電氣自動(dòng)化外文及翻譯

1、<p>　　南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院</p><p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　學(xué)院 (系)： 電氣工程學(xué)院 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 電氣自動(dòng)化 </p><p>　　姓 名： 許樂(lè)

2、 </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： 0602570147 </p><p>　　外文出處：http://www.batterylifeplus.com</p><p>　　/images/PDFs/Nguyen_2003.pdf</p><p>　　附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。

3、</p><p>　　注：請(qǐng)將該封面與附件裝訂成冊(cè)。</p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p>　　Advanced Battery Charging Techniques: Pulse-Charging in Large-Scale Applications –先進(jìn)電池充電技術(shù)：</p><p>　　在大規(guī)模應(yīng)用中的脈沖

4、充電</p><p>　　- Design of Divide and Conquer Technique for High-Capacity Batteries高容量電池充電“分而治之”技術(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>　　Tho Nguyen, Linda Bushnell 壽阮，琳達(dá)布什內(nèi)爾 </p><p>　　De

5、partment of Electrical Engineering University of Washington 華盛頓大學(xué)電氣工程系</p><p>　　Seattle, WA 98195-2西雅圖，WA 98195-2500 tho@ee.washington.edu tho@ee.washington.edu</p><p>　　1.1．Abstract摘要：

6、 </p><p>　　This paper analyzes the potential of intelligent pulse-charging for large-scale applications. 本文分析了在大規(guī)模應(yīng)用中智能脈沖的潛力。一種新型的“A一直以偶中分而治之”的技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)，目的是為了有效地讓脈沖充電方法運(yùn)用在high-capacity battery pack application

7、s.高容量電池中。Experiments, which are conducted on a small-sca實(shí)驗(yàn)，這是進(jìn)行一個(gè)小規(guī)模的檢測(cè)system, validate the effectiveness of the proposed charging method.系統(tǒng)，驗(yàn)證了該充電方法的有效性。 </p><p>　　2.2．Introduction陰囊炎引言：</p><p>

8、;　　Having a reliable battery is possibly the biggest issue facing the advancement of wireless 面對(duì)當(dāng)今先進(jìn)的無(wú)線技術(shù)，想擁有一個(gè)具有高可靠的電池有可能對(duì)于我們來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)最大的問(wèn)題technology toda。As the demand for battery power grows, the size of the battery pa

9、ck get隨著對(duì)電池電力需求的增長(zhǎng)，電池組的規(guī)模還要更大，并且對(duì)它進(jìn)行充電的技術(shù)變得更加復(fù)雜。在電子應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域The battery charging issue is該電池充電的問(wèn)題ubiquitous in all electronics applications無(wú)處不在。It is clearly the limiting factor in the application area o這顯然是在自主移動(dòng)機(jī)器人應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的限制因素a

10、utonomous mobile robotics，像其他技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的工作是自主性和mobility of electronic</p><p>　　3.3．三種智能充電的方法：</p><p>　　In a basic battery, a chemical reaction takes place inside the battery and releases energy in the

11、 在基本電池中，發(fā)生在電池內(nèi)部的化學(xué)反應(yīng)和釋放出的電荷在使用過(guò)程中的能源形式。一旦完成化學(xué)反應(yīng)，電池是“失效的”或不能放電的。充電背后的想法是把電荷存儲(chǔ)在電池中以便再次使用。通常持續(xù)充電是對(duì)電池的最大損害，對(duì)電池的正確的必要的充電需利用智能控制。有幾種方法可以做到這一點(diǎn)，最常見(jiàn)的和最近開(kāi)發(fā)的方法如下所述：</p><p>　　Galvanostatic Charging: The most common and

12、direct approach is to charge a battery is to force恒流充電:最常見(jiàn)的和直接的方法是充電電池，對(duì)電池充電是迫使電荷進(jìn)入更高的電壓終端的電池。正如其名 “Galvanostatic” implies, this technique involves driving a constant current into the battery.“恒電流”意味著，這種技術(shù)涉及迫使恒定電流到電池。這個(gè)m

13、ethod can be used to charge the battery quickly and is simple to implement.方法可以用來(lái)為電池快速充電，易于實(shí)現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　Pulse-Charging: A second, and more recently developed, method of charging is called “pulse脈沖充電:第二，最近開(kāi)發(fā)的

14、方法被稱為“脈沖充電charging.” This method also involves sending charge back into the battery; however, it is n充滿供電”。這種方法還包括把電荷重新送到電池進(jìn)行充電，但它不是done at constant current.工作在恒定電流狀態(tài)。相反，脈沖充電在時(shí)間周期的恒流into the battery and a brief moment of

15、 rest, as seen in Figure 1.到電池和放電片刻之間，如在圖1。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)背后的概念是to allow time for the chemical reaction to settle, so the battery is charged more uniformly.以便讓化學(xué)反應(yīng)的時(shí)間快速解決，所以電池充電更加均勻。這個(gè)最小化問(wèn)</p><p>　　Burp-Charging: Along

16、 with the development of the pulse-charging method, another simila打嗝-充電:隨著脈沖充電方式的發(fā)展，另一個(gè)類似的method was developed, called “Burp” charging.方法被開(kāi)發(fā)，稱為“打嗝”充電。這個(gè)名字來(lái)自一個(gè)在脈沖充電周期中不能充電的非常簡(jiǎn)短的discharge within the pulse-charge cycle (opt

17、imal discharge pulse relative to charge cycle can be的時(shí)刻（最佳放電脈沖放電充電周期相對(duì)可calculated from algorithm discussed later).從后面討論的算法計(jì)算）。放電脈沖的引申含義是重新向migration of oxide gas away from the reacting plates, preventing oxidization, all

18、owing the氧化氣體遷移遠(yuǎn)離反應(yīng)板，防止氧化，使battery to pr</p><p>　　Figure 1圖1. - Typical Pulse-Charge Cycle (only burp-charge has discharge pulse). -典型的脈沖充電周期（僅打嗝具有放電脈沖）。</p><p>　　The development of the above th

19、ree methods of intelligent charging led to studies to determine上述3個(gè)智能充電方法，以確定其方法的發(fā)展their effectiveness的效力。One of the most thorough studies was done by NASA Johnson Space Center最詳盡的研究之一是完成航天局約翰遜航天中心on battery life under t

20、hese methods of chargin關(guān)于電池壽命的充電方法的達(dá)西。Darcy美國(guó)航天局通過(guò)對(duì)各種電池容量的充電方法和生命周期的研究and life cycles through various charge methods.。從測(cè)試的鎳氫電池充電使用pulse, burp, galvanostatic, and galvanostatic to 45脈沖數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果，打嗝，恒定數(shù)據(jù)的結(jié)果來(lái)看，恒以45oC (constant ch

21、arge current until batte℃（恒定充</p><p>　　The NASA study also looked at the heat and gas generation by various charge methods.美國(guó)航天局的研究還考慮了熱量和各種天然氣發(fā)電充電的方法。在respect to gas generation, pulse-charge and burp-charge

22、 consistently produces less gas than關(guān)于氣體發(fā)生器中，脈沖充電和打嗝充電的固有產(chǎn)品比galvanostatic method.電流法少氣。至于發(fā)熱，脈沖充電和打嗝充電產(chǎn)生比傳統(tǒng)的恒流法更少的熱量--Nguyen & Bushnellthan the conventional galvanostatic method again – with significant improvement fr

23、om the burp—與來(lái)自打嗝充電方法有顯著改進(jìn)charge method.。請(qǐng)注意，過(guò)多的熱量是對(duì)電池非常有害的。</p><p>　　From available literature and data, a conclusion can be drawn that pulse-charging methods –從現(xiàn)有的文獻(xiàn)和數(shù)據(jù)，可以得出的結(jié)論是脈沖充電方法-inclusive of both pul

24、se-charge and burp-charge – are superior to the conventional galvanostatic包括兩個(gè)脈沖充電和打嗝充電-都優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)恒流充電method方法。It can prolong the battery life, reduces gas and heat generation while charging (which它可以延長(zhǎng)電池壽命，降低氣體和產(chǎn)生的熱量，充電時(shí)（即al

25、so decreases battery hazard to the outside environment).也減少了電池危害的外部環(huán)境）。Though the overall results of both雖然兩者的總體充電charge methods are almost com</p><p>　　4.4．分而治之脈沖充電法： </p><p>　　Even though the

26、advantages of pulse-charging can easily be seen and explained, this relatively 盡管脈沖充電的優(yōu)勢(shì)可以很容易地看到和解釋，這個(gè)比較new idea has been slow to integrate into various industries.新的想法一直很緩慢的融入各行各業(yè)。There are a handful companies in the

27、在世界上有那些公司world who are pursuing the design and manufacture of chargers using these new ideas.是“追求的設(shè)計(jì)和制造的充電器使用”這些新的思路。One can人們可以無(wú)法attribute industry's resistance to these new pulse-charging methods to the lucrative b

28、usiness of抵制對(duì)這些新的脈沖充電方法的使用，對(duì) battery and replace</p><p>　　Despite being largely ignored by the industry for the most part, pulse-charging is slowly盡管大部分被業(yè)界忽視，脈沖充電，正在慢慢expanding into the consumer market.擴(kuò)展到消費(fèi)

29、市場(chǎng)。For now applications of pulse-charging remain at the目前應(yīng)用的脈沖充電維持在較的small-scale.小規(guī)模。Pulse-charging applications include portable electronic devices in government脈沖充電應(yīng)用包括：政府便攜式電子設(shè)備agencies such as police and firefighter

30、walkie-talkie radios, specialty tools, and limited use in如：警察和消防隊(duì)員對(duì)講機(jī)機(jī)構(gòu)，無(wú)線電對(duì)講機(jī)，專用工具，并利用有限consumer electronics such as power tool an</p><p>　　As current literature indicates, pulse-charging has been tested an

31、d verified to be superior to由于目前的文獻(xiàn)表明，脈沖充電已經(jīng)過(guò)測(cè)試和驗(yàn)證，其優(yōu)越于conventional galvanostatic method.傳統(tǒng)的電流法。然而，測(cè)試主要是針對(duì)低容量battery cells – capacity ranges at average consumer electronics level.電池-容量范圍在消費(fèi)類電子產(chǎn)品的平均水平。本文作者h(yuǎn)ypothesize that

32、 pulse-charging can be equally beneficial in large-scale application (ie,猜測(cè)，脈沖充電可以同樣大規(guī)模的應(yīng)用有利于（即charging Hybrid-Electric Vehicle batteries where operating voltage and current are very high) if充電混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車電池在運(yùn)行電壓和電流都非常</p

33、><p>　　Charging of a high-voltage battery pack can be done in two ways.高電壓電池組充電可以采取兩種方式。第一是申請(qǐng)充電the entire battery pack by one charger.由一整個(gè)電池組充電。然而，大多數(shù)高容量電池通常是打破into smaller sections to output desired voltage (i

34、e, an HEV may want to draw a small voltage成更小的部分到所需要的電壓輸出（即，混合動(dòng)力汽車電池可能要畫一個(gè)小電壓for its electronics along with another higher voltage for the electric motor).為與另一電機(jī)高電壓的電子設(shè)備）。這個(gè)特點(diǎn)leads to the ability to partition the battery

35、 into smaller capacity sections.導(dǎo)致分區(qū)段被分成較小容量的電池。因此，第二way to charge a high cap</p><p>　　Nguyen & BushnellHigh Capacity Battery Charged as Single Pack高容量電池作為單包充電：</p><p>　　A high capacity batt

36、ery pack consists of either many small battery cells, or larger cells (but fewer高容量電池由許多小的電池，或更大的電池組成（但少in number).數(shù)量）。As mentioned earlier, pulse-charge's advantage lies in its ability to allow the battery如前所述，脈沖充電的

37、優(yōu)勢(shì)在于它能夠讓電池放電，實(shí)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一電荷（化學(xué)反應(yīng)發(fā)生時(shí)間一致）。在一個(gè)更大的電池情況下，它只是直觀的電池充電周期must be extended in order to achieve the same effect.必須擴(kuò)大 ，以達(dá)到同樣的效果。 An equation for calculating the optimal一種計(jì)算充電電池的周期最優(yōu)方程charge cycle of a battery can then be det

38、ermined by:可以被確定： rest </p><p>　　Where T is the total charge cycle time, τ 其中T是充電周期的總時(shí)間，τcharge電荷是is charge pulse duration, τ脈沖持續(xù)時(shí)間的收費(fèi)，τ初步放電initial_rest初步放電 is the initial re是初始放電duration, τ時(shí)間，τdischarg放電is

39、 the discharge pulse duration, and τ是放電脈沖的持續(xù)時(shí)間，和τ二次放電is the rest time after discharge.是第二次復(fù)位后的時(shí)間。Battery evaluation is also performed during the rest time after the discharge.電池也進(jìn)行在放電后的放電時(shí)間的評(píng)算。The relationship between th

40、e battery capacity and charge time is proposed to have a logarithmic之間的電池容量和充電時(shí)間的關(guān)系，建議將圖1對(duì)數(shù)correlation相關(guān)性。</p><p>　　Charge cycle time can then be calculated as follows充電時(shí)間可以計(jì)算如下： 2) ( </p><p>　　

41、T </p><p>　　那里的CT =大幅縮短充電周期。在充電周期的各個(gè)時(shí)間段，可以計(jì)算： </p><p>　　Individual time slices within the charge cycle can be calculatedusing:restC1αWhere ∝ 其中α1= 0.98, ∝= 0.98，α22= 0.005, ∝

42、= 0.005，α33= 0.005，α44= 0.0= 0.01 Therefore, a 1000 mA capacity battery has cycle time of 1 second, τ 因此，一個(gè)1000毫安容量的電池有周期為1秒，τ時(shí)間charge電荷= 980µs, τ為980μs，τinitial rest初步放電= 5µs,為5μs，ττdischarge放電= 5µs, τ為5μ

43、s，τsecondary rest二次放電= 10µs為 10us的。一萬(wàn)毫安電池將兩次充電周期長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間and time slices.和時(shí)間片。</p><p>　　Figure 2. 圖2. Charge Cycle Time and Battery Capacity Relationship 充電周期時(shí)間和電池容量的關(guān)系</p>

44、<p>　　The Divide and Conquer Approach to Charging a High-Capacity Battery Pac分而治之方法充電的高容量電池組 ：Our proposed method for implementing pulse-charge in high-capacity batteries is to partition the我們提出的方法是實(shí)施脈沖高容量電池充電 ， 是

45、使分區(qū)battery pack into smaller sections (possibly already done to accommodate by the electronic電池包裝成更小的部分（可能已經(jīng)做的考慮是電子requirement variations).需求變化）這是如圖3所示。</p><p>　　A series of pulse-chargers is then applied to

46、 charge these sections individually.一個(gè)脈沖系列充電器， 然后應(yīng)用到這些部分單獨(dú)收取。推理behind this method is that if a battery pack is comprised of individual cells, the cells后面這種方法，如果電池是由單個(gè)部分組成，部分characteristics are not identical hence may not

47、 charge/discharge at a uniform rate as the pack is作為包裝的特點(diǎn)是不相同的， 因而可能不收取在統(tǒng)一稅率的包中使用。因此，打破包裝成更小的部分，并被控個(gè)別intelligent charger allows them to be conditioned correctly and more uniformly智能充電器使他們能夠更均勻符合正確的條件。</p><p>

48、;　　Charging individual sections as shown above is proposed as the better method to charge a high如上圖所示充電個(gè)別章節(jié)提出的更好的方法來(lái)收取高capacity battery pack.容量電池。但是，這種方法的實(shí)現(xiàn)更復(fù)雜， expensive than charging the pack as a whole.收取的費(fèi)用比作為一個(gè)整體包裝要

49、高。實(shí)施Additional control logic needs to be implemented額外的控制邏輯需要to keep the chargers' inputs and multiple load outputs to maintain efficiency.保持充電器的投入，多產(chǎn)出，以維持負(fù)載效率。 </p><p><b>　　5.5.結(jié)論：</b></p

50、><p>　　Advances in advanced battery charging technology have been numerous, including the 在先進(jìn)的電池充電技術(shù)的進(jìn)步已經(jīng)很多，包括development of the battery conditioning concepts, intelligent fast charging, and pulse charging.發(fā)

51、展電池空調(diào)的概念，智能快速充電，脈沖充電。Pulse charging combined with intelligent control yields many advantages over conventional脈沖充電智能控制相結(jié)合產(chǎn)生了在保持電池容量和延長(zhǎng)電池壽命的特點(diǎn)相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)methods in maintaining battery capacity as well as extending battery life.

52、方法有很多優(yōu)勢(shì)。本文提出了一種new divide and conquer method to charge small sections of high</p><p>　　Nguyen & BushnellApplications of this new battery charging method are currently being explored.這種新電池的充電方法的應(yīng)用，目前正在探討。

53、今后的工作includes testing out the proposed methods on real high-capacity batteries such as the hybrid-包括測(cè)試出的實(shí)際提出的方法，如混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車的電機(jī)使用的真正的高容量電池。</p><p>　　Nguyen & Bushnell </p><p>　　Figure 3.

54、 圖3.The Divide and Conquer Method to Charge a High-Capacity Battery Pack分而治之法，以收取高容量電池包。</p><p>　　Acknowledgements 鳴謝：</p><p>　　The authors would like to thank George Sage PE (Pulse Powe

55、r Inc.), Dave Whitmer (Galaxy 在此感謝George Sage P.E.（脈沖電源公司），Dave Whitmer（銀河電力公司）和Andy Crick（自動(dòng)垃圾收集系統(tǒng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室導(dǎo)師）為他們的洞察力和對(duì)這項(xiàng)工作的意見(jiàn)。 </p><p><b>　　參考文獻(xiàn)：</b></p><p>　　[1] Eric C. Darcy -《調(diào)查的鎳氫電

56、池打嗝充電的響應(yīng)》，化學(xué)工程學(xué)院學(xué)位論文 - 休斯頓大學(xué)，1998年12月。</p><p>　　[2] Eric C. Darcy -《打嗝鎳氫充電電池》， 美國(guó)宇航局約翰遜航天中心，1995年10月。</p><p>　　[3] T. J. Liang, T. Wen, K. C. Tseng, J. F. Chen, 《再生利用脈沖充電器實(shí)施混合降壓升壓轉(zhuǎn)換器》，2001年10月的I

57、EEE第四屆國(guó)際電力電子技術(shù)和驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)會(huì)議論文</p><p>　　[4] K. C. Tseng, T. J. Liang, J. F. Chen, M. T. Chang，《具有功率因數(shù)校正的高頻正/負(fù)脈沖充電器》，電力電子專家會(huì)議，電機(jī)及電子學(xué)工程師聯(lián)合會(huì)，2002年6月。</p><p>　　[5] David Whitmer，《牧田自行車鎳氫電池 - 使用牧田DC1411充電器的

58、14.4V/2.2A鎳氫電動(dòng)工具電池壽命周期的比較》 銀河電力公司，2003</p><p><b>　　附件2：外文原文</b></p><p>　　Nguyen & Bushnell Summer 2003</p><p>　　Advanced

59、Battery Charging Techniques: Pulse-Charging in Large-Scale Applications – Design of Divide and Conquer Technique for High-Capacity Batteries </p><p>　　Tho Nguyen, Linda Bushnell </p><p>　　Depart

60、ment of Electrical Engineering </p><p>　　University of Washington </p><p>　　Seattle, WA 98195-2500 </p><p>　　tho@ee.washington.edu </p><p>　　1. Abstract </p><

61、;p>　　This paper analyzes the potential of intelligent pulse-charging for large-scale applications. A novel divide and conquer technique is developed to efficiently apply pulse-charging method in high-capacity battery

62、pack applications. Experiments, which are conducted on a small-scale system, validate the effectiveness of the proposed charging method. </p><h2>　　2. Introduction </h2><p>　　Having a reliable b

63、attery is possibly the biggest issue facing the advancement of wireless technology today. As the demand for battery power grows, the size of the battery pack gets bigger and charging techniques become more complicated. T

64、he battery charging issue is ubiquitous in all electronics applications. It is clearly the limiting factor in the application area of autonomous mobile robotics. Like other areas of technology that work with autonomy and

65、 mobility of electronics, the challenge i</p><p>　　In an effort to investigate this problem, a study was launched to look into current literature, to examine currently available technology in intelligent bat

66、tery charging, and to explore new solutions of battery charging systems for large-scale applications. This study encompasses two main parts. The first part covers an examination of three different intelligent charging me

67、thods through current literature and their current application. The second part of the study analyzes the principles and pro</p><p>　　This paper is organized as follows. In Section 3, three intelligent charg

68、ing methods are presented and evaluated. Section 4 presents the new divide and conquer pulse-charging method. Section 5 concludes the paper. </p><h2>　　3. Three Intelligent Charging Methods </h2><

69、p>　　In a basic battery, a chemical reaction takes place inside the battery and releases energy in the form of charge during usage. Once the chemical reaction is finished, the battery is “spent” or discharged. The idea

70、 behind charging is to put energy back into the battery to be stored and used again. As the most damage done to a battery is usually while it’s being charged, intelligent </p><p>　　control is necessary to pr

71、operly charge a battery. There are several ways to do accomplish this task. The most common and recently developed methods are as described below: </p><p>　　Galvanostatic Charging: The most common and direct

72、 approach is to charge a battery is to force energy back into a battery by applying a higher potential across the terminals. As the name “Galvanostatic” implies, this technique involves driving a constant current into th

73、e battery. This method can be used to charge the battery quickly and is simple to implement. </p><p>　　Pulse-Charging: A second, and more recently developed, method of charging is called “pulse charging.” Th

74、is method also involves sending charge back into the battery; however, it is not done at constant current. Instead, pulse-charging cycles between a period of constant current into the battery and a brief moment of rest,

75、as seen in Figure 1. The idea behind this technique is to allow time for the chemical reaction to settle, so the battery is charged more uniformly. This minimizes problems with</p><p>　　Burp-Charging: Along

76、with the development of the pulse-charging method, another similar method was developed, called “Burp” charging. The name came from a very brief moment of discharge within the pulse-charge cycle (optimal discharge pulse

77、relative to charge cycle can be calculated from algorithm discussed later). The idea behind the discharge pulse is to redirect the migration of oxide gas away from the reacting plates, preventing oxidization, allowing th

78、e battery to prolong its life and capac</p><p>　　Figure 1. - Typical Pulse-Charge Cycle (only burp-charge has discharge pulse). </p><p>　　The development of the above three methods of intelligen

79、t charging led to studies to determine their effectiveness. One of the most thorough studies was done by NASA Johnson Space Center on battery life under these methods of charging Darcy. The NASA study examined battery ca

80、pacity and life cycles through various charge methods. The data result from testing NiMH charge using pulse, burp, galvanostatic, and galvanostatic to 45o C (constant charge current until battery temperature reaches 45o

81、C – </p><p>　　The NASA study also looked at the heat and gas generation by various charge methods. In respect to gas generation, pulse-charge and burp-charge consistently produces less gas than galvanostatic

82、 method. As for heat generation, pulse-charge and burp-charge produces less heat than the conventional galvanostatic method again – with significant improvement from the burp-charge method. Note that excess heat is very

83、damaging to a battery. </p><p>　　From available literature and data, a conclusion can be drawn that pulse-charging methods – inclusive of both pulse-charge and burp-charge – are superior to the conventional

84、galvanostatic method. It can prolong the battery life, reduces gas and heat generation while charging (which also decreases battery hazard to the outside environment). Though the overall results of both charge methods ar

85、e almost comparable, however, burp-charge has a slight superiority over pulse-charge. </p><h2>　　4. The Divide and Conquer Pulse-Charging Method </h2><p>　　Even though the advantages of pulse-ch

86、arging can easily be seen and explained, this relatively new idea has been slow to integrate into various industries. There are a handful companies in the world who are pursuing the design and manufacture of chargers usi

87、ng these new ideas. One can attribute industry’s resistance to these new pulse-charging methods to the lucrative business of battery and replacement parts manufacturing. </p><p>　　Despite being largely ignor

88、ed by the industry for the most part, pulse-charging is slowly expanding into the consumer market. For now applications of pulse-charging remain at the small-scale. Pulse-charging applications include portable electronic

89、 devices in government agencies such as police and firefighter walkie-talkie radios, specialty tools, and limited use in consumer electronics such as power tool and remote control toys. The technology is currently expand

90、ing and undoubtedly will be avail</p><p>　　As current literature indicates, pulse-charging has been tested and verified to be superior to conventional galvanostatic method. However, testing was largely condu

91、cted on low-capacity battery cells – capacity ranges at average consumer electronics level. The authors of this paper hypothesize that pulse-charging can be equally beneficial in large-scale application (i.e., charging H

92、ybrid-Electric Vehicle batteries where operating voltage and current are very high) if implemented correctly. Due to</p><p>　　Charging of a high-voltage battery pack can be done in two ways. The first is to

93、apply charge to the entire battery pack by one charger. However, most high capacity batteries are usually broken into smaller sections to output desired voltage (i.e., an HEV may want to draw a small voltage for its elec

94、tronics along with another higher voltage for the electric motor). This characteristic leads to the ability to partition the battery into smaller capacity sections. Therefore, a second way to charge </p><p>

95、　　High Capacity Battery Charged as Single Pack </p><p>　　A high capacity battery pack consists of either many small battery cells, or larger cells (but fewer in number). As mentioned earlier, pulse-charge’s

96、advantage lies in its ability to allow the battery to rest between pulse cycles to achieve a uniform charge (chemical reaction has time to take place uniformly). In case of a larger battery cell, it is only intuitive tha

97、t the battery charge cycle must be extended in order to achieve the same effect. An equation for calculating the optimal charge cy</p><p>　　restondaryedischrestinitialechT_secarg_argττττ+++= </p><

98、p>　　Where T is the total charge cycle time, τcharge is charge pulse duration, τinitial_rest is the initial rest duration, τdischarge is the discharge pulse duration, and τsecondary_rest is the rest time after discharg

99、e. Battery evaluation is also performed during the rest time after the discharge. </p><p>　　The relationship between the battery capacity and charge time is proposed to have a logarithmic correlation. This r