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1、<p> 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p> 系別: 建筑系 </p><p><b> 附件:</b></p><p><b> 1、外文原文</b></p><p> The 1901 plan for
2、 Washington D.C.</p><p> The first explicit attempt to utilize the vaguely classical Beaux-Arts architectural style, which emerged from the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893, for the explicit intent of b
3、eautification and social amelioration was the Senate Park Commission’s redesign of the monumental core of Washington D.C. to commemorate the city’s centennial. The McMillan Plan of 1901-02, named for Senator James McMill
4、an, the commission’s liaison and principal backer in Congress, was the United States’ first attempt</p><p> The original plans of Pierre L’Enfant had been largely unrealized in the growth of the city, and w
5、ith the country’s growing prominence in the international arena, Congress decided that Washington D.C. should be brought to the magnificence decreed in L’Enfant’s plan. The members of the commission convened by the Congr
6、ess included Daniel H. Burnham, former Director of Construction of the World’s Columbian Exposition; architect Charles McKim, of McKim, Mead, & White, New York City; sculptor and Wor</p><p> The means t
7、o these ends was the 1901 plan. The group began their research for the comprehensive city plan by visiting the “great cities” of Europe. Vienna, Paris, and the town planning of Germany were their destinations in an attem
8、pt to recover the spirit of L’Enfant. “Their pilgrimage in general, and their specific itinerary, reflected the reverence of the City Beautiful mentality for the culture of the Old World…” (Hines, 87) The commissioners w
9、ere particularly impressed with Paris, seeing it </p><p> The plan itself was a reworking of L’Enfant’s plan, creating a monumental core, a great public Mall, and a series of public gardens. The focus of th
10、e plan, however, was on the Mall itself. </p><p> Briefly, the Commission proposed to surround the Capitol square with a series of monumental buildings for Congressional use and for the Supreme Court. These
11、, together with the existing Library of Congress, would form a frame for the Capitol and its towering dome. Extending westwards on a rectified axis, a broad Mall with four carriage drives would lead to the Washington Mon
12、ument. Lining the Mall on both sides would be major cultural and educational buildings. (Reps, 109)</p><p> The buildings surrounding the Capitol eventually included Burnham’s immense Union Station and Colu
13、mbus Plaza. The placement of this railroad station is important in the 1901 plan. Not only does it demonstrate the Commission’s mania for symmetry, harmony, and building groups rather than individual buildings, it also d
14、emonstrates its power. For the preceding decades the Pennsylvania railroad had its station at the base of Capitol Hill, its tracks cutting across the Mall. Daniel Burnham, used his i</p><p> It was not only
15、 the nation for which the Senate Park Commission was attempting to attain social and cultural cache. As members of a growing professional class, which included professors, writers (such as Henry Adams, William and Henry
16、James), architects, and civil servants, they were attempting to define their roles in this new category in a modern society. As social roles changed, government grew, and America underwent the last death pangs of an agri
17、cultural society, this new class of professio</p><p> However, it was not only European forms that the Commission used in its 1901 plan. The Beaux-Arts style gave the impression of being vaguely classical,
18、connoting not only the democracy of ancient Greece and the Roman Republic, but also the early American Republic of L’Enfant’s plan. “Classic architecture symbolized the historical heritage of the United States in a way t
19、hat the Gothic, Romanesque, or commercial styles never could.” (Wilson, 89) The classical reference in architecture was well-kno</p><p> This explicit reference to the Founders allowed the government at the
20、 turn of the century, and subsequent governments, to align themselves with the powerful symbolism the Founders invoked. Drawing on this well of myth, the Mall was to present “the public a symbol of the power of the natio
21、nal government.” (Gutheim, 43) In the past, the Mall was simply an open space for residents of Washington D.C.; with the new plan it “was reconceived as a new kind of governmental complex, a combined civic and c</p>
22、;<p> Yet the monumental core was not the only part of the city the 1901 Plan addressed. The 1901 Plan was the first real expression of the City Beautiful movement in America, believing in the power of beauty in
23、the urban center to not only increase business and property prices, but to induce civic pride and its attendant moral and economic reforms. The Plan did not explicitly address the problems of the overcrowded and impoveri
24、shed tenements and alleys surrounding the monumental core; instead governm</p><p> The potential for monumentality, beauty, and community building was immense in the redesign of Washington D.C. But as Norma
25、 Evenson observes in her article “Monumental Spaces,” : “As a planned city, Washington provided opportunities for the creation of large scale urban unity: the axial government complex could be harmoniously embodied withi
26、n, and related to, a comprehensively ordered street fabric.” (21) Yet this was not the case with the 1901 plan; in fact many, even at the time, saw the focus</p><p> The 1901 Plan for Washington D.C. was no
27、t at its core a plan for the growing metropolitan city, but for a monumental center which would invoke European and classical forms in order to legitimize the power of the planners, the growing government, and America in
28、 the international arena. It would also provide a focus for civic and national pride, which would in turn somehow magically ameliorate the city’s and nation’s economic and social problems. When the Commission presented t
29、he Plan to President</p><p> 2、外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p> 華盛頓的1901年規(guī)劃</p><p> 第一次明確企圖利用從1893年哥倫比亞世界博覽會(huì)涌現(xiàn)出來(lái)的,有明確的美化城市和社會(huì)改良意圖的古典主義藝術(shù)建筑風(fēng)格的是參議院公園委員會(huì)重新設(shè)計(jì)的不朽的華盛頓核心,以紀(jì)念該城的百年歷史。這個(gè)1901至1902年的麥克米蘭計(jì)劃
30、被命名為參議員詹姆斯麥克米蘭,他在國(guó)會(huì)是該委員會(huì)的聯(lián)絡(luò)和政府的主要支持者,這是美國(guó)在城市規(guī)劃中的第一次嘗試。</p><p> 皮埃爾·埃爾芬最初的規(guī)劃思想在該城市的發(fā)展中并沒(méi)有被廣泛的實(shí)現(xiàn),隨著美國(guó)在國(guó)際舞臺(tái)上的地位日益突出,美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)決定執(zhí)行宏大的埃爾芬規(guī)劃。由國(guó)會(huì)召集的參議院公園委員會(huì)的成員包括原哥倫比亞世界博覽會(huì)建筑學(xué)主任丹尼爾伯納姆;建筑師查爾斯麥克金姆,麥克金姆,米德和紐約市的伯特;雕塑家和
31、世界公平委員會(huì)的校友奧古斯都圣賽恩德-格德斯;佛瑞德歐姆斯德;和國(guó)會(huì)的聯(lián)絡(luò)員查爾斯穆?tīng)枴K麄兺ㄟ^(guò)古典藝術(shù)風(fēng)格的宏大形式共同探求首都的振興。用他們?cè)谑澜绻轿瘑T會(huì)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)作為起跳點(diǎn),委員們希望能夠達(dá)到一系列的目標(biāo):獲取與歐洲對(duì)等的文化意識(shí);在迅速增長(zhǎng)的專(zhuān)業(yè)階層確立自己在文化和社會(huì)上的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位;在一個(gè)不斷變化,混亂和不斷發(fā)展時(shí)代,振興華盛頓的“不朽的核心”,以表達(dá)“開(kāi)國(guó)元?jiǎng)住钡倪B續(xù)性和政府的合法性;最后,要利用“不朽的核心”的優(yōu)點(diǎn)作為控制社會(huì)
32、及改善公民一種途徑。</p><p> 為達(dá)到這些目的而實(shí)施的手段就是1901年的規(guī)劃。該委員會(huì)通過(guò)參觀歐洲的“偉大城市”開(kāi)始其做全面城市規(guī)劃的研究。嘗試重新獲得埃爾芬的規(guī)劃精華,維也納,巴黎,和德國(guó)的城市規(guī)劃是他們的目的地?!八麄兊某ヂ贸蹋麄兊脑敱M的旅行計(jì)劃,反映了他們對(duì)城市美化的崇敬,對(duì)舊世界文化的心態(tài),…… ”(漢斯,87)。委員們尤其對(duì)巴黎留下了深刻的印象,把它看做一個(gè)“良好的明確表達(dá)的城市—城市公
33、民的藝術(shù)”( 漢斯, 87)。巴黎寬闊的林蔭道及凡爾賽宮深深的影響了他們,結(jié)合對(duì)古典藝術(shù)風(fēng)格的偏好,形成了最后規(guī)劃定案,這是可以理解的。</p><p> 規(guī)劃本身是對(duì)埃爾芬規(guī)劃的改造,創(chuàng)造了“不朽的核心”,一個(gè)巨大的公共廣場(chǎng),以及一系列的公共花園。但是,規(guī)劃的焦點(diǎn)是廣場(chǎng)本身。 簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō),該委員會(huì)建議用一系列紀(jì)念國(guó)會(huì)和最高法院的建筑物包圍國(guó)會(huì)大廈廣場(chǎng)。這些,再加上現(xiàn)有的美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)圖書(shū)館,將為國(guó)會(huì)和其高聳
34、的穹頂形成一個(gè)框架。向西延續(xù)糾正后的軸線,4輛馬車(chē)能夠并行的寬闊的廣場(chǎng)直通華盛頓紀(jì)念碑。襯托廣場(chǎng)兩側(cè)的都將是重大的文化和教育大廈。(瑞普斯, 109)</p><p> 環(huán)繞國(guó)會(huì)的建筑物,最終包括伯納姆的巨大聯(lián)合車(chē)站和哥倫布廣場(chǎng)。在1901年的規(guī)劃中,如何安置火車(chē)站非常重要。它不僅表明了委員會(huì)對(duì)對(duì)稱(chēng),和諧以及建筑群(而不是個(gè)別建筑物)的熱衷,而且也顯示了其權(quán)力。國(guó)會(huì)山基地的幾十年前的賓夕法尼亞州鐵路車(chē)站的蹤跡貫
35、穿廣場(chǎng)中心。丹尼爾伯納姆,用他對(duì)鐵路會(huì)長(zhǎng)亞歷山大卡薩特的影響,使其相信對(duì)城市美化的支持和對(duì)國(guó)家忠誠(chéng),遷走車(chē)站。在“不朽的核心”對(duì)面的盡端佇立著華盛頓紀(jì)念碑,穩(wěn)固兩軸象征權(quán)利的是國(guó)會(huì)和白宮。然而,這座紀(jì)念碑建成后偏離了白宮視線幾百碼?!鞍瑺柌亟ㄗh,在西部建立另一座紀(jì)念碑,以糾正從白宮偏離中心的南北軸線。南方的這座紀(jì)念碑規(guī)劃用地不僅主要用于紀(jì)念這位開(kāi)國(guó)元?jiǎng)譡現(xiàn)在稱(chēng)杰弗遜紀(jì)念碑]而且是戶內(nèi)和戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)的場(chǎng)地”( 古特海姆, 90)。此外,在華
36、盛頓紀(jì)念碑西部規(guī)劃建立開(kāi)墾沼澤的林肯紀(jì)念碑,以及通往阿靈頓公墓的紀(jì)念大橋。安置林肯紀(jì)念碑(一個(gè)引起激烈辯論的場(chǎng)所,在眾議院議會(huì)時(shí),來(lái)自伊利諾州的代表,將其稱(chēng)為“該死的沼澤” )用來(lái)把廣場(chǎng)圍封,創(chuàng)造了“不朽的核心”,一個(gè)國(guó)家的市民中心。埃爾芬憧憬一個(gè)宗教隊(duì)列用的類(lèi)似巴黎香榭麗舍林蔭道的大街,在參議院公園委員會(huì)控制下,</p><p> 不僅國(guó)家,參議院公園委員會(huì)也試圖使得社會(huì)和文化得以沉積。作為日益發(fā)展的專(zhuān)業(yè)階層
37、中的一員,其中包括教授,律師,作家(如亨利亞當(dāng)斯,威廉和亨利詹姆斯),建筑師,公務(wù)員等,他們?cè)噲D在這個(gè)新類(lèi)型的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中界定自己的角色。由于社會(huì)角色的轉(zhuǎn)變,政府也不斷發(fā)展,在美國(guó)去年經(jīng)歷了作為農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)如死亡般的陣痛后,這個(gè)新的專(zhuān)業(yè)階級(jí)正在尋求認(rèn)可和權(quán)利。參議院公園委員會(huì),無(wú)論是有意識(shí)還是無(wú)意識(shí)的,都在證明著他們有規(guī)劃國(guó)家首都的權(quán)利,對(duì)古典藝術(shù)風(fēng)格的應(yīng)用,表明他們(和美國(guó))已擁有和歐洲同樣多的社會(huì)階級(jí),和作為美國(guó)上層社會(huì)的一部分擁有同樣的
38、權(quán)利。</p><p> 不過(guò),委員會(huì)在其1901年的規(guī)劃中不單純只是采用了歐洲的形式。這種古典藝術(shù)風(fēng)格給古典主義留下深刻印記,包括古希臘和古羅馬共和國(guó)的民主制度,也包括美國(guó)早期共和國(guó)的埃爾芬規(guī)劃。 “古典的建筑風(fēng)格象征著基于美國(guó)的歷史遺產(chǎn),在某種意義上說(shuō),哥特式,羅馬式,或商業(yè)風(fēng)格,永不衰竭”( 威爾遜,89)。在美國(guó),對(duì)于經(jīng)典建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的借鑒與應(yīng)用,更是眾所周知,在19世紀(jì)40年代晚期,和維多利亞折衷主義和簡(jiǎn)
39、樸芝加哥學(xué)派的功能主義前期這種借鑒繁榮一時(shí)。(威爾遜,89,克雷格,214)。事實(shí)上,最初的意圖是修正埃爾芬規(guī)劃來(lái)表明該委員會(huì)企圖用對(duì)早期共和政體的理想形式把日益強(qiáng)大的階級(jí)和政府本身聯(lián)系起來(lái)?!斑@是有史以來(lái)的首次努力:修正,并恢復(fù)歷史創(chuàng)始者的首都;也是在共和國(guó)的歷史上,重新確立一種任何城市都有的,表示在建筑形式上,與其起源和國(guó)家文化遺產(chǎn)具有連續(xù)感的最早的重大嘗試”(漢斯, 95)。</p><p> 對(duì)歷史創(chuàng)造
40、者明確的借鑒,讓政府在世紀(jì)之交,以及隨后各國(guó)政府,結(jié)合了強(qiáng)大的象征主義和對(duì)創(chuàng)始人的援引。借助這一良好的神話,這個(gè)廣場(chǎng),變成目前的“市民權(quán)力和國(guó)民政府的象征”( 古特海姆,43)。在過(guò)去,廣場(chǎng)只是一個(gè)華盛頓居民的開(kāi)放空間;在新的規(guī)劃方案中,“通過(guò)重新構(gòu)思變成一個(gè)新的政府綜合體,公民和文化的綜合中心,立即就變成了國(guó)民陣線草坪和帝國(guó)廣場(chǎng)。這個(gè)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的,寬闊的開(kāi)放空間—公園和林蔭大道之間的空間—和沿其邊緣布置的建筑物有重要的作用,而實(shí)際上,作為宗
41、教的圈用地,是用來(lái)舉行民主儀式用的”(斯特恩, 263)。而政府和官僚機(jī)構(gòu)越來(lái)越多的權(quán)力也需要古典形式和共和黨的典故的合法性。</p><p> 然而,“不朽的核心”并不是華盛頓市1901年規(guī)劃所致力于解決的唯一問(wèn)題。在美國(guó),1901年規(guī)劃是第一次真正體現(xiàn)了城市美化運(yùn)動(dòng),信仰在城市中心區(qū)的力量之美,不僅要求增加商業(yè)提高房?jī)r(jià),而且催生了公民和工作人員在道義上的自豪感,促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)改革。該規(guī)劃并沒(méi)有明確致力于解決過(guò)度擁
42、擠和貧困的街坊和小巷環(huán)繞“不朽的核心”的情況,而是以斯沃姆波特和莫特·貝命名的政府大樓取代了“臭名昭著的貧民窟社區(qū)”。( 古特海姆,43)。該規(guī)劃在社會(huì)層面上的意圖并沒(méi)有著重于解決眼前的經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題,反而伯恩漢姆建議處理這些貧困街區(qū)的方式將切斷“寬闊的交通要道,帶來(lái)不利于身心健康的區(qū)域”(博耶, 271-72),這些城市美化的倡議者相信人造噴泉,雕像,綠樹(shù)成排的林蔭大道的力量,可以作為“道德敗壞和社會(huì)紊亂的解毒劑”( 博耶,265
43、-66),但在他們的城市規(guī)劃并不包括流離失所的窮人。早期的規(guī)劃者,包括佛瑞德歐姆斯德,相信美化對(duì)身心健康的作用,如自然環(huán)境和公園的設(shè)置。他著名的紐約中央公園規(guī)劃被設(shè)想為各經(jīng)濟(jì)階層都可以放松進(jìn)入的地方,“一個(gè)有利于身心健康的場(chǎng)所” (威爾遜,31)而不是一個(gè)使城市居民(大多是勞動(dòng)階層或窮人)充滿強(qiáng)烈的公</p><p> 對(duì)于重新設(shè)計(jì)的華盛頓,紀(jì)念碑,美化運(yùn)動(dòng),社區(qū)建筑物的潛力是巨大的。正如諾爾瑪埃文森在她的文章
44、“不朽的空間”中描述的:“作為一個(gè)被規(guī)劃的城市,華盛頓為建立大規(guī)模的市區(qū)統(tǒng)一體提供了機(jī)遇:軸線上的政府綜合體和諧地體現(xiàn)其內(nèi)部關(guān)系,并把綜合有秩序的街道聯(lián)系起來(lái)”(21)。盡管在1901年的規(guī)劃中,情況并非如此;事實(shí)上很多時(shí)候,甚至在那個(gè)時(shí)候,焦點(diǎn)也是放在廣場(chǎng)的專(zhuān)有性,而不是包容性,因而失去了一個(gè)不光可以解決城市美化以及社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)改革,也可以為日后華盛頓作為日益強(qiáng)大的國(guó)家政府?dāng)U大邊界的機(jī)會(huì)。</p><p> 華
45、盛頓的1901年規(guī)劃并沒(méi)有把日益增長(zhǎng)的國(guó)際大都會(huì)作為規(guī)劃的核心,但卻創(chuàng)立了一個(gè)“不朽的核心”,其中引用的歐洲古典形式使得規(guī)劃者,日益發(fā)展的政府以及美國(guó)在國(guó)際舞臺(tái)上的權(quán)利合法化。它也提供了一個(gè)值得公民和民族自豪的焦點(diǎn),從而在改善城市,民族,經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)問(wèn)題上提供了某種神奇的力量。當(dāng)該委員會(huì)把該規(guī)劃提交給羅斯??偨y(tǒng)和市民并在可可因畫(huà)展上展出時(shí),需要2-6千萬(wàn)美金才能將規(guī)劃付諸實(shí)際的估計(jì)只是很多有關(guān)說(shuō)法中的一種。即使在今天,華盛頓遺留下來(lái)的城市
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