秸稈煤炭成型機(jī)英文翻譯翻譯--秸稈壓塊成型燃料技術(shù)在我國的應(yīng)用及難題

1、<p><b>　　機(jī)電工程學(xué)院</b></p><p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　設(shè)計(jì)題目: </p><p>　　譯文題目: 秸稈壓塊成型燃料技術(shù)在我國的應(yīng)用及難題</p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名：

2、 </p><p>　　正文：外文資料譯文 附 件：外文資料原文</p><p>　　秸稈壓塊成型燃料技術(shù)在我國的應(yīng)用及難題</p><p>　　王旭濤，張百良 農(nóng)業(yè)部可再生能源重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室</p><p>　　中國，鄭州市，文化路95號(hào)，450002</p><p>　　dsands@16

3、3.com</p><p>　　摘要：盡管我國已經(jīng)建立了多種類型秸稈壓塊成型機(jī)和和建立在該基礎(chǔ)上的燃料設(shè)備，但是我國學(xué)者仍然面臨很多困難。其中有一些困難就是秸稈的收集和在煤炭壓塊以及渣塊沉淀過程中機(jī)械設(shè)備的磨損，在燃燒爐腐蝕的過程，這一過程大大限制了秸稈煤炭程序產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。本文認(rèn)為應(yīng)該解決BBDF技術(shù)研究和在實(shí)際工程中的應(yīng)用的難題。此外，在本文中論述了秸稈煤炭成型技術(shù)的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀是處理和分析。通過總結(jié)成功和失敗的經(jīng)

4、驗(yàn),提出一些解決困難的辦法，在中國也可以提出一種可行的秸稈煤炭成型技術(shù)的發(fā)展模式。</p><p><b>　　0 困境</b></p><p>　　生物量(秸稈)屬于一種再生的能源,而且在整個(gè)循環(huán)過程中溫室氣體二氧化碳沒有被終止。中國是一個(gè)年產(chǎn)量大約5億噸秸稈的農(nóng)業(yè)大國，大約3.5億噸秸稈可用于生產(chǎn)秸稈煤炭燃料可完全替代2.1億噸煤炭的利用。更重要的是,42000

5、萬噸二氧化碳,120萬噸二氧化硫和300萬噸的煙塵排放到大氣中,這個(gè)惡劣的結(jié)果可能會(huì)被削減下來。大部分的秸稈直接燒毀或被堆放分散、硫化物氣體和有毒材料，在這一過程中排放的燃燒有害氣體污染空氣,而且還污染了的水和土壤。這是對(duì)土壤質(zhì)量和食品安全的一個(gè)巨大的威脅。 </p><p>　　因此,發(fā)展秸稈壓塊煤炭燃料替代化石能源是我國的迫切要求，它將改我國能源結(jié)構(gòu)，可以減少有害物質(zhì)對(duì)環(huán)境的污染,它也能增加農(nóng)民的收入,促進(jìn)現(xiàn)

6、代化的農(nóng)村地區(qū)。</p><p>　　1 秸稈煤炭成型技術(shù)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀</p><p>　　德國和日本秸稈煤炭成型技術(shù)開始發(fā)展是在1920年代[1,2]，推動(dòng)螺桿機(jī)械的秸稈建模技術(shù)傳入中國是在1980年代。秸稈壓縮和致密化的技術(shù)研發(fā)已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了20多年[3,4]。在1990年,機(jī)械螺釘,活塞致密化技術(shù)發(fā)展迅速。河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)中國在1990年代[5 ~ 8]發(fā)明了由液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)的活塞致密化機(jī)

7、器。這種秸稈成型技術(shù)提供了一個(gè)模型，它已經(jīng)從中國的幾個(gè)省正在推廣到另一個(gè)位置地區(qū)了。主要的致密化設(shè)備有機(jī)械螺旋榨油機(jī)；液壓動(dòng)力機(jī)械和托輥造粒機(jī)。一部分致密的設(shè)備和適合設(shè)備已經(jīng)經(jīng)過大量的研究和試驗(yàn)2459年7生物量30年被完整的發(fā)展。[9 ~ 12]。. 最近幾年幾個(gè)省份如河南,遼寧、安徽已經(jīng)開始示范及推廣應(yīng)用致密化爐的設(shè)備和適合的幾種機(jī)械設(shè)備。在政府的努力, 秸稈煤炭成型技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)取得很好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益市場，基本的秸稈煤炭成型產(chǎn)

8、業(yè)已經(jīng)在中國建立起來了。 </p><p>　　2 BBDF技術(shù)存在的問題</p><p>　　雖然技術(shù)得到了迅速的發(fā)展，但是還有一些重要的問題,如生物資源資源收集、在致密化過程中的機(jī)械磨損, 熟料沉積物及灶臺(tái)腐蝕,亟待解決。限制了產(chǎn)業(yè)化的生物量一步致密化的燃料。這是這些限制了秸稈致密成型產(chǎn)業(yè)化的步伐。</p><p>　　2.1生物質(zhì)資源和資源的收集</

9、p><p>　　2.1.1生物質(zhì)資源的需求</p><p>　　農(nóng)業(yè)和森林工業(yè)的總資源應(yīng)被考慮到生物質(zhì)成型技術(shù)發(fā)展過程中,以避免超過供應(yīng)資源的能力。總資源:玉米秸稈(只需要作為一個(gè)例)的輸出是玉米秸稈約5000公斤公頃,我們就可以獲得每2公頃10噸玉米秸桿的產(chǎn)量。資源消耗:如果的產(chǎn)生效率是25%,1公斤玉米秸桿可以產(chǎn)生1度電(平均),所以能1 MW發(fā)電機(jī)組一個(gè)小時(shí)產(chǎn)生1000千瓦時(shí)電力,其意味

10、著消耗1000公斤玉米秸桿。這意味著一天就需要24000公斤玉米莖4.7公頃的產(chǎn)量,。如果發(fā)電機(jī)運(yùn)行一年300天,需要1440公頃7200000千克玉米秸桿,大約8個(gè)他們中的每一個(gè)人都居住的鄉(xiāng)村,該發(fā)電機(jī)能填補(bǔ)了400戶人家用電。成本的資源:玉米秸稈的價(jià)格是300元/噸,7200噸花了200萬元。</p><p>　　2.1.2 收集資源(秸稈)</p><p>　　該系統(tǒng)是分散的資源供給

11、和依靠手工為主。這是不同于發(fā)達(dá)國家的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化模型。在中國，秸稈采集是一個(gè)技術(shù)方面的瓶頸秸稈煤炭成型技術(shù)的生產(chǎn)的應(yīng)該得到更多的關(guān)注。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在僅需要1 MW電廠為例,一輛卡車可以攜帶4米3每次只有1000公斤玉米秸稈卡車需要7200倍電廠需要的所有的玉米秸稈。這是在實(shí)踐中很難實(shí)現(xiàn)。如果電廠購買收獲玉米。他們可以直接去買玉米秸稈到豐收的農(nóng)場。成本是每單位面積70元,如果加津貼后支付給農(nóng)民,玉米秸稈的

12、成本是50元/噸。只有這樣，電廠和農(nóng)民才可以建立一個(gè)好的交通,使發(fā)電自動(dòng)化采集符合我國現(xiàn)狀的收集和預(yù)處理。也就會(huì)出現(xiàn)的問題,那就是現(xiàn)代的轉(zhuǎn)變技術(shù)與電資源收集、鉛對(duì)電廠操作異常產(chǎn)生沖突，就是集中和分散收集模型。綜上所述,分散收集模型適合中國家庭產(chǎn)生的規(guī)則，就是家庭聯(lián)合承包制。這是一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)的藍(lán)圖,可以在大多數(shù)地區(qū)推廣應(yīng)用機(jī)械化。從農(nóng)民而言,機(jī)械化收集模型和分散收集模型，結(jié)合家庭聯(lián)合承包制，是實(shí)現(xiàn)地區(qū)機(jī)械化的方式。</p>&l

13、t;p>　　2.2 機(jī)械磨損問題</p><p>　　2.3 熟料沉淀的問題和熱爐腐蝕的問題</p><p>　　在生物莖中包含的一些元素如硅、鈣、氯高于煤和其他燃料。一些土壤和沙土含有豐富的二氧化硅在聚集這一過程中秘密流失了。因此熟料的沉淀的生物質(zhì)燃料燃燒過程中導(dǎo)致爐表面熱傳輸能力下降。爐燃燒過程中，在生物質(zhì)燃料元素氯會(huì)侵蝕管道。這些都是生物量直接燃燒的關(guān)鍵問題,特別是大型鍋爐必須

14、停止操作或兩次被清洗和維護(hù)每一年。渣塊沉淀的機(jī)理及腐蝕：主要原因是在生物資源和燒結(jié)堿性金屬元素和二氧化硅。這些堿性金屬元素和二氧化硅在生物質(zhì)燃燒過程共同產(chǎn)生了一些水晶復(fù)合物質(zhì)。腐蝕源于在燃燒生物質(zhì)過程堿性金屬氯化物的排放。</p><p>　　2.4 在運(yùn)行過程的其他的問題</p><p>　　（1） 因?yàn)樵诮斩捗禾砍尚瓦M(jìn)程中有大量揮發(fā)性物質(zhì),在燃燒密封時(shí)期大量的焦油會(huì)產(chǎn)生，導(dǎo)致煙囪的阻塞

15、。</p><p>　?。?）一個(gè)相對(duì)較大的沉積區(qū)域?qū)⒈恍枰驗(yàn)樯镔|(zhì)原料的體積大于化石燃料。為了防止火災(zāi)，控制原料的水分含量應(yīng)該被考慮。</p><p>　　表1:集中收集MODEL-BIOMASS某個(gè)縣電廠的項(xiàng)目指標(biāo)</p><p>　　表2:分散采集技術(shù)公司在科學(xué)及型號(hào)XINGXIANG項(xiàng)目指標(biāo)</p><p><b>　　

16、建議</b></p><p>　?。?）把鄉(xiāng)村制造基礎(chǔ)的建設(shè)工程應(yīng)用到實(shí)際中來。如果1/3的農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)線的將配備這秸稈煤炭成型技術(shù)線，那么約有150000個(gè)村莊將擁有自己的生物量致密化生產(chǎn)線，。如果在中國境內(nèi)各線路的輸出1000噸，總生產(chǎn)能力達(dá)1.5億噸，總投資450億元也就是每個(gè)村莊300000元。如果每年90億元的投，那么在5年該項(xiàng)目可以被完成。通過這種方式,中國能節(jié)省1億噸的煤，價(jià)值400億元,農(nóng)

17、民就會(huì)每一年賺到12億元。生物質(zhì)（秸稈）的收集有可能完美解決和協(xié)調(diào)環(huán)境,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)之間的和諧關(guān)系。</p><p>　?。?）研究秸稈煤炭成型工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)是迫在眉睫的，,如何用感覺適度的鼓舞政策吸引合適的公司參加該項(xiàng)目是關(guān)鍵。</p><p>　?。?）在燃燒過程中對(duì)泥沙和熟料的研究應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)。有兩種方式可以解決這一問題。首先,對(duì)堿的金屬元素應(yīng)該從原料被移動(dòng);其次,來確定一下爐的溫

18、度控制。</p><p>　?。?）以及相關(guān)的配件BBDF的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)備應(yīng)確立規(guī)范產(chǎn)品[13]。</p><p>　　附件：（英文資料原文）</p><p>　　APPLICATION AND PROBLEMS OF BIOMASS BRIQUETTING DENSIFICATION</p><p>　　FUEL(BBDF) TECHNOLOGY

19、 IN CHINA</p><p>　　Wang Xutao, Zhang Bailiang</p><p><b>　　*</b></p><p>　　Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture</p><p>　　NO.95 Wenhua

20、 Road Zhengzhou , 450002, China</p><p>　　dsands@163.com</p><p><b>　　ABSTRACT </b></p><p>　　Even though China has built several kinds of BBDF machine and burning equipmen

21、ts which established the base for BBDF industrialization, there are still several difficulties faced by Chinesescholars. Some of them are biomass gathering, mechanical abrasion of the equipment in briquetting process and

22、 sediment of clinker, and cauterization of the hearth in combustion process,which greatly limit the development of BBDF industry. Thus, this paper argues that the difficulties should be solved within BB</p><p&

23、gt;　　0. INTRODUTION </p><p>　　The biomass (straw stalk) belongs to one kind of renewable energy resources, and there are no greenhouse gas CO2 be discharged in the whole circle. China is a big agricultural

24、country, which yields about 500 million ton straw stalk every year. About 350 million ton straw can be used in producing BBDF, which can substitute 210 million ton of coal if it were completely utilized. More importantly

25、, 420 million ton of CO2, 1.2 million ton of SO2, and 3 million ton of soot that discharged to the atmos</p><p>　　1. TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLIED STATUS OF BBDF </p><p>　　Germany and J

26、apan began to develop BBDF technology in 1920s[1, 2]. The technology of pushing screw machine for straw modeling was introduced into China in 1980s. The technical R&D of biomass compressing and densification has been

27、 carried on for more than 20 years[3, 4]. After 1990, mechanical screw and piston densification technology was developed greatly. The piston densification machine driven by hydraulic pressure was invented in Henan Agricu

28、ltural university of China in 1990s[5~8]. The BBDF </p><p>　　provinces of China and it is being popularized to the other regions now. The main densification equipments are mechanical screw press machine; hyd

29、raulic pressure press machine and roller pelleting machine. Part of densification equipments and the suited equipments have been developed completely after a great deal of researches and experiments 7 BIOMASS 2459 for

30、3 decades [9~12]. Several provinces such as Henan, Liaoning, Anhui began to demonstrate and generalize the densification equipment and</p><p>　　2. PROBLEMS OF BBDF TECHNOLOGY </p><p>　　Although

31、 biomass fuel got rapidly developed, there are still several important problems ,such as biomass resource gathering 、mechanical abrasion in densification process、sediments of clinker and cauterization of the hearth, all

32、of which need to be solved urgently. It’s them that restrict the step of the industrialization of biomass densification fuel. </p><p>　　2.1 Biomass Resources and Resources Gathering </p><p>　

33、　2.1.1 Demand of Biomass Resources</p><p>　　The total resources of agricultural and forest industry should be taken into account in the development process of biomass energy in order to avoid exceeding th

34、e supply ability of resource. The gross of resource: （just takes corn stalk as an example）The output of corn stalk is about 5000 kg per hectare, So that we can get 10 tons corn stalk every 2 hectare. Resource consumptio

35、n: If the efficiency of generating electricity is 25%, 1Kg corn stalk can generate 1 kWh electricity （the mean ）, so a 1</p><p>　　2.1.2 Resource (Straw Stalk) Gathering </p><p>　　The system o

36、f resource supply is dispersive and mainly depends on handwork. This is different from the mechanized farming model of the developed countries. In China straw stalk gathering is one bottleneck of mechnaization of BBDF pr

37、oduction which should deserve more attention. Just take a 1MW power plant as an example, a truck can carry 4m3 only 1000kg unsmashed corn stalk every time, it needs the truck run 7,200 times to ship all the corn stalk t

38、hat the power plantneeds. It is difficult to rea</p><p>　　The cost is 70 yuan every unit area, if adds the allowance pay to the farmer, the cost of corn stalk is 50yuan/ton. Only in this way the power plant

39、and the farmer can establish a good fellowship, and make the automatization of electricity generation match with the gather and pretreatment in China. Or there will come forth the problem that the modern techniques of el

40、ectrical generation conflict with the resource collecting, lead to the power plant operate abnormally. Table1 and Table 2 is centra</p><p>　　2.2 Problem of Mechanical Abrasion </p><p>　　The den

41、sification was realized by the relatively high speed movement between the deriving part of screw press or pelleting machine and the biomass stalk. The heat produced by the friction intenerates the cellulose and lignose w

42、hile the press pushes the stalk into the densification mould. As the screw always runs under the high pressure and temperature, and always in the frictional state with the feedstock, badly abrasion of the screw in the co

43、mpressed area is not avoidable. The screw will not ma</p><p>　　2.3 The Problems of Sediment of Clinker and Cauterization of the Hearth </p><p>　　The content of some element such as Si, Ca, Cl i

44、n Biomass stalk is higher than coal and other fuel. Some soil and sands that is rich in SiO2 was carried secretly in the process of collecting. Thus the sediment of clinker is made in the combusting process of biomass fu

45、el that lead to the heat transfer capability of the surface of the hearth down. The element Cl in the biomass fuel will erode the pipe in the hearth during the combustion process. These are the key problems of direct com

46、bustion of t</p><p>　　process of biomass. </p><p>　　2.4 The Other Problems in Operating Process </p><p>　　(1) Since there is a great amount of volatile in the BBDF, a great deal

47、 of tar will be yielded in the period of fire seal, which block up the chimney. </p><p>　　(2) A relative bigger deposited area will be needed as the volume of biomass feedstock is greater than the fossil fue

48、l. The controlling of moisture of the feedstock should be taken into consideration in order to prevent fire. </p><p>　　TABLE 1: CENTRALIZED GATHERING MODEL-BIOMASS POWER PLANT OF A COUNTY ITEM INDEX </

49、p><p><b>　　Scale </b></p><p>　　Investment </p><p>　　Technology &Equipment </p><p>　　BBDF resource needed </p><p>　　Collecting effect </p&

50、gt;<p><b>　　30MW </b></p><p>　　300 million yuan </p><p>　　Bale feeding of Danmark </p><p>　　600,000kg/d, 18million kg/a, supplied by 36,000 hectares of corn,

51、 </p><p>　　To carry these stalk need truck run 200,000times, if the average transport distance is </p><p>　　10miles, the total distance is 2million miles, it takes 30litre diesel every 100 miles

52、, as </p><p>　　the price is 4yuan every liter, the total cost is 2.4million yuan. </p><p>　　The total collecting amount is 500,000kg in the year 2006 that is not enough to be </p><p&g

53、t;　　burn by the boiler for one day. </p><p>　　TABLE 2: DISPERSIVE GATHERING MODEL-A SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGICAL COMPANY IN XINGXIANG </p><p>　　ITEM INDEX </p><p><b>　　Scale &l

54、t;/b></p><p>　　Investment </p><p>　　Resource transportation </p><p>　　Collecting effect </p><p>　　2000kg stalk can be process per hour, output: 7.2million kg biomass

55、 briquette per year </p><p>　　1million yuan </p><p>　　The peasant send stalk to the densification station by themselves within the 10 kilometer </p><p>　　radial area. </p>&l

56、t;p>　　The company is in good order now, the cost of BBDF is 150-200yuan/ton, factory price is </p><p>　　300yuan/ton, and the net income is 0.72-1.08million yuan annually. </p><p>　　7 BIOMASS

57、 2461</p><p>　　3. SUGGESTION </p><p>　　(1)Putting the constructive engineering of manufacture basement of village class in practice. </p><p>　　About 150,000 villages will own bioma

58、ss densification product line if 1/3 of the villages would be equipped with the BBDF line. The total production will amount to 150million ton in China if the output of each line is 1000ton/a. The total investment will be

59、 45 billion yuan that is 300,000 yuan per village. This project can be completed in 5 year with the 9 billion yuan investment each year. In this way China can save 100million ton of coal worth of 40billion yuan, the farm

60、ers will earn 1.2 billi</p><p>　　(2)It is urgent to study the industrialization technology of BBDF, and how to attract proper companies to participate the project with moderate heartened policy is the key. &

61、lt;/p><p>　　(3)The study of the sediment and clinker in combustion process should be strengthened. There are two ways to address this issue. Firstly, the alkali metallic element should be move out from the feed

62、stock; secondly, to make sure that the temperature of the hearth is under control. </p><p>　　(4) The criterion of BBDF and correlative fitting equipment should be established to standardize the product[13].

63、</p><p>　　4. REFERENCES </p><p>　　(1) Center for Biomass Technology, “Danish bioenergy solution – reliable and efficiency”, 2002. </p><p>　　(2) Lindley J A,Vossoughi M, “Physical pr

64、operties of biomass briquettes”, Transactions of the ASAE, 1989, 32(2), p361-366. </p><p>　　(3) Sheng Kuichuan,Wu Jie, “Review on physical properties and forming mechanisms of biomass briquettes”, Transacti

65、ons of The Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2004, 22(4), p242-245. </p><p>　　(4) Wang Min,Guo Kangquan,Zhu Wenrong, “A Preliminary Study on the Preparation of Pressurized Straw Briquette”, Tran

66、sactions of The Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 1993, 9(1), p99-103. </p><p>　　(5) Zheng Ge, Yang Shiguan,Kong Shuxuan et al, “Development and Analysis of the Biomass Briquetting Technologies” J

67、ournal of Henan Agricultural University, 1998(4), p349-354. </p><p>　　(6) Li Baoqian,Zhang Bailiang,Xia Zuzhang, “Study on PB I Piston Type Biomass”, Journal of Henan Agricultural University, 1997(2), p112-

68、117. </p><p>　　(7) Li Baoqian,Zhang Bailiang,Xia Zuzhang et al, “Application of HPB Biomass Briquetting Machine Ⅰ ”, Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 1999, 22(3), p234-238. </p><p>　　(8) MA Xiao-qi

69、n, “Study on Kinetic Characteristics of Biomass (Straw) Briquettes Combution and </p><p>　　Improvement Design of Hydralic Straw Briquetting Press”, Zheng zhou: Henan Agricultural University, july, 2002. <

70、/p><p>　　(9) Liu Shengyong,Zhang Bailiang,Yang Qunfa et al, “Design and study of biomass briquette boiler”, Transactions of The Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2003, 19(6), p268-271. </p>&l

71、t;p>　　(10) Liu Shengyong,Chen Kaiding,Zhang Bailiang, “The status of development and study on biomass (straw) briquttes combustion equipments in the world”, Renewable Energy, 2002,(4), p14-15. </p><p>　　(

72、11) Ma Xiaoqin,Li Gang, “The analysis on foreground of alternating the small coal boiler in straw briquttes boiler”, Rural Energy, 2001,(5), p20-22. </p><p>　　(12) Liu Shengyong, “Development and test study

73、on biomass (straw) briquttes combustion equipment” ,Zheng zhou: Henan Agricultural University, 2003. </p><p>　　(13) LV Zeng-an, “Speeding up the standard formulation for biomass pellet fuel”, Renewable Energ