機械設(shè)計，外文翻譯，自動化機器人規(guī)劃

1、<p>　　(1)To meet domestic small quantity multiple types of demand, research Flexible automatic assembly robot technology is very important. This paper presents a small can be used for a wide variety of mechanical an

2、d electrical products assembled four-position rotary robot flexible assembly workstations, introduced its structure, functions and control systems. Rotary flexible robot assembly workstation suitable for a variety of sma

3、ll electromechanical products automatic assembly, the system posed diff</p><p>　　As electronic technology and the rise of Software Technology, modern industrial production appeared to flexible manufacturing

4、technology and flexible assembly technology as the representative of a series of advanced manufacturing technology, The emergence of these technologies to meet the multiple varieties, small quantities of personalized pro

5、ducts to the market demand. man from the heavy labor repeat liberation, lower product costs, shorten the production cycle, improve the market competitiven</p><p>　　To meet the increasing globalization of com

6、petition in the market, more and more manufacturers have gradually shifted their production patterns from a single species, mass production to more varieties and small batch production. And the introduction of modern int

7、egrated manufacturing system CIMS, that is, they use the computer to the traditional manufacturing technology and modern information technology, management technology, automation technology and systems engineering techno

8、logy combined wit</p><p>　　Modern manufacturing technology to the development of the traditional manual assembly process is facing severe challenges. Automatic assembly is aimed at reducing or instead of rel

9、ying on manual skills and judgment for the complex assembly operations, thereby enhancing the efficiency of production and ensuring product quality. flexible assembly systems such as CIMS has become such a modern manufac

10、turing system an important part, Special adapted to the large-scale, small quantity and variety of p</p><p>　　(2)Turning The engine lathe ,one of the oldest metal remove machines, has a number of useful and

11、 desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.</p><p>　　The engine lathe has been replaced in today’s

12、production shops by a wide variety of automatic tracer lathe , turret lathe , and automatic screw , and the advantages of tools for finish and accuracy , are now at the designer’s fingertips with production speeds on a p

13、ar with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today . </p><p>　　Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator .The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances

14、of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator . In redesigning an experimental part for production , economical tolerances should be used .</p><p>　　Turret Lathes

15、Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, in terms of ability to repeat accurately and rapidly. Applying this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific metho

16、d, the turret lathe merits a high rating.</p><p>　　In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. in achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the

17、 turret lathe , the designer should strive for a minimum of operations .</p><p>　　Automatic Screw Machines Generally , automatic screw machines fall into several categories ; single-spindle automatics , mul

18、tiple-spindle automatic chucking machines .Originally designed for rapid , automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts , the automatic screw machine has long since exceeded the confines of this narrow field

19、 , and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts . Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts mach</p><p>　　Automatic Screw Machine Since surface roug

20、hness depends greatly upon material turned, and feeds and speeds employed, minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic screw machine are not necessarily the most economical tolerances. </p><p>　　In some

21、 cases, tolerances of ±0.05mm are held in continuous production using but one cut. Groove width can be held to ±0.125mm on some parts. Bares and single-point finishes can be held to ±0.0125mm . On high-pro

22、ducing runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of ±0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn. </p><p>　　Milling With the exceptions of turning and drilling, milling i

23、s undoubtedly the most widely used method of removing metal. Well suited and readily adapted to the economical production of any quantity of parts, the almost unlimited versatility of the milling process merits the atten

24、tion and consideration of design seriously concerned with the manufacture of their product. </p><p>　　As in any other process, parts that have to be milled should be designed with economical tolerances that

25、can be achieved in production milling. If the parts is designed with to achieve these tolerances-and this will increase the cost of the part..</p><p>　　Grinding Grinding is one of the most widely used metho

26、ds of finishing parts to extremely close tolerance and fine surface finishes , Currently , there are grinders for almost every type of grinding operation . Particular design features of a part dictate to a large degree t

27、he type of grinding machine required. Where processing costs are excessive, parts redesigned to utilize a less expensive, higher output grinding method may be well worthwhile. For example, wherever possible the productio

28、n eco</p><p>　　Although grinding is usually consider a finished operation, it is often employed as a complete machining process on work which can be ground down from rough condition without being turned or o

29、therwise machined. Thus many types of forgings and other parts are finished and completely with grinding wheel at appreciable savings of time and expense. Classes of grinding machines include the following; cylindrical g

30、rinder, center less grinders, surface grinders, and tool and cutter grinders.</p><p>　　The cylindrical and centerless grinders are for straight cylindrical or taper work; thus alpines, shafts, and similar pa

31、rts are ground on cylindrical machine either of the common-center type or the centerless machine.</p><p>　　Thread grinders are used for grinding precision threads for thread gages, and threads on precision p

32、arts where the concentricity between the diameter of shaft and the pitch diameter of the thread must be held to close tolerances.</p><p>　　The internal grinders are used for grinding of precision holes, cyli

33、nder bores, and similar operations where bores of all kinds are to be finished.</p><p>　　The surface grinders are for finished all kinds of flat work, or work with plain surfaces which may be operated upon e

34、ither by the edge of a wheel or by the face of a grinding wheel. These machines may have reciprocating or rotating tables.</p><p>　　That branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions, time, and forc

35、es is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the analysis of stationary, those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems which change with time.</p&

36、gt;<p>　　Forces are transmitted into machine through mating surfaces, e.g.,froma gear to a shaft or from one gear through meshing teeth to another gear, from a connecting rod through a bearing to a lever, from a V

37、 belt to a pulley, or from a cam to a follower. It is necessary to know the magnitudes of these forces for a wariety of reasons. The distribution of forces at the boundaries or mating surface must be reasonable, and thei

38、r intensities must be within the working limits of the materials composing t</p><p>　　Some of the terms used in this phase of our studies are defined below.</p><p>　　Force Our earliest ideas con

39、cerning forces arose because of our desire to push, lift, or pull various objects. So force is the action of one body c\acting on another, our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direc

40、tion, and magnitude and these are called the characteristics of a force.</p><p>　　Matter Matter is any material or substance; if it is completely enclosed, it is called a body</p><p>　　Mass Ne

41、wton defined mass as the quantity of matter of a body as measured by its volume and density. This is not a very satisfactory definition because density is the mass of a unit volume. We can excuse Newton by surmising that

42、 he perhaps did not mean it to be a definition. Nevertheless, he recognized the fact that all bodies possess some inherent property that is different from weight. Thus, a moon rock has a certain constant amount of substa

43、nce, even though its moon weight different, its call</p><p>　　Inertia Inertia is the property of mass that causes it to resist any effort to change its motion. </p><p>　　Weight Weight it the f

44、orce of gravity acting upon a mass. The following quotation is pertinent:</p><p>　　The great advantage of SI unit is that there is one, and only one unit for each physical quantity—the metre for length, the

45、kilogram for mass, the newton for force, the second for time, etc. to be consistent with this unique feature, it follows that a given unit or word should not be used as an accepted technical name for two physical quantit

46、ies. However, for generation the term“weight” has been used in both technical and nontechnical fields to mean either the force of gravity acting on a o or t</p><p>　　Particle A particle a body whose dimensi

47、ons are so small that they may be neglected.</p><p>　　Rigid Body All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they are

48、 frequently assumed to be rigid, i. e. incapable of deformation, in order to simplify the analysis.</p><p>　　Deformable Body The rigid-body assumption cannot be used when internal stresses and strains due t

49、o the applied forces are to be analyzed. Thus we consider the body to be capable of deforming. Such analysis is frequently called elastic-body analysis, using the additional assumption that be body remains elastic within

50、 the range of the applied forces.</p><p>　　Newton’s Laws Newton’s three laws are:</p><p>　　Law 1 If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, the particle will either remain at rest or

51、 will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity.</p><p>　　Law 2 If the forces acting on a particle are not balanced, the particle will experience acceleration proportional to the resultant f

52、orce.</p><p>　　Law 3 When two particles react, a pair of interacting forces come into experience; these forces have the some magnitudes and opposite sense, and they act along the straight line common to the

53、 two particles.</p><p>　　(4)The human race has distinguished itself from all other forms of life by using tools and intelligence to create items that serve to make life easier and more enjoyable. Through the

54、 centuries, both the tools and the energy sources to power these tools have evolved to meet the increasing sophistication and complexity of mankind’s ideas.</p><p>　　In their earliest forms, tools primarily

55、consisted of stone instruments. Considering the relative simplicity of the items being made and the materials that were being shaped, stone was adequate. When iron tools were invented, durable metals and more sophisticat

56、ed articles could be produced. The twentieth century has been the creation of products made from the most durable and, consequently, the most unmachinable materials in history. In an effort to meet the manufacturing chal

57、lenges created by t</p><p>　　A similar evolution has taken place with the methods used to power our tools. Initially, tools were powered by muscles; either human or animal. However as the powers of water, wi

58、nds, steam, and electricity were harnessed, mankind was able to further extend manufacturing capabilities with new machine, greater accuracy, and faster machining rates.</p><p>　　Every time new tools, tool m

59、aterials, and power sources are utilized, the efficiency and capabilities of manufacturers are greatly enhanced. However as old problems and challenges arise so that the manufactures of today are faced with tough questio

60、ns such as the following: How do you drill a 2-mm diameter hole 670-mm deep without experiencing taper or runout? Is there a way to efficiently deburr passageways inside complex castings and guarantee 100% that no burrs

61、were missed? Is there a welding </p><p>　　Since the 1940s, a revolution in manufacturing has been taking place that once again allows manufacturing to meet demands imposed by increasingly sophisticated desig

62、ns and durable, but in many cases nearly unmachinable, materials. This manufacturing revolution is now, as it has been in the past, centered on the use of new tools and new manufacturing processes used for material remov

63、al, forming, and joining, known today as nontraditional manufacturing processes.</p><p>　　(1)為了適應(yīng)日益加劇的全球化市場競爭,越來越多的制造企業(yè)逐漸把生產(chǎn)模式由單一品種、大批量生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向多品種、中小批量生產(chǎn)。并且采用現(xiàn)代集成制造系統(tǒng)CIMS ,即利用計算機將傳統(tǒng)的制造技術(shù)與現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)、管理技術(shù)、自動化技術(shù)和系統(tǒng)工程技術(shù)

64、結(jié)合,用CIMS哲理構(gòu)成計算機化、信息化、智能化、集成化的先進制造系統(tǒng)。在產(chǎn)品的制造過程中,裝配是實現(xiàn)最終產(chǎn)品的特定功能的最后一道工序,裝配的經(jīng)濟重要性往往需要企業(yè)投入較大努力去改善裝配操作的效率和成本。對中小批量產(chǎn)品裝配來說,專用特制固定設(shè)備是不經(jīng)濟的,一旦改換產(chǎn)品種類,設(shè)備需更新?lián)Q代,造成大量資金浪費。在這種情況下,柔性裝配系統(tǒng)FAS提供了一個柔性化解決辦法。FAS的開發(fā)是為了敏捷響應(yīng)產(chǎn)品需求的動態(tài)變化,打破勞動密集型和剛性自動化混

65、雜的生產(chǎn)模式,采用柔性的自動化系統(tǒng)。FAS 的柔性在于系統(tǒng)能夠處理裝配線上隨機出現(xiàn)的幾類不同的產(chǎn)品,采用簡單地改變軟件和控制參數(shù)的方法就能裝配不同的產(chǎn)品。我們追求的設(shè)計目標是利用計算機、機器人等先進技術(shù)集成優(yōu)化,改進產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計、制造、裝配過程,以適應(yīng)中小批量不同種類產(chǎn)品多變的要求,降低產(chǎn)品裝配的勞動力成本,減少裝配時間,改善</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展使傳統(tǒng)的手工裝配工藝面臨嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn). 自動化裝配的

66、目的在于減輕或取代依賴人工技巧和判斷力進行各種復(fù)雜的裝配操作,從而提高生產(chǎn)效率,保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量. 柔性裝配系統(tǒng)已成為諸如CIMS 這類現(xiàn)代制造系統(tǒng)的一個重要環(huán)節(jié),特別適應(yīng)于大規(guī)模、小批量、多品種的生產(chǎn)裝配系統(tǒng),對未來工業(yè)發(fā)展有重要意義.任何裝配工作都是由一些簡單的“拾”—“放”運動所構(gòu)成. 把一個零件拿起來裝到另一個零件上,并將相互間處于相對靜止狀態(tài)和可動狀態(tài)下的零件按其所要求的位置進行組合或固定. 裝配的動作包括定位、抓取、移動、放置、

67、配合、檢測和反饋等;裝配的過程包括零件的上料、傳送、裝配. 而零件的定向和定位精度是影響裝配過程的穩(wěn)定性及裝配質(zhì)量的主要因素,是裝配設(shè)備可靠工作的重要保證. 其中,準確的自動供料及傳送定位是裝配自動化系統(tǒng)最主要的工作機構(gòu)之一.氣動由于其傳動介質(zhì)(壓縮空氣) 特性的影響,運動精度及穩(wěn)定性較差. 但其良好綜合技術(shù)特性,使它成為各種傳動技術(shù)中最適合用來取代人手操作的一種實現(xiàn)形式. 近10 年來,自動化技術(shù)在系統(tǒng)及元件控制方面與電子技術(shù)結(jié)合,實

68、現(xiàn)機電一體化,同時, 制造業(yè)中普遍采用了機器人技術(shù)。</p><p>　　(2)車削 普通車床作為最早的金屬切削機床中的一種，目前仍然許多有用的和為人們所需要的特性?，F(xiàn)在，這些機床主要用在規(guī)模較小的工廠中，進行小批量的生產(chǎn)，而不是進行大批量的生產(chǎn)。</p><p>　　在現(xiàn)代的生產(chǎn)車間中，普通車床已經(jīng)被種類繁多的自動車床所取代，諸如自動仿形車床，六角車床和自動螺絲車床。現(xiàn)在，設(shè)計人員已經(jīng)熟

69、識先利用單刃刀具去除大量的金屬余量，然后利用成形刀具獲得表面光滑度和精度這種加工方法的優(yōu)點。這種加工方法的生產(chǎn)速度與現(xiàn)在工廠中使用的最快的加工設(shè)備的速度相等。</p><p>　　普通車床的加工偏差主要依賴于操作者的技術(shù)熟練程度。設(shè)計工程師應(yīng)該認真地確定由熟練工人在普通車床上加工的實驗零件的公差。在把試驗零件重新設(shè)計為生產(chǎn)零件時，應(yīng)該選用經(jīng)濟的公差。</p><p>　　六角車床 對生產(chǎn)加

70、工設(shè)備來說，目前比過去更著重評價其是否具有精確的和速度的重復(fù)加工能力。應(yīng)用這個標準來評價具體的加工方法，六角車床可以獲得較高的質(zhì)量評定。</p><p>　　在為了小批量的零件（100-200件）設(shè)計加工方法時，采用六角車床時最經(jīng)濟的。為了在六角車床上獲得盡可能小的公差值，設(shè)計人員應(yīng)該盡量將加工工序的數(shù)目減至最少。</p><p>　　自動螺絲車床 自動螺絲車床 通常被分為以下幾種類型：單

71、軸自動、多軸自動和自動夾緊車床。自動螺絲車床 最初是用來對螺釘和類似的帶有螺紋的零件進行自動化和快速加工的。但是，這種車床的用途早就超過了這個狹窄的范圍?，F(xiàn)在，它在許多種類的精密零件的大批量的生產(chǎn)中起著重要的作用，如果工件少于1000件，在六角車床上進行加工比在自動螺絲車床上經(jīng)濟得多。如果計算出最小經(jīng)濟批量，并且對工件批量正確地選擇機床，就會降低零件的加工成本。</p><p>　　自動仿形車床 因為零件的表面粗

72、糙程度在很大的程度上取決于工件材料、刀具、進給量和切削速度，采用自動仿形車床加工所得到的最小公差不一定是最經(jīng)濟的公差。</p><p>　　在某種情況下，在連續(xù)生產(chǎn)過程中，只進行一次切削時的公差可以達到±0.05mm。對于某些零件，槽寬的公差可以達到±0.125mm。在希望獲得最大產(chǎn)量的大批量生產(chǎn)中，進行直徑和長度的車削時的最小公差值為±0.125mm是最經(jīng)濟的。</p>

73、<p>　　銑削 除了車削和鉆削，銑削無疑是應(yīng)用做廣泛的金屬切削方法。銑削非常適合于而且也易于應(yīng)用在任何數(shù)量的零件的加工上。在產(chǎn)品制造過程中，許許多多種類的銑削加工是值得設(shè)計人員認真考慮和選擇的。與其他種類的加工一樣，對于進行銑削加工的零件，其公差應(yīng)該被設(shè)計成銑削生產(chǎn)所能達到的經(jīng)濟公差。如果零件的公差設(shè)計得比需要的要小，就需要增加額外的工序，以獲得這些公差------這將增加零件的成本。</p><p&

74、gt;　　磨削 磨削是一種應(yīng)用最廣泛的零件精加工方法，用來獲得非常小的公差和非常高的表面光滑度。目前，幾乎存在著蛇和與各種磨削工序的磨床。零件的設(shè)計特征在很大的程度上決定了需要采用的磨床的種類。當(dāng)加工成本太高時，就值得對零件進行重新設(shè)計，使其能夠通過采用既便宜又具有高生產(chǎn)率的磨削方法加工出來了。 例如，在有可能的時候，可以通過對零件的適當(dāng)設(shè)計，盡量用無心磨削加工，以獲取經(jīng)濟效益。</p><p>　　盡管通常認為

75、磨削適用于精加工工序，對那些適合于采用磨削來完成粗、精加工工序的工件，也通常采用磨削方法完成全部加工工作，而不采用車削或者其他的方法。</p><p>　　外圓磨床和無心磨床是用來磨削圓柱形工件或者圓錐形工件的。因此，花鍵軸、軸和其他類似零件是采用普通的外圓磨床，或者采用無心磨床進行加工的。</p><p>　　螺紋磨床用來磨削螺紋量規(guī)上的精密螺紋和用來磨削螺紋的中徑與軸的同心度公差很小的

76、精密零件上的螺紋。</p><p>　　內(nèi)圓磨床用來磨削精密的孔、汽缸孔以及各種類似的，需要進行精加工的孔。</p><p>　　平面磨床用來對各種片面工作，或者帶有平面的工件進行精加工。可以采用砂輪的邊或者砂輪的端面進行磨削。這類機床上裝有往復(fù)式工作臺或者回轉(zhuǎn)式工作臺。</p><p>　　(3)對運動、時間和作用力作為科學(xué)分析的分支稱為力學(xué)。它由靜力學(xué)和動力學(xué)兩

77、部分組成。靜力學(xué)對靜止系統(tǒng)進行分析，即在其中不考慮時間這個因素，動力學(xué)對隨時間而變得系統(tǒng)進行分析。</p><p>　　力通過配合表面?zhèn)鞯綑C器的各個結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如，從齒輪傳到軸或者齒輪通過吻合的齒輪傳到另一齒輪，從連桿通過軸承傳到另一桿件，從三角皮帶傳到皮帶輪，或者從凸輪傳到到從動件。由于很多原因，人們必須知道這些力的大小。這些力在邊界或在配合表面的分布必須合理，它們的大小必須在構(gòu)成配合表面的材料的工作極限以內(nèi)。例

78、如，如果作用在一個套筒軸承上的力太大，它將會將油膜擠出，造成金屬與金屬的直接接觸，產(chǎn)生過熱和使軸承快速實效。如果齒輪吻合的齒之間的力國大，就會將油膜從齒間擠壓出來。這會造成金屬的碎裂和剝落，噪音增大，運動不精確，直至報廢。在力學(xué)研究中，我們主要關(guān)心力的大小、方向和作用點。</p><p>　　我們將要用到的一些術(shù)語定義如下：</p><p>　　力 關(guān)于力的最早概念是由于我們需要推、舉、拉

79、各種物體而產(chǎn)生的。因此， 力是物體之間的相互作用。力的直觀概念包括作用點、方向和大小。這些稱為力的要素。</p><p>　　物質(zhì) 物質(zhì)是任何材料或?qū)嶓w， 如果它是全封閉的，則稱為物體。</p><p>　　質(zhì)量 牛頓將質(zhì)量定義為用物體的體積和密度來度量的， 物體所含物質(zhì)的量。因為密度是單位體積的質(zhì)量，所以這不是一個很令人滿意的定義。我們估計當(dāng)時牛頓大概沒有意識到他下定義，因而我們可以

80、原諒他。不過，它認識到這樣一個事實， 一切物體都具有某種與重量不同的內(nèi)在物質(zhì)。盡管一塊月球巖石在月亮上和地球上的重量不同，但它的物質(zhì)能量是不變的。這不變的物質(zhì)含量就成為巖石的質(zhì)量。</p><p>　　慣性 慣性是質(zhì)量所具有的抵抗任何力改變其本身運動狀態(tài)的性質(zhì)。</p><p>　　重量 重量是作用在質(zhì)量上的重力。下列引文確切地論述了質(zhì)量和重量的關(guān)系：</p><p&g

81、t;　　國際標準單位制的最大優(yōu)越感性是，對每一個物理量有一個，而且只有一個單位----如長度單位為米，質(zhì)量單位為千克，力的單位是牛頓，時間的單位是秒等。為了這種單一性相一致，一個給定的單位或詞不能作為兩個物理量的技術(shù)名詞。但是許多年以來，“重量”這個詞在技術(shù)領(lǐng)域和非技術(shù)領(lǐng)域中都被用來既表示作用在一個物體上的重力，又表示物體本省的重量。</p><p>　　質(zhì)點 當(dāng)一個物體的尺寸特別小，可以忽略不計時，該物體可以稱

82、為質(zhì)點。</p><p>　　剛體 所有的物體，不管是彈性體還是塑性體，在外力作用下都將發(fā)生變形。當(dāng)物體的變形很小時，為了簡化計算，通常假設(shè)這個物體是剛體，也就是認為它沒有發(fā)生變形。</p><p>　　變形體 在分析由于外力的作用引起物體內(nèi)的應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變時，不能采用剛體假設(shè)。這時，我們認為物體能夠變形，這樣的分析通常稱為彈性體分析，這時所用的假設(shè)為，在作用力的范圍內(nèi)，物體是彈性的。<

83、/p><p>　　牛頓定律 牛頓的三定律為： </p><p>　　第一定律 如果作用在一個質(zhì)點上的所有外力平衡，那么，這個質(zhì)點保持原來的靜止會或者勻速直線運動狀態(tài)不改變。</p><p>　　第二定律 如果作用在一個質(zhì)點上的所有外力不平衡，那么，這個質(zhì)點將產(chǎn)生一個與外力合力成正比的加速度，加速度方向與合力的方向一致。</p><p>　　

84、第三定律 兩個質(zhì)點相互作用時，存在著一對作用力和反作用力。作用力的反作用力大小相等，方向相反，沿著同一條直線作用在兩個質(zhì)點上。</p><p>　　人類通過使用工具和智能來制造使其生活變得更容易和更舒適的物品這種生活，把他們自己與其他種類的生命去分開。許多世紀以來，工具和為工具提供動力能源的種類都在不斷的發(fā)展，以滿足人類日益完善和越來越復(fù)雜的想法。</p><p>　　在最早的時期，工具

85、主要是由石器組成。考慮到所制造的物品相對簡單的形狀和所使用的材料，石頭作為工具是適用的。當(dāng)鐵制工具被發(fā)明出來以后，耐用的金屬和更精致的物品能夠被制造出來。在20世紀中，已經(jīng)有了一些有有史以來最耐用，同時也是最難加工的材料制造的產(chǎn)品。為了迎接這些材料給制造業(yè)帶來的挑戰(zhàn)，工具材料已經(jīng)發(fā)展到包括合金剛、硬質(zhì)合金、金剛石和陶瓷。</p><p>　　給我們的工具提供動力方法也發(fā)生了類似的進步。最初，是由人或動物的肌肉為工

86、具提供動力。隨后，水力、風(fēng)力、蒸汽和電力得到應(yīng)用，人類能夠通過采用新型機器、更高的精度和更快的加工速度來進一步提高制造能力。</p><p>　　每當(dāng)采用新的工具、新的材料和新的能源時，制造效率和制造能力都會得到更大的提高，然而，當(dāng)舊的問題解決了以后，就會有新的問題和挑戰(zhàn)出現(xiàn)。例如，如今制造業(yè)面對下面的一些問題：你如何去鉆一個直徑為2mm，長度為610mm的孔， 而不產(chǎn)生錐度和徑向跳動？用什么方法能夠有效地去除形

87、狀復(fù)雜的鑄件內(nèi)部的通道中的毛刺，而且保證去除率達到100%？是否有一種焊接工藝，它能夠避免目前在我們產(chǎn)品中出現(xiàn)的熱損傷？</p><p>　　從20世紀40年代以后以來，制造業(yè)中發(fā)生的大變革一次又一次的促使制造廠家去滿足日益復(fù)雜和耐用的，但是在許多的情況下幾乎接僅無法加工的材料所帶來的各種要求。這種制造業(yè)的大變革不論是現(xiàn)在或過去都集中在采用新型工具和新型能源上。這樣做的結(jié)果是產(chǎn)生了用來去除材料、成型、連接的新型制

88、造工藝，它能避免目前被稱為特種制造工藝。</p><p>　　在目前所采用的常規(guī)制造工藝中，材料的去除是依賴于電動機和硬的刀具材料進行的，諸如鋸斷、鉆孔和拉削。常規(guī)的成型加工是利用電動機、液壓和重力所提供的能量進行的。同樣，材料連接的常規(guī)做法是采用諸如燃燒的氣體和電弧等熱量來進行的。</p><p>　　與之相比， 特種制造工藝采用以前的標準來說不是常規(guī)的能源?，F(xiàn)在的材料的去除可以利用電化

89、學(xué)反應(yīng)、高溫等離子、高速度和磨料射流。過去非常難進行成型加工的材料，現(xiàn)在可以利用大功率的電火花所產(chǎn)生的磁場，爆炸和沖擊進行成型加工。采用高頻聲波和電子束可以使材料的連接能力有很大的提高。</p><p>　　在過去的50年代，人們發(fā)明了20多種特種制造工藝，并且將其成功地應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)之中。這么多種特種加工工藝存在的原因與許多種常規(guī)加工工藝存在的原因是一樣的。每一種工藝都有它自己的特點和局限性。因而，不存在一種對任何

90、制造環(huán)境來說都是組好的工藝方法。</p><p>　　例如，有時特種工藝或者通過減少生產(chǎn)某一產(chǎn)品所需要的加工工序的數(shù)量，或者通過采用比以前使用的方法更快的工序來提高生產(chǎn)率。</p><p>　　在另外的場合中，采用特種工藝可以通過增加重復(fù)精度，減少易損壞工件在加工過程中的損傷，或者減少對工件性能的有害健康來減少采用原來制造工藝所產(chǎn)生的廢品數(shù)量。</p><p>　　

91、由于前面的所提到的這些特點，特種制造工藝從其誕生時期就開始了穩(wěn)定的發(fā)展。由于以下的原因， 可以肯定這些工藝將會有更快的增長速度：</p><p>　　1.目前，同常規(guī)工藝相比，除了材料的體積去除率外，特種工藝幾乎具有不受限制的能力。在過去的紀念中，某些特種加工工藝在提高材料去除率方面有了很大的發(fā)展，而且有理由相信這種趨勢在將來也會繼續(xù)下來的。</p><p>　　2.大約半數(shù)的特種工藝目前

92、采用計算機控制加工參數(shù)。使用計算機可以使人們不熟悉的加工工程變得簡單，因而加大了人們對這種技術(shù)的接受程度和其使用的范圍。</p><p>　　3.大多數(shù)特種工藝可以通過視覺系統(tǒng)，激光測量儀表和其他加工過程中的檢測技術(shù)來實行適應(yīng)控制。例如，加工過程中的檢測聲明，產(chǎn)品中正在加工的空的尺寸在變小，可以在不更換硬的加工刀具的情況下，修正空的尺寸。</p><p>　　4.隨著制造工程師，產(chǎn)品設(shè)計人

93、員和冶金工程師對特種工藝獨特的能力和優(yōu)越性的了解的增加，特種工藝的應(yīng)用將會增加。</p><p>　　(4)人類通過使用工具和智能來制造使其生活變得更容易和更舒適的物品這種生活，把他們自己與其他種類的生命去分開。許多世紀以來，工具和為工具提供動力能源的種類都在不斷的發(fā)展，以滿足人類日益完善和越來越復(fù)雜的想法。</p><p>　　在最早的時期，工具主要是由石器組成?？紤]到所制造的物品相對簡

94、單的形狀和所使用的材料，石頭作為工具是適用的。當(dāng)鐵制工具被發(fā)明出來以后，耐用的金屬和更精致的物品能夠被制造出來。在20世紀中，已經(jīng)有了一些有有史以來最耐用，同時也是最難加工的材料制造的產(chǎn)品。為了迎接這些材料給制造業(yè)帶來的挑戰(zhàn)，工具材料已經(jīng)發(fā)展到包括合金剛、硬質(zhì)合金、金剛石和陶瓷。</p><p>　　給我們的工具提供動力方法也發(fā)生了類似的進步。最初，是由人或動物的肌肉為工具提供動力。隨后，水力、風(fēng)力、蒸汽和電力得

95、到應(yīng)用，人類能夠通過采用新型機器、更高的精度和更快的加工速度來進一步提高制造能力。</p><p>　　每當(dāng)采用新的工具、新的材料和新的能源時，制造效率和制造能力都會得到更大的提高，然而，當(dāng)舊的問題解決了以后，就會有新的問題和挑戰(zhàn)出現(xiàn)。例如，如今制造業(yè)面對下面的一些問題：你如何去鉆一個直徑為2mm，長度為610mm的孔， 而不產(chǎn)生錐度和徑向跳動？用什么方法能夠有效地去除形狀復(fù)雜的鑄件內(nèi)部的通道中的毛刺，而且保證去

96、除率達到100%？是否有一種焊接工藝，它能夠避免目前在我們產(chǎn)品中出現(xiàn)的熱損傷？</p><p>　　從20世紀40年代以后以來，制造業(yè)中發(fā)生的大變革一次又一次的促使制造廠家去滿足日益復(fù)雜和耐用的，但是在許多的情況下幾乎接僅無法加工的材料所帶來的各種要求。這種制造業(yè)的大變革不論是現(xiàn)在或過去都集中在采用新型工具和新型能源上。這樣做的結(jié)果是產(chǎn)生了用來去除材料、成型、連接的新型制造工藝，它能避免目前被稱為特種制造工藝。&