機械加工專業(yè)畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　附 錄</b></p><p><b>　　Tool</b></p><p><b>　　Purpose </b></p><p>　　Upon completion of this unit, students will be able to: </p>

2、<p>　　* Rough and explain the difference between finishing. </p><p>　　* Choose the appropriate tool for roughing or finishing of special materials and processing. </p><p>　　* Recognition T

3、ool Cutting part of the standard elements and perspective. </p><p>　　* The right to protect the cutter blade. </p><p>　　* List of three most widely used tool material. </p><p>　　* D

4、escription of each of the most widely used knives made of the material and its processing of Applications. </p><p>　　* Space and inclination to understand the definition. </p><p>　　* Grinding d

5、ifferent tools, plus the principle of space and inclination. </p><p>　　* To identify different forms of space and the inclination to choose the application of each form. </p><p>　　The main point

6、s of knowledge: </p><p>　　Rough-finished alloy steel casting material </p><p>　　Scattered surplus carbide ceramic materials (junction of the oxide) Tool </p><p>　　With a chip breaki

7、ng the surface roughness of the D-cutter knives diamonds </p><p>　　After Kok flank behind the standard point of (former) angle off-chip </p><p>　　Side front-side appearance and the outline of th

8、e former Kok (I. Kok) </p><p>　　Grinding carbon tool steel front-fast finishing horn of rigid steel </p><p>　　Double or multiple-side flank before the dip angle oblique angle </p><p&g

9、t;　　Surface-radius Slice root for curling </p><p>　　Rough and finishing tool </p><p>　　Cutting speed only in the surface roughness not required when it is not important. Rough the most important

10、 thing is to remove the excess material scattered. Only in surface roughness of the finishing time is important. Unlike rough, finishing the slow processing speed. Chip off with the D-knives, better than the standard poi

11、nt of knives, in Figure 9-10 A, is designed for cutting depth and design, for example, a 5 / 16-inch box cutter blade of the maximum depth of cut 5 / 16 inches, and an 8 mm </p><p>　　And the standard tool of

12、 the Corner, compared with chip breaking tool for the Corner is in its on and get grooving, Figure 9-10 B. This tool generally used to block the Corner of rough finishing. While this tool Corner blocks have sufficient st

13、rength to carry out deep cut, but the longer the chip will cut off the plane around after shedding a lot of accumulation. Chip is so because the tangles and sharp, and the operator is a dangerous, so this is a chip from

14、the need to address the problem. Dou</p><p>　　Cutting Tools appearance </p><p>　　Appearance, sometimes called the contour of the floor plan is where you see the vision or the top down or look at

15、 the surface. Figure 9-11 illustrate some of the most common form, those who could be on the cutting tools and grinding out successfully be used. National Standards in its thread-cutting tool on a tiny plane can be as GB

16、 thread, the Anglo-American unity and international standards screw threads. A special tool to outline the thread of the plane is to be ground into the correct size. </p><p>　　Tools Corner fixed </p>

17、<p>　　Corner to a number of knives around the 15 degree angle while the other knives and cutting of the straight. When the mill in Figure 9-12 A and 9-12 B, for example by the space and the inclination, these must f

18、actor into consideration in the review. Figure 9-12 B Tool Corner block the angle is zero, compared with 9-12 A map is a heavier cutting tools, and the 9-12 A map will take more heat. The same amount of space in front of

19、 the two cases are the same. </p><p>　　Tool Corner block component and the angle </p><p>　　Figure 9-13 Tool Corner block an integral part of the name, and plans 9-14 point of the name, is the ma

20、chinery industry standards. </p><p>　　Grinding Wheel Tool Corner Block </p><p>　　When the cutter is fixed in the middle of Dao, Tool Corner block can not be the grinding. Can not do so for the r

21、easons: because of the large number of Dao and extra weight, making Corner together with the grinding is a clumsy and inefficient way. Too much pressure could be added to round on the sand. This can cause the wheel Bengl

22、ie wheel or because of overheating and the rift on the Corner Tool damage. There are grinding to the possibility of Dao. </p><p><b>　　Grinding </b></p><p>　　A craftsman in his toolbo

23、x, should always be a small pocket lining grinding tool. Alumina lining a grinding tool as carbon tool steel and high speed steel tool tool. The silicon carbide lining grinding tool grinding carbide cutting tools. Cuttin

24、g Tools should always maintain smooth and sharp edge, so that the life expectancy of long knives and processing the surface smooth. </p><p>　　Cutting tool materials </p><p>　　Carbon tool steel c

25、utter Corner block usually contains 1.3 percent to 0.9 percent of carbon. These make use of the cutting tool in their tempering temperature higher than about 400 degrees Fahrenheit (205 degrees Celsius) to 500 degrees Fa

26、hrenheit (260 degrees Celsius) remained hardness, depending on the content of carbon. These temperature higher than that of carbon tool steel cutter will be changed soft, and it will be the cutting edge. Damaged. Grindin

27、g blades or cutting speed faster when usi</p><p>　　Low-alloy steel cutting tool in the carbon steel tools added tungsten, cobalt, vanadium alloying elements such as the consequences. These elements and the h

28、ardness of high-carbon carbide. Increased tool wear resistance. Alloy tool steel that is to say there will be no hard and fast with hot red when the knife's edge can still continue to use it. Low-alloy steel cutting

29、tool is relatively small for a modern processing. </p><p>　　High-speed steel with tungsten of 14 percent to 22 percent, or Containing 1.5% to 6% of the W-Mo (molybdenum which accounted for 6 percent to 91 pe

30、rcent). From high-speed steel tool made of a rigid heat, some high-speed steel also contains cobalt, which is formed of rigid factor. Cobalt containing high-speed steel tool can maintain hardness, more than 1,000 degrees

31、 Fahrenheit (or 540 degrees Celsius) blade will become soft and easily damaged. After cooling, the tool will harden. When grinding, y</p><p>　　Zhucheng a variety of metal alloy materials have a special name

32、called Carbide, such as containing tungsten carbide cobalt chrome. In little or iron carbide. However, its high-speed steel cutting speed than the maximum cutting speed is higher 25 percent to 80 percent. Carbide Tool Ge

33、neral for cutting force and the intermittent cutting processing, such as processing Chilled Iron. </p><p>　　The past, Carbide Tool is mainly used for processing iron, but now carburizing tool for processing

34、all the metal. </p><p>　　Carbide Tool into the body than to the high-speed steel tool or casting - lighter alloy cutting tools, because tend to be used as a tool carbide cutting tools. Pure tungsten, carbon

35、carburizing agent or as a dipping formation of the tungsten carbide, suitable for the cast iron, aluminum, non-iron alloy, plastic material and fiber of the machining. Add tantalum, titanium, molybdenum led to the carbon

36、 steel The hardness of higher tool, this tool suitable for processing all types of steel. In manuf</p><p>　　These cutting tools in the temperature is higher than 1,660 degrees F (870 degrees C) can also be e

37、fficiently used. Carbide Tool hardware than high-speed steel tool, used as a tool for better wear resistance. Carbide Tool in a high-speed Gangdao nearly three times the maximum cutting speed of the cutting rate cutting.

38、 </p><p>　　Made from diamonds to the cutting tool on the surface finish and dimensional accuracy of the high demand and carbide cutting tools can be competitive, but these tools processing the material was m

39、ore difficult, and difficult to control. Metal, hard rubber and plastic substances can be effective tool together with diamonds and annoyance to the final processing. </p><p>　　Ceramic tool (or mixed oxide)

40、is mixed oxide. With 0-30 grade alumina mixture to do, for example, contains about 89 percent to 90 percent of alumina and 10 percent to 11 percent of titanium dioxide. Other ceramic tool is used with the tiny amount of

41、the second oxides Mixed together the cause of pure alumina. </p><p>　　Ceramic tools in more than 2,000 degrees F (1095 degrees C) temperature of the work is to maintain strength and hardness. Cutting rates t

42、han high-carbon steel knives to 50 percent or even hundreds of percentage. In addition to diamonds and titanium carbide, ceramic tool in the industry is now all the materials of the most hard cutting tool, especially at

43、high temperatures. </p><p>　　Tao structure easily broken in a specific situation, broken only carbon intensity of the half to two-thirds. Therefore, in cut, according to the proportion of cutting and milling

44、 would normally not be recommended. Ceramics cutting machine breakdown of failure is not usually wear failure, as compared with other materials, their lack of ductility and lower tensile strength. </p><p>　　

45、In short, the most widely used by the cutting tool material is cut high-speed steel, low alloy materials and carbide. </p><p>　　Gap and dip </p><p>　　Space and inclination of the principle is th

46、e most easily to the truck bed lathe tool bladed knives to illustrate. Shape, size of the gap, and dip the type and size will change because of machining. Similarly a grinding tool Corner block is just like brushing your

47、 teeth. </p><p>　　Gap tool to stop the edge of friction with the workpiece. If there is no gap in Figure 9-15A in the small blades, knives and the side will wear will not be cutting. If there are gaps in Fig

48、ure 9-15 B, will be a cutting tool. This basic fact apply to any type of tool. </p><p>　　Clearance was cutting the size depends on material and the cutting of the material deformation. For example, aluminum

49、is soft and easy to slightly deformed or uplift, when the cutter Corner into space within the perspective and the perspective of the space under, the equivalent in steel mill and will very quickly broken. Table 9-1 (No.

50、340) that different materials grinding space and perspective. </p><p>　　The correct amount of space will be properly protected edge. Too much space will cause the blade vibration (fibrillation), and may edge

51、 of total collapse. Tool Corner for the slab block must have a backlash, behind (in front) gap, knife and cut-corner. The main cutting edge is almost as all the cutting work at the cutting edge of the cutting tool on the

52、 edge, on the left or right-lateral knives, or cutting tool in the end, cut off on a cutter. </p><p>　　Backlash angle for example, the role of a lathe tool Corner to the left block when it mobile. If there i

53、s no backlash Kok, Fig 9-16 A, with the only tool will be part of friction rather than cutting. If a suitable backlash Kok, Fig 9-16 B, will be cutting edge and will be well supported. If I have too many gaps, Fig 9-16 C

54、, the edge will not support leading tool vibration (fibrillation) and may be completely broken. </p><p>　　Tool gap to the front or rear of the role when it fixed to zero, as shown in Figure 9-17. If not in f

55、ront of the Gap. Figure 9-17 A, the tool will not only friction and cutting. If a suitable space in front, Fig 9-17 B, but also a good tool will be cutting edge will be well supported. If a big gap in front of Ms, Fig 9-

56、17 C, the tool will lack support, will have a vibrate, and cutting edge may be pressure ulcer. </p><p>　　Figure 9-18 illustrate the gap in front of a lathe tool, when it with a 15 degree angle when fixed. Th

57、e same amount of space on the front fixed to zero, and around the cutter, but the tool is the relatively thin. So the heat away from the blade less. </p><p>　　Typically, front-side or front-not too big in Fi

58、gure 9-19. It is usually from zero degrees to 20 degrees change, an average of about 15 degrees. There are clear advantages, according to the following: good cutting angle so that the cutting edge of the work was well, b

59、ut relatively thin chips. Cutting Tools is the weakest part. By the former angle, the blade In the form of points around the workpiece. Cutting Edge shock will cause the entire tool vibration. When cutting the work nearl

60、y completed,</p><p>　　The following formula using triangulation to explain: </p><p>　　Kok cosine A = right-angle-B / C Xiebian </p><p>　　Or cosine of 30 degrees = b / c </p>

61、<p>　　0.886 = b/0.010 </p><p>　　b = 0.866 * 0.010 </p><p>　　b = 0.00866 (bladed too thin) </p><p>　　When the mobile tool, the purpose of front-to be processed to eliminate from

62、 the surface of the cut-cutting tools. This angle is usually from 8 degrees to 15 degrees, but in exceptional circumstances it as much as 20 degrees to 30 degrees. If there is no gap in Figure 9-20 A, cutting tools will

63、be tied up, sharp beep, and the rivets may be the first to die away. The appropriate space, in Figure 9-20 B, cutting tool will be cutting well. </p><p>　　A manufacturing plant or cut off the fast-cutter bla

64、de with three space, in a root-surface or surface and the other in bilateral level, in Figure 9-21. If a tool Corner block from the date of the face, It can have up to five space, in Figure 9-22. Grooving tool sometimes

65、known as area reduction tool used to cut a groove in the shallow end of the thread. </p><p>　　Inclination is the top tool inclination or, in the Tool Corner block on the surface. Changes depending on the ang

66、le of the cutting material. Improvement of the cutting angle, the blade shape, and guidelines from the chip from the edge of the direction. Chip dip under the direction named. For example, if a chip from the edge cutter

67、outflow, it is called anterior horn. If the chip to the back of the outflow, that is, to the Dao, which is known as the horn. Some mechanical error and the staff horn </p><p>　　Single tool like Tool Corner b

68、lock may be the only edge of the blade side oblique angle, or in the back, only to end on the edge of the horn, or they may have roots in the face or front surface of the main Cutting edge of the blade and cutting edge o

69、f the horn and a roll angle of the portfolio. In the latter case, cut off most of the surface with a cutter and a chip to the point of view in the tool horn and roll angle in both directions has been moved out. </p>

70、;<p>　　Two different roll angle in Figure 9-23 A and 9-23 B was an example. Angle depends on the size and type of material was processed. </p><p>　　9-24 A map in Figure 9-24 B and gives examples of ze

71、ro to a fixed cutter after the two different angle. In Figure 9-25 B and 9-25 A Tool to the regular 15-degree angle. Figure 9-26 tool to display a 15 degree angle fixed, but in this case a tool to roll angle after angle

72、and the combination of form close to the workpiece. Double or multiple chips to lead the inclination angle of a mobile or two away from the edge of the back and side to stay away from the cutter. </p><p>　　C

73、omparison of various horn, shown in Figure 9-27, Corner of the horn of a negative point of view, and zero is the point of view. These dip in the Corner cutter on the manifestation of a decision in the hands of the proces

74、sing needs of the pieces. After Kok was the size of the type of materials processing, and knives in Dao fixed on the way. </p><p>　　The type of lateral oblique angle </p><p>　　Figure 9-28 exampl

75、es of tools Corner blocks and four different types of lateral oblique angle of the cross-sectional. Figure 9-28 A, is zero lateral oblique angle, like some of the brass materials, some bronze and some brittle plastic mat

76、erial is particularly necessary. Standard side oblique angle, in Figure 9-28 B, is the most common one of the bevel side. In the ductile material on the deep cut, easy to chip in the tool around the accumulation of many,

77、 and this will cause danger to the operato</p><p>　　Chip laps volumes, Figure 9-28 C, is one of the best types of inclination, especially in the ductile material on the special deep cutting. Chip small crimp

78、 in close formation against the Dao of bladed knives against the will of the rupture. The chip rolled up to maintain a narrow trough of the chip will guarantee that the width of closely Lane Vol. The chip is very easy to

79、 handle. Volume circle with a chip is not a cut-chip. </p><p>　　Chip cut off, in Figure 9-28 D, leading to chip in the corner was cut off, and then to small chips fell after the chip. The need to cut off a c

80、hip provides up to 25 percent of the force. This inclination of the stickiness of the steel is good. </p><p><b>　　Gap Kok </b></p><p>　　When cutting any material time, the gap should

81、 always be the smallest size, but the gap should never angle than the required minimum angle small space. The gap is too small knives Kok will lead to friction with the workpiece. Choice of space at the corner to observe

82、 the following points: </p><p>　　1. When processing hardness, stickiness of the material, the use of high-speed steel tool cutting angle should be in the space of 6 to 8 degrees, and the use of carbon tool s

83、teel cutter at the corner of the gap in size should be 5 degrees to 7 degrees. </p><p>　　2. When the processing of carbon steel, low carbon steel, cast iron when the gap angle should be the size of high-spee

84、d steel tool 8 degrees to 12 degrees, and carbon tool steel cutter 5 degrees to 10 degrees. </p><p>　　3. Scalability when processing materials such as copper, brass, bronze, aluminum, iron, etc. Zhanxing mat

85、erials, space Kok should be the size of high-speed steel tool 12 degrees to 16 degrees, carbon steel knives 8 degrees to 14 , Mainly because of the plastic deformation of these metals. This means that, when the cutter an

86、d around them, the soft metal to some minor deformation or protruding, and this tool will be friction. At this time, we must have a tool on the additional space.</p><p><b>　　刀 具</b></p>&l

87、t;p><b>　　目的</b></p><p>　　在完成這一個單元之后，學生將會能夠:</p><p>　　* 解釋粗加工和精加工之間的差別。</p><p>　　* 選擇適當?shù)牡毒哌M行粗加工或精加工和對特殊材料的加工。</p><p>　　* 識別刀具切削部分的標準組成要素和角度。</p>&l

88、t;p>　　* 正確地保護刀具的刀刃。</p><p>　　* 列出三種使用最廣泛刀具材料。</p><p>　　* 描述利用每種最廣泛使用過的材料做成的刀具的特性及其在加工中的應用。</p><p>　　* 了解間隙和傾角的定義。</p><p>　　* 修磨不同刀具的時，加間隙和傾角的原則。</p><p>

89、　　* 識別不同形式的間隙和傾角而選擇每種形式的應用范圍。</p><p><b>　　主要的知識點：</b></p><p>　　粗加工 高速鋼 精加工 合金鑄造材料</p><p>　　零散的過剩材料 硬質(zhì)合金 陶瓷 ( 接合了氧化物 ) 刀具</p><p>　　表面粗糙度 帶有斷屑器的右旋刀具 金

90、鋼石刀具 </p><p>　　后角 后刀面 標準的角度 背后（前）角 斷屑器 </p><p>　　側(cè)前角 外形和輪廓 側(cè)前角 ( 導角)</p><p>　　研磨 碳素工具鋼 前角 快速精加工鋼 后角 熱硬性</p><p>　　雙重的或復式的傾角 前刀面

91、 側(cè)角 斜角度</p><p>　　基面 根面半徑 薄片卷邊器</p><p>　　粗加工和精加工的刀具</p><p>　　切削速度只有在對表面粗糙度不做要求的時候才不重要。粗加工最主要的是盡快地去除過剩的零散材料。表面粗糙度只有在精加工的時候才是重要。不像粗加工 ,精加工的加工速度慢。帶斷屑器的右旋刀具 , 勝于標準角度的刀具 , 如

92、圖 9-10 A, 是專為深度切削而設計 , 舉例來說 , 一 個5/16英寸的方形刀具刀刃最多只能切深 5/16英寸,而且一個 8 毫米方形刀具刀尖塊將會切削到8 毫米深處, 這一個刀具刀尖塊將會非?？烨谐嘤嗟慕饘?。薄片處理的優(yōu)點是 , 在小的緊密刀片中被細化。這種刀具也是一個很好的精加工刀具。但請不要混淆了薄片刀具和帶斷屑器的刀具。一個斷屑器實際上是切斷對刀具反作用的切屑薄片。</p><p>　　與標準的

93、刀具的刀尖相比較，帶斷屑器的刀具的刀尖是在其上開槽而得到的,圖 9-10 B。這一個刀具的刀尖塊普遍用于粗精加工當中。雖然這種刀具刀尖塊有足夠的強度來進行深削 , 但是較長的切屑會在切斷機的周圍積聚很多后才脫落。因為切屑是如此的被纏結(jié)和鋒利，并且對操作員是一種危險，所以這是切屑引起一個需處理問題。雙倍，或者三倍之速的進給將會幫助解決, 但這必然會需要更大的馬力并切屑仍然容易很長。因為慢速的加工, 然而，這一個刀具將會動作得好而且由于小的

94、根面半徑將會使加工表面光滑。特別是加工灰口鑄鐵時更是如此。</p><p><b>　　切削刀具的外形</b></p><p>　　外形 , 有時叫做輪廓是你所在平面圖中見到視野的或往下看頂端或表面。圖 9-11 舉例說明一些常見的外形，那些能在刀具上被磨出來的而且成功地被使用的。國標的螺紋切削刀具在其端上有微小平面能作為國標螺紋，英美統(tǒng)一螺紋和國際標準螺紋。刀具對于

95、一個特別輪廓的螺紋的平面是要被磨成的正確尺寸。</p><p><b>　　工具刀尖的固定</b></p><p>　　一些刀具刀尖以一個大約的 15個度的角而其他的刀具把平直地切削的。當磨如 圖9-12A和9-12B所舉例的間隙和傾角的時候，這些因數(shù)一定進入考慮之內(nèi)。圖 9-12B 的刀具刀尖塊是零度的角，與圖9-12A相比，是一種較重的切削刀具，而且圖9-12A的

96、會帶走更多熱。相同量的前面間隙對兩者情況是一樣的。</p><p>　　刀具刀尖塊的組成部分和角度</p><p>　　圖9-13 刀具刀尖塊組成部分名字的，和圖9-14 角度的名字,是機械行業(yè)的標準。</p><p><b>　　砂輪磨的刀具刀尖塊</b></p><p>　　當?shù)毒吖潭ㄔ谡栋阎袝r，刀具刀尖塊是不能被

97、修磨的。不能這么做作的理由:由于刀把的大量和額外重量，使得刀尖與其一起修磨是個笨拙的和無效率的方法。太多壓力可能被加到沙輪上。這能造成砂輪的崩裂或由于過熱和砂輪的裂痕對刀具的刀尖損壞。也有磨到了刀把的可能性。</p><p><b>　　研磨</b></p><p>　　一個工匠在他的工具箱里應該總是有小口袋搪磨工具。一個氧化鋁搪磨工具作為碳素工具鋼和高速鋼刀具的工具

98、。而碳化矽搪磨工具可修磨碳化物刀具。切削刀具應該時常保持刃口光滑的和鋒利的 , 使刀具的使用壽命長和加工的工件表面光滑。</p><p><b>　　切削刀具的材料</b></p><p>　　碳素工具鋼刀具刀尖塊通常含有 1.3% 到 0.9% 的碳。用這些鋼做成的切削刀具能在高于他們回火溫度大約華氏400 度 (攝氏205度) 到華氏500 度 (攝氏260 度)

99、時仍然保持硬度，這要取決于碳的含量的。高于這些溫度碳素工具鋼刀具將會變?nèi)彳洠宜娜锌趯?。破損。修磨刀刃或切削速度快時用碳素工具鋼制成的刀具就會發(fā)藍，此時就會發(fā)生上述的想象。刀具必然會被再次硬化和再次被回火。因此在現(xiàn)代加工中幾乎不用碳素工具鋼作為刀刃。</p><p>　　低合金刃具鋼是在碳素工具鋼中加入了鎢、鈷、釩等合金元素所構(gòu)成的。這些元素與碳形成高硬度的碳化物。提高了刀具的耐磨性。合金工具鋼不會有熱硬性

100、也就是說具有在刀刃發(fā)紅時仍可以繼續(xù)使用。低合金刃具鋼也比較少用于現(xiàn)代加工中。</p><p>　　高速鋼含鎢量為14%~22%或含有1.5%~6%的鎢鉬（其中鉬占6%~91%）。由高速鋼制成的刀具有熱硬性，一些高速鋼中還含有鈷，這也是形成熱硬性的因素。含鈷的高速鋼刀具還能保持硬度，高于華氏1000度（或攝氏540度）刀刃會變軟且容易破損。冷卻后，刀具又會變硬。當修磨時就得小心，因為過熱和驟冷使外廓崩裂</p