合適"的圍護<

64、/p><p>　　計算機輔助編制工藝規(guī)程。工藝過程是能夠經(jīng)濟地和有競爭力的將產(chǎn)品制造出來的一整套方法。它主要有選擇、計算和建立工藝文件組成。對加工方法、機床、刀具、工序和順序必須進行選擇。對于一些參數(shù)如進給量、速度、公差、尺寸和成本等應(yīng)該進行計算。最后，應(yīng)該建立工作過程安排、加工說明、帶工序簡圖的工藝過程卡片和加工路線等方面的工藝過程。工藝過程是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計和制造的中間環(huán)節(jié)。那么，它是如何將設(shè)計與制造連接起來的呢？<

65、;/p><p>　　大部分制造工程師都會同意這個看法，即如果10個不同的工藝人員編制同一個零件的工藝過程，他們很可能得出10種不同的方案。顯然，所有這些方案都不能反映最適當(dāng)?shù)闹圃旆椒ǎ?，事實上不能保證它們中的任何一個方案是由加工這零件的最好的方法組成的。</p><p>　　在目前的制造過程中的一個更為混亂的事情是，對于一個零件來說，現(xiàn)在所編制的工藝過程相差很多，而且這個工藝規(guī)程可能再也不

66、會應(yīng)用于同一個零件或者相似零件。這說明很多工作都被浪費了，而且在工藝路線、工藝裝備、對工人的要求和成本等方面都不一致，甚至對外構(gòu)件的要求都不一樣。</p><p>　　當(dāng)工藝規(guī)程不應(yīng)該是一成不變的。隨著產(chǎn)品批量的變化和新技術(shù)、新設(shè)備、新加工方法的出現(xiàn)，加工制造某一特定零件最適當(dāng)?shù)姆椒ㄒ矔l(fā)生變化，而且這些變化應(yīng)該在車間目前使用的加工工藝規(guī)程中反映出來。</p><p>　　工藝人員應(yīng)該管理

67、和檢索大量的數(shù)據(jù)和很多文件，其中包括：已經(jīng)建立了的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、可加工型數(shù)據(jù)、機械的規(guī)格、工藝裝備的清單、原材料庫存量和一些目前正在應(yīng)用的工藝文件。這主要是一些信息處理工作，而計算機是完成這項工作的一個理想助手。</p><p>　　在編制工藝過程時應(yīng)用計算機還有一個優(yōu)點。因為這項工作涉及到許多相關(guān)聯(lián)系 </p><p>　　的事情，在確定最優(yōu)秀的方案時，需要進行許多迭代。由于計算機可以很容易地

68、</p><p>　　進行大量的比較工作，它比人工所能夠分析的可供選擇的方案要多得多。</p><p>　　采用計算機輔助編制工藝過程的第三個優(yōu)點是所編制的歸程具有一致性。</p><p>　　采油計算機輔助編制工藝規(guī)程可以獲得以下幾點好處：</p><p>　　更有效地利用庫存的刀具、量具和夾具，減少這些物品的種類。</p>

69、<p>　　由于能夠使工藝規(guī)程適合于某一項特定的工作，而且用清楚的、有理有據(jù)的采用文字處理技術(shù)，產(chǎn)生更詳細(xì)、更一致的工藝文件。</p><p>　　語言表達出來，因此，可以與車間的人員進行更好的交流。</p><p>　　可以更好地獲得編制工藝規(guī)程所需的信息，其中包括∶刀具壽命、預(yù)測、材料需求計劃、進度和庫存控制。在準(zhǔn)備工藝文件時，減少了書寫工作量。</p><

70、;p>　　減少了在進行人工計算時所產(chǎn)生的錯誤。</p><p>　　由于交互式計算機程序的提示功能而減少了在邏輯和說明方面的疏漏。</p><p>　　通過中心數(shù)據(jù)庫可以直接利用最新的信息。</p><p>　　由于每一個工藝人員都利用相同的數(shù)據(jù)庫，因此，可以保證信息的一致性。</p><p>　　對有其他部門的工程人員所提出的修改意見