汽車外文翻譯--汽車新能源現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展的探究

1、<p>　　The Investigation Of Car new energy'S Present</p><p>　　Condition And Development</p><p>　　As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full

2、 of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of

3、 the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation.</p><p>　　In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electr

4、onic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic tech

5、nology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions</p><p>　　stabili

6、ty. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To

7、 ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used in electric cars. VDC to veh

8、icle performance has important function it can accord</p><p>　　Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through

9、various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathf

10、inding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot </p><p>　　will was electric cars and intelligent car replaced. This is

11、the question that day after timing will come. ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving c

12、omfort and safety of driving.</p><p>　　First, the development of natural gas vehicle</p><p>　　Reduce pollution to protect the environment, many countries have issued a series of government regul

13、ations and the introduction of a number of incentive policies to promote the development of gas vehicle, such as the development of more stringent vehicle emission standards, in the natural gas supply, car purchase taxes

14、 and fees, equipment supply, gas station construction grant funds, tax incentives.</p><p>　　or the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles and the construction of stations in detail the provisions of the tax r

15、elief, but also enacted a tax cut that the use of natural gas and natural gas companies exempt from motor vehicle fuel sales tax. There are more than 40 states in accordance with the policy of the federal government, law

16、, drawn up on the mandatory state and encourage the use of clean fuel CNG vehicles, such as policies and measures to promote the CNG filling station development and </p><p>　　Second, natural gas vehicle (CNG

17、) fuel and other environmental and economic benefits compared</p><p>　　Compressed natural gas vehicles:</p><p>　　20MPa compressed natural gas in the car to compressed natural gas cylinders in us

18、e by the supply of internal combustion engine after the pressure reducer.</p><p>　　To CNG fuel for vehicles compared with gasoline has the following advantages:</p><p>　　l, reduce pollution and

19、improve the atmospheric environment: natural gas is a clean energy, with a high calorific value, high efficiency, pollution, etc., the comparison is totally burned, not carbon deposition, CO, NOx and particulate emission

20、s than gasoline, significantly reduced exhaust pollution. Motor vehicle exhaust is the major source of urban air pollution, one of which is carbon monoxide harmful ingredients (C0), hydrocarbons (HC), nitric oxide (N0) a

21、nd nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and so on.</p><p>　　2, CNG vehicle for a higher security</p><p>　　Compared with gasoline, compressed natural gas is a relatively safe fuel.</p><p>　　(1) na

22、tural gas explosion limit is 5% higher than gasoline (lower explosion limit for the l%) high, methane ignition for 645 ℃, ignition than gasoline high 218 ℃, compared to not ignite. Low density of methane, the relative de

23、nsity of about 0.55, resulting in leakage of gas will soon be distributed in the air, in the case of the natural environment it is difficult to form a hot combustion conditions, once the compressed natural gas from the t

24、ank or pipe leaks, leak immediately surrounding the fo</p><p>　　(2) Department of natural gas vehicle cylinder pressure vessel</p><p>　　(20MPa), its materials and manufacture and testing in orde

25、r that all States have strict control, in China there are "compressed natural gas cylinder vehicle standards)) (GBl7258-1998).</p><p>　　Cylinders fitted with explosion-proof facilities, pressure reducer

26、, valves and other equipment, strict standards high, and gas supply system is safe and reliable and will not tip over due to vehicle collision or cause fire or explosion, and the petrol tank of motor vehicles department

27、of non-pressure vessels, fire easily after the explosion.</p><p>　　3, will help ease the contradiction between energy supply and demand tension.</p><p>　　China's economy is in a stage of rap

28、id development, the number of vehicles to 1 million / year above the rate of increase of a substantial increase in gasoline demand of resources, our need to import large quantities of crude oil per year, refined oil and

29、LPG. Optimize the use of gas cars</p><p>　　Motor fuel supply structure has changed only motor fuel gasoline, diesel patterns, not only eased the problem of shortage of petrol and transport services to meet t

30、he needs of the development.</p><p>　　4, extend engine life. The spread of natural gas to the gas entering the engine, the engine easily and uniformly mixed air, burning the comparison is totally clean; can

31、improve the thermal cycle efficiency, speed up the burning speed, full use of combustion heat; CNG octane number at the same time high performance uprising, when agents do not need to add the uprising will not dilute the

32、 lubricating oil, making the parts inside the engine cylinder greatly reduce wear and tear, so that the engine </p><p>　　Third, CNG cars and filling stations to explore the development of countermeasures<

33、/p><p>　　In order to speed up the use of natural gas as a clean fuel vehicle development, makes the following recommendations:</p><p>　　1, the Government has introduced policies to encourage and su

34、pport: the development of all countries in the world experience shows that government support is a necessary condition for accelerated development, the impact of its economic policy is an important factor in their develo

35、pment should be guaranteed in law, in the gas automobile production, modification, parts and components production, station construction, vehicle purchase and use of gas, maintenance and other aspects of pricing, taxati&

36、lt;/p><p>　　2, strengthen leadership, the implementation of unified management.</p><p>　　The development of CNG vehicles to the construction of high-quality, convenient filling stations, the need f

37、or planning, public security, fire safety, labor, technical support supervisor and other departments. </p><p>　　3, in the municipal plan, filling stations and gas stations should be considered co-ordination,

38、 rational distribution and coordinated development. To make full use of existing land resources and in ensuring the environmental safety of oil and gas under the premise of building one station. </p><p>　　4,

39、 followed by motor cars and CNG filling stations in the simultaneous development of the principles, only in the stations into a network under the conditions, CNG vehicle can really develop. At the same time scale of only

40、 CNG car to a certain number, the normal operation of filling stations in order to achieve profitability. </p><p>　　5, the strict legal system: the development of stringent vehicle emissions regulations, and

41、 make sure that standards are not road vehicles are determined not to be on the qualifications of CNG vehicle Modify-Factroy critical examination, certification. First of all, the city should the city bus, taxi, as the f

42、ocus of the development of CNG vehicle, bus stop some of the phenomenon of black smoke pollution of the environment. </p><p>　　6, step up publicity. At present, natural gas car is still at the initial stage,

43、 the public nature of its environmental protection, safety, economy, reliability, do not fully understand, so, it is necessary to carry out a wide range of social advocacy, efforts to increase awareness of the dangers of

44、 automobile exhaust, to make people aware of CNG is a clean, safe and economical fuel, so that the development of natural gas vehicles have been recognized by all sectors of society and support. </p><p>　　Co

45、mpressed natural gas vehicles because of its remarkable economic and social benefits the development of the natural gas market will become a new field of applications. More and more importance in the environmental protec

46、tion situation, along with natural gas resources in the area of the development and application of the widening, which will reduce the environmental pressure is to ease the oil shortage and achieve sustainable developmen

47、t of a reliable guarantee.</p><p>　　汽車新能源現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展的探究</p><p>　　隨著世界能源危機的持續(xù)，以及戰(zhàn)爭和能源-----石油的消耗及汽車飽有量的增加，能源在一天一天下降，終有一天它會消失的無影無蹤。石油不是在生資源。所以必須在石油耗凈之前找到一種代替品。隨著科技的發(fā)展社會的進步，有人發(fā)明了電動汽車。電動汽車將成為人們最為理想的交通工具。&l

48、t;/p><p>　　世界在發(fā)展各各方面都取得豐碩成果，尤其是隨著汽車電子技術(shù)和計算機以及發(fā)展迅速的信息時代。電子控制技術(shù)在汽車上得到了廣泛應(yīng)用，汽車上應(yīng)用的電子裝置越來越豐富，電子技術(shù)不僅用來改善和提高傳統(tǒng)汽車電器的質(zhì)量和性能，而且還提高了汽車的動力性、燃油經(jīng)濟性、可靠性以及廢氣排放的凈化性。汽車上廣泛使用電子產(chǎn)品不僅降低了成本，并且減少維護的復雜性。從發(fā)動機的燃油噴射點火裝置、進氣控制、廢氣排放控制、故障自診斷到

49、車身輔助裝置都普遍采用了電子控制技術(shù)，可以說今后汽車發(fā)展主要以機電一體化。汽車上廣泛采用的電子控制點火系統(tǒng)主要有電子控制燃油噴射系統(tǒng)、電子控制點火系統(tǒng)、電子控制自動變速器、電子控制防滑（ABS/ASR）控制系統(tǒng)、電子控制懸架系統(tǒng)、電子控制動力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)、車輛動力學控制系統(tǒng)、安全氣囊系統(tǒng)、主動安全帶系統(tǒng)、電子控制自動空調(diào)系統(tǒng)、導航系統(tǒng)還有GPS等。有了這些系統(tǒng)汽車響應(yīng)敏捷，使用功能強，可靠性高，既保證發(fā)動機動力又降低燃油的消耗，而且又滿足排

50、放法規(guī)的標準。</p><p>　　汽車是現(xiàn)代人必不可少的交通工具。而電動汽車給我們帶來無限樂趣外還能給我們勞累一天的身心得以放松。就拿自動變速器來說吧，汽車在行駛時，可以不踩離合器踏板，就可以實現(xiàn)自動換檔而發(fā)動機不會熄火，這樣有效的提高駕駛方便性減輕駕駛員的疲勞強度。自動變速器主要由液力變矩器、齒輪變速器、油泵、液壓控制系統(tǒng)、電子控制系統(tǒng)、油冷卻系統(tǒng)等組成。電子控制的懸架主要是用來緩沖路面對車身的沖擊力以及減少

51、振動保證汽車平順性和操縱穩(wěn)定性。當汽車行駛在不平坦的道路時汽車能能根據(jù)底盤和路面高度自動調(diào)整。當車高比設(shè)置的高度低時，就向氣室或油缸充氣或充油。如果是相反，就放氣或瀉油。從而保證汽車的水平行駛，提高行駛穩(wěn)定性?？勺兞恿D(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)因能顯著改變駕駛員的工作效率和狀態(tài)，所以在電動汽車上廣泛使用。VDC對汽車性能有著至關(guān)重要的作用它能根據(jù)需要主動對車輪進行制動來改變汽車的運動狀態(tài)，使汽車達到最佳的行駛狀態(tài)和操縱性能，并增加了汽車的附著性，控制性

52、和穩(wěn)定性。除了這些之外4WS、4WD的出現(xiàn)大大提高了電動汽車的價值與性能同步提升。ABS具有減少制動距離并能保持轉(zhuǎn)向操作能力有效提高行駛方向的穩(wěn)定性同時減少輪胎的磨損。安全氣囊的出</p><p>　　智能電子技術(shù)在汽車上得以推廣使得汽車在安全行駛和其它功能更上一層樓。通過各種傳感器實現(xiàn)自動駕駛。除些之外智能汽車裝備有多種傳感器能充分感知交通設(shè)施及環(huán)境的信息并能隨時判斷車輛及駕駛員是否處于危險之中，具備自主尋路、

53、導航、避撞、不停車收費等功能。有效提高運輸過程中的安全，減少駕駛員的操縱疲勞度，提高乘客的舒適度。當然蓄電池是電動汽車的關(guān)鍵，電動汽車用的蓄電池主要有：鉛酸蓄電池、鎳鎘蓄電池、鈉硫蓄電池、鈉硫蓄電池、鋰電池、鋅―空氣電池、飛輪電池、燃料電池和太陽能電池等。在諸多種電池中，燃料電池是迄今為止最有希望解決汽車能源短缺問題的動力源。燃料電池具有高效無污染的特性，不同于其他蓄電池，其不需要充電，只要外部不斷地供給燃料，就能連續(xù)穩(wěn)定地發(fā)電。燃料電

54、池汽車(FCEV)具有可與內(nèi)燃機汽車媲美的動力性能，在排放、燃油經(jīng)濟性方面明顯優(yōu)于內(nèi)燃機車輛。</p><p>　　隨著計算機和電子產(chǎn)品不斷開級換代，電動汽車技術(shù)也在日趨成熟與完善，使得駕駛更安全、方便、靈活、舒適?，F(xiàn)在，電動汽車離普通消費者的距離還很遙遠，只有少數(shù)人在趕趕時髦而已。電動汽車真正能夠與傳統(tǒng)的燃油汽車相競爭，今后汽車市場終會被電動汽車和智能汽車所取代。這只是時間性的問題這一天終究會來到的。ABS、G

55、PS、4WS、4WD以及各種新時代的電子產(chǎn)品與現(xiàn)代高性能汽車默契組合、絕妙搭配，帶給我們無與倫比的精準駕駛舒適性和行駛安全性。</p><p>　　一、天然氣汽車的發(fā)展情況</p><p>　　為保護環(huán)境減少污染，許多國家政府頒布了一系列法規(guī)及出臺一些鼓勵性政策，促進燃氣汽車發(fā)展，如制定更嚴格的汽車尾氣排放標準，在天然氣供應(yīng)、汽車購置稅費，設(shè)備供給、加氣站建設(shè)等方面給予資金、稅收優(yōu)惠政策。

56、</p><p>　　美國聯(lián)邦政府1992年頒布的《能源政策法》，對于購買或改裝代用燃料汽車及加氣站的建設(shè)減免稅作出詳細規(guī)定，同時還頒布了使用天然氣的減稅政策，并免征天然氣公司的汽車燃料銷售稅。有40多個州根據(jù)聯(lián)邦政府的政策、法律，制定了本州有關(guān)強制和鼓勵使用CNG等清潔燃料汽車的政策和措施，推動了CNG汽車發(fā)展和加氣站建設(shè)。目前，全世界已有40多個國家擁有燃氣汽車，主要分布在天然氣資源豐富的意大利、新西蘭、阿根

57、廷、巴西等國家和環(huán)保法規(guī)嚴格的美國、日本等國。</p><p>　　二、天然氣汽車(CNG)與其它燃料的環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟效益比較</p><p><b>　　壓縮天然氣汽車：</b></p><p>　　天然氣壓縮至20MPa于汽車用壓縮天然氣鋼瓶中，經(jīng)減壓器后供給內(nèi)燃機。</p><p>　　以CNG作汽車燃料與汽油相比具有

58、以下優(yōu)點：</p><p>　　l、降低污染，改善大氣環(huán)境：天然氣是一種清潔能源，具有熱值高、效率高、污染小等特點，燃燒比較完全，不易積碳，CO、NOx和微粒的排放量均低于汽油，排氣污染明顯降低。機動車尾氣是城市大氣污染主要來源之一，其中主要有害成分是一氧化碳(C0)、碳氫化合物(HC)、一氧化氮(N0)和二氧化氮 (NO2)等。據(jù)有關(guān)資料顯示，使用天然氣作為汽車燃料與汽油作燃料相比可以減少排放90％CO、90％

59、S02、72％HC、39％NOx、 24％CO2、無粉塵排放，對改善城市環(huán)境有顯著作用。典型的柴油機與汽油機及天然氣機排放情況比較見表l。</p><p>　　2、CNG汽車有較高的安全性</p><p>　　與汽油相比，壓縮天然氣是相對安全的燃料。</p><p>　　(1) 天然氣爆炸下限為5％，比汽油(爆炸下限為l％)高，甲烷燃點為645℃ ，比汽油燃點高21

60、8℃，相比不易點燃。甲烷密度低，相對密度為0．55左右，泄漏的氣體很快會在空氣中散發(fā)，在自然環(huán)境中難以形成遇火爆燃的條件，一旦壓縮天然氣從儲罐或管路中泄漏，泄漏點周圍會立即形成低溫區(qū)，使天然氣燃燒困難。因此CNG是一種相當安全的汽車燃料。天然氣與汽油的燃料特性比較見表2</p><p>　　(2)天然氣汽車的鋼瓶系高壓容器</p><p>　　(20MPa)，其材質(zhì)及制造、檢驗試驗在各國均

61、有嚴格的規(guī)程控制，在我國有《汽車用壓縮天然氣鋼瓶標準))(GBl7258—1998)。</p><p>　　鋼瓶安裝有防爆設(shè)施，減壓器、閥門等設(shè)備，嚴密度標準高，供氣系統(tǒng)安全可靠，不會因汽車碰撞或翻覆造成失火或爆炸，而汽油汽車的油箱系非壓力容器，著火后容易爆炸。</p><p>　　3、有利于緩解能源緊張的供需矛盾。</p><p>　　我國經(jīng)濟正處于高速發(fā)展階段，

62、汽車數(shù)量以100萬輛／年以上的速度遞增，對汽油資源需求大量增加，我國每年需要進口大量原油、成品油和LPG。使用燃氣汽車可優(yōu)化</p><p>　　汽車燃料供應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)，改變了汽車燃料只有汽油、柴油的格局，既緩解了汽油供應(yīng)緊張的問題又滿足交通事業(yè)發(fā)展的需要。</p><p>　　可延長發(fā)動機壽命。天然氣容易擴散，以氣態(tài)進入發(fā)動機，在發(fā)動機中容易和空氣均勻混合，燃燒比較完全、干凈；可以提高熱循環(huán)效

63、率，加快燃燒速度，充分利用燃燒熱能；同時CNG辛烷值高，抗暴性能好，使用時不需要添加抗暴劑，不會稀釋潤滑油，因而使發(fā)動機氣缸內(nèi)的零件磨損大大減少，使發(fā)動機的壽命和潤滑油的使用期限大幅度增長。所有這些都會降低汽車的保養(yǎng)和運行費用，從而提高汽車使用的經(jīng)濟性。 5、有較高的經(jīng)濟效益。目前，國內(nèi)汽油價格持續(xù)上升，價格體系已和世界接軌，使用CNG汽車將能節(jié)省近40％燃料費用。</p><p>　　三、CNG汽車和加氣站發(fā)展

64、對策探討</p><p>　　為加快以天然氣為燃料的清潔汽車的發(fā)展，提出以下建議：</p><p>　　1、政府出臺鼓勵和扶持政策：世界各國發(fā)展經(jīng)驗表明，政府的支持是加快發(fā)展的必要條件，其經(jīng)濟政策是影響其發(fā)展的重要因素，應(yīng)在法律方面予以保障，在燃氣汽車生產(chǎn)、改裝、零部件生產(chǎn)，加氣站建設(shè)，燃氣汽車購買和使用、維修等環(huán)節(jié)制定價格、稅收、投資、補貼等方面配套的優(yōu)惠政策。燃氣價格是影響燃氣汽車發(fā)展

65、的重要因素，只有燃氣價格與汽油價格形成足夠大差價時，燃氣汽車的發(fā)展才具有經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)和推動力。</p><p>　　2、加強領(lǐng)導，實行統(tǒng)一管理。發(fā)展CNG汽車必須建設(shè)優(yōu)質(zhì)、便利的加氣站，需要規(guī)劃、公安、消防、勞動、技監(jiān)等部門的支持。</p><p>　　3、在市政規(guī)劃中，加氣站與加油站應(yīng)統(tǒng)籌考慮，合理布局，協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。盡量利用現(xiàn)有土地資源，在確保環(huán)境安全的前提下建設(shè)油氣合一站。</p>

66、;<p>　　4、遵循CNG汽車與加氣站同步發(fā)展的原則，只有在加氣站成網(wǎng)的條件下，CNG汽車才能真正發(fā)展。同時也只有CNG汽車規(guī)模到了一定數(shù)量，加氣站才能正常運轉(zhuǎn)，實現(xiàn)盈利。</p><p>　　5、嚴格法律制度：制定嚴格的汽車尾氣排放法規(guī)，切實做到不達標車輛堅決不予以上路，對CNG汽車改裝廠的資格進行嚴格審查，認證。首先應(yīng)將城市城市公交車、出租汽車作為CNG汽車發(fā)展的重點，杜絕部分公交車冒黑煙污染

67、環(huán)境的現(xiàn)象。</p><p>　　6、加大宣傳力度。目前，天然氣汽車尚處于起步階段，社會公眾對它的環(huán)保性，安全性，經(jīng)濟性，可靠性還不充分了解，所以，要進行廣泛的社會宣傳，努力提高人們對汽車尾氣危害性的認識，使人們了解CNG是清潔、安全、經(jīng)濟的車用燃料，使發(fā)展天然氣汽車得到社會各方面的認可和支持。</p><p>　　壓縮天然氣汽車由于其顯著的經(jīng)濟效益和社會效益將成為天然氣市場開發(fā)應(yīng)用的一個