鋼結構中英文翻譯

1、<p>　　鋼結構住宅的發(fā)展前景</p><p>　　鋼結構住宅是十五期間我國將重點推廣的項目，其具有強度高、結構尺寸小、自重輕、施工速度快，抗震性能好及工業(yè)化程度高的特點。本文首先介紹了鋼結構住宅的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及它的特點，然后對鋼結構住宅的發(fā)展前景進行了分析和展望。</p><p>　　關鍵詞：鋼結構，鋼結構住宅，發(fā)展前景 </p><p>　　1 鋼結

2、構建筑及鋼結構住宅發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀</p><p>　　1.1 鋼結構建筑的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀</p><p>　　改革開放以來，我國的鋼產量有了很大的提高，特別是從1997年以后，我國的鋼產量突破1億噸，但我國的鋼結構用鋼量占總鋼產量的比例僅為3%左右，而在鋼結構用鋼量中，建筑鋼結構用鋼量又僅占10%，這與我國作為產鋼大國的地位是很不相稱的，為此，國家外經貿委會同冶金部制定了在建筑工程中推廣使用鋼結構的

3、一系列政策措施，鼓勵建筑工程采用鋼結構形式，爭取在2010年建筑鋼結構的用量達到總鋼產量的6%。</p><p>　　2 鋼結構住宅相比傳統(tǒng)結構形式住宅的優(yōu)勢分析</p><p>　　2.1 鋼結構住宅結構上的優(yōu)勢</p><p>　　2.1.1 能合理布置功能區(qū)間 </p><p>　　利用鋼材強度高的特點，設計可采用大開間布置

4、，使建筑平面能夠合理分隔，靈活方便，創(chuàng)造開放式住宅。而傳統(tǒng)結構（磚混結構、砼結構）由于材料性質限制了空間布置的自由，如果開間過大，就會造成板厚、梁高、柱大，出現(xiàn)“肥梁胖柱”現(xiàn)象，不但影響美觀，而且自重增大，增加造價，購房者在二次裝飾時，經常由于自行改變墻體位置，增加隱患。</p><p>　　2.1.2 鋼結構住宅空間利用率高</p><p>　　在空間使用率上，鋼結構的斷面小，與鋼筋混凝

5、土結構相比可增加建筑有效面積8%左右。在建筑風格上，鋼結構建筑也更顯靈活豐富，戶內空間可多方案分割，可以滿足不同用戶的需求。</p><p>　　2.1.3 自重輕、抗震性能好 </p><p>　　相同建筑面積的建筑樓層，鋼結構自重輕，根據比較，六層輕鋼結構住宅的重量，僅相當于四層磚混結構住宅的重量。而且鋼材具有延性，能比較好的消耗地震帶來的能量，所以抗震性能好，結構安全度高。&l

6、t;/p><p>　　2.2 鋼結構住宅經濟性優(yōu)勢</p><p>　　2.2.1 施工方便、工期短 </p><p>　　鋼結構構件，可以實行工廠化生產，現(xiàn)場安裝。由于現(xiàn)場作業(yè)量小，對周圍環(huán)境污染少，同時，施工機械化程度高，加快了施工速度。根據統(tǒng)計，同樣面積建筑物，鋼結構比砼結構工期可縮短1/3，而且可節(jié)省支模材料。</p><p>　　

7、2.2.2 綜合造價低 </p><p>　　由于自重輕，基礎費用降低，總體用料減少，直接成本降低，建設工期短，間接費又可減少，所以綜合造價低。</p><p>　　2.2.3符合住宅產業(yè)化和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的要求</p><p>　　鋼結構適宜工廠大批量生產，工業(yè)化程度高，并且能將節(jié)能、防水、隔熱、門窗等先進成品集合于一體，成套應用，將設計、生產、施工一體化，提高

8、住宅產業(yè)化的水平。另外，鋼材報廢后可實現(xiàn)100％廢品再回收利用，所以稱“鋼結構建筑”為“綠色建筑”毫不為過，它是適應我們人類可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的新型建筑形式。</p><p>　　3 鋼結構住宅發(fā)展阻力（頸瓶）分析</p><p>　　3.1 社會認可度</p><p>　　鋼結構住宅的發(fā)展面臨的首要問題是整個社會對這種新住宅體系的接受需要一個過程。輕鋼結構住宅

9、體系是在國外尤其是北美地區(qū)木結構住宅的基礎上發(fā)展起來的，這兩種體系雖然在國外已經十分成熟和完善，但是對于我國來說卻完全是新東西，因而各種困難幾乎無處不在。中國的消費者由于長期以來住慣了磚混或鋼筋混凝土結構的住宅，從慢慢開始接受到逐步喜歡輕鋼結構住宅，也需要一個漸進的過程。</p><p>　　3.2發(fā)展鋼結構住宅技術上還不夠成熟</p><p>　　鋼結構體系住宅成套技術，由于過去缺乏技

10、術引導，市場需求沒有達到產業(yè)化程度，因此，我國的相關產品功能性單一，工業(yè)化程度不高，產品質量還不能滿足住宅產業(yè)化標準的要求。目前，該技術零散而不系統(tǒng)，技術水平及標準參差不齊，不配套，需進一步研究創(chuàng)新并進行整合。此外，在建材和部品方面，目前建造輕鋼結構試驗工程所需材料許多要從國外運來，甚至有些由外商在中國大陸委托加工的部件，往往也只能到國外去采購，在國內市場上一時還找不到。這也制約了鋼結構住宅的發(fā)展和推廣。</p>&l

11、t;p>　　3.3 專業(yè)技術人才缺乏</p><p>　　在人員方面，由于國內無論中等或是高等專業(yè)學校的教學內容中均少涉及輕鋼結構住宅體系，因此我國建筑類專業(yè)的工程技術人員對這一體系知之甚少，而更加缺乏的是熟練技術工人，所以雖然這一體系單純從技術層面上講并無多少難度，但真正推行起來卻往往缺乏得力的骨干。</p><p>　　3.4 工程造價問題</p><p&

12、gt;　　目前輕鋼結構住宅在我國大陸的報價大約是同條件傳統(tǒng)混凝土結構住宅的1.5倍左右，國內消費者近期還難以接受。然而這種價格在國外比起其它結構形式住宅的造價來說，卻具有很強的競爭力，這也就是為什么輕鋼結構住宅體系在國外能夠蓬勃發(fā)展的原因。任何新技術的產生與發(fā)展都是與所處社會的技術經濟背景相聯(lián)系、相適應的，目前美、日、歐等發(fā)達國家和地區(qū)，人均GDP約為我國的40至50倍，勞動力價格約為我國的20至30倍，因此，符合產業(yè)化生產方式的輕鋼結

13、構住宅在發(fā)達國家遠比我國更易被市場接受。而我國由于科技和生產力發(fā)展水平較低，勞動力價格便宜，盡管輕鋼結構住宅的性能和舒適度較高，但其對于傳統(tǒng)建筑形式住宅的競爭優(yōu)勢反倒不夠明顯。因而市場接受起來比較緩慢。 </p><p>　　3.5缺乏有針對性的鋼結構住宅規(guī)范及相應標準</p><p>　　我國的標準規(guī)范是針對幾十年來大量使用的結構體系編制的，輕鋼結構住宅體系此前在我國屬于技術空白，所以不

14、能滿足我國現(xiàn)行強制性規(guī)范的某些條文。例如我國建國以后建造的建筑物多采用磚石和鋼筋混凝土等耐火性能好的建筑材料，由此導致我國的《建筑設計防火規(guī)范》在材料選用方面似乎較國外苛刻，輕鋼結構住宅難以滿足其要求。這種與國內規(guī)范不銜接的狀況，使輕鋼結構住宅項目無論在工程報建階段還是在工程驗收階段，都會遇到數(shù)不盡的障礙與麻煩。</p><p>　　3.6 鋼結構住宅本身缺陷</p><p>　　鋼結構

15、防火能力差。經過防火處理的鋼結構的耐火時間也只有2～3個小時，遠遠遜色于磚石和鋼筋混凝土等耐火性能好的建筑材料。</p><p>　　3.7缺乏相適應的建筑管理模式</p><p>　　在建筑管理方面，我國現(xiàn)行的建筑管理模式與輕鋼結構住宅這種工業(yè)化生產方式也不適應，我國加入WTO以后，國外許多住宅生產企業(yè)希望進入中國大陸市場，但是他們搞不清自己來到中國后應當申領什么資質，屬于什么身份-

16、-設計單位？施工單位？集成商？還是制造商？</p><p>　　4 鋼結構住宅發(fā)展前景展望</p><p>　　按發(fā)達國家的最低水平推算，我國鋼結構用鋼量至少有3600萬噸的發(fā)展空間。在近期內，國家將大力發(fā)展鋼結構建筑，力爭每年建筑鋼結構用鋼將占全國鋼材總產量的3％以上，年均鋼材消費量為350萬噸至400萬噸；到2015年，將再翻一番，全國建筑鋼結構用鋼材占鋼材總產量的6％以上，由此可見

17、，鋼結構住宅市場前景十分廣闊。</p><p>　　4.1 適合建筑用的特種鋼將不斷涌現(xiàn)</p><p>　　隨著我國鋼鐵企業(yè)冶煉技術的提高，為適應市場的需求，適合建筑用的特種鋼必將不斷的涌現(xiàn)，例如寶鋼、武鋼等鋼鐵企業(yè)成功開發(fā)的耐火耐候鋼，它是通過合適的技術，使鋼材含有特定的成分（如加鉬等），使鋼材的表觀結構及金相組織發(fā)生變化，從而使鋼材本身生成所需的耐火性和耐候性。多種新型建筑用鋼的出現(xiàn)

18、將大力推動鋼結構住宅的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　4.2 國家將重點支持輕鋼結構住宅的建設</p><p>　　輕鋼結構住宅建設在我國才剛剛涉入，我國現(xiàn)在是一個產鋼大國，年產量3億多噸，發(fā)展鋼結構住宅有很大的潛力。上世紀90年代，國家建設部和國家經貿委一致通過，將“輕型鋼結構住宅建筑通用體系的開發(fā)和應用”作為我國建筑業(yè)用鋼的突破點，并正式列入國家重點技術創(chuàng)新項目。這一舉措為我國的鋼結構

19、發(fā)展奠定了基礎。如今，由于國家的宏觀調控作用，房市出現(xiàn)了前所未有的低迷，在這個時機推出鋼結構住宅，利用鋼結構住宅的優(yōu)勢來吸引市民目光，刺激消費，增加市場的購買力，有著事半功倍的作用。現(xiàn)在發(fā)展輕鋼結構住宅正逢其時。</p><p>　　4.3 鋼結構住宅建筑技術將不斷發(fā)展</p><p>　　隨著鋼結構建筑的發(fā)展，鋼結構住宅建筑技術也必將不斷的成熟，大量的適合鋼結構住宅的新材料也將不斷的涌

20、現(xiàn)，同時，鋼結構行業(yè)建筑規(guī)范、建筑標準也將隨之逐漸完善。相信不久的將來，鋼結構住宅必然會給住宅產業(yè)和建筑行業(yè)帶來了一場深層次的革命。</p><p>　　4.4發(fā)展鋼結構住宅是我國住宅產業(yè)化的必由之路</p><p>　　住宅產業(yè)化是我國住宅業(yè)發(fā)展的必由之路，因為這將成為推動我國經濟發(fā)展新的增長點。鋼結構住宅體系易于實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化生產，標準化制作，而與之相配套的墻體材料可以采用節(jié)能、環(huán)保的新

21、型材料，它屬綠色環(huán)保性建筑，可再生重復利用，符合可持續(xù)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略，因此鋼結構體系住宅成套技術的研究成果必將大大促進住宅產業(yè)化的快速發(fā)展，直接影響著我國住宅產業(yè)的發(fā)展水平和前途。 </p><p><b>　　5 結論</b></p><p>　　如果說鋼筋混凝土結構的發(fā)展使施工從手工進入了機械化，那么鋼結構的應用就將使住宅施工實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化，鋼結構住宅將成為建筑現(xiàn)代化發(fā)

22、展的一個重要標志。 “鋼結構是環(huán)保住宅，鋼結構符合可持續(xù)發(fā)展概念”——21世紀鋼結構將占領廣闊的建筑市場。在我國目前大力推廣住宅產業(yè)化的時代背景下,鋼結構體系必將成為住宅結構體系的主流。 </p><p><b>　　英文翻譯</b></p><p>　　Steel structure house </

23、p><p>　　During the 15 projects in China steel housing is will focus on the promotion of its high strength, structure, small size, light weight, construction speed, seismic performance and the characteristics of

24、 a high degree of industrialization. This paper describes the development of steel housing situation and its characteristics, then the future development of residential steel analysis and outlook.</p><p>　　K

25、ey words: steel, steel housing, development prospects</p><p>　　A steel construction and steel residential status</p><p>　　1.1 Development of steel building</p><p>　　Since the reform

26、 and opening up, China's steel production has been greatly improved, especially after 1997, China's steel production exceeded 100 million tons, but China's steel steel ratio of total steel production is only

27、about 3% , and in the amount of steel in the steel, construction steel structure steel volume is only 10% of steel production in China as a great power status is not commensurate, this, the State Economic and Trade Commi

28、ssion in conjunction with the Ministry of Metallurgy has</p><p>　　2 Residential Steel structure compared to traditional advantages of home</p><p>　　2.1 The advantages of steel residential struct

29、ure</p><p>　　2.1.1 The layout features a reasonable interval to</p><p>　　Using the characteristics of high strength steel, the design layout of large bays can be used to separate the constructio

30、n plane to a reasonable, flexible and easy to create an open house. The traditional structure (brick, concrete structure) because of material property limits the spatial arrangement of the free, if the bay is too large,

31、will result in thickness, high beam, column major, a "fat fat beam column", not only affect the appearance and weight increase, increased costs, home buyers in</p><p>　　2.1.2 Steel high utilization

32、 rate of residential space</p><p>　　In the space usage on a small section steel, and construction of reinforced concrete structures can increase the effective area compared to 8%. In the architectural style,

33、 the steel structure also is more flexible and rich in indoor spaces can be divided over the program to meet the needs of different users.</p><p>　　2.1.3 light weight, good seismic performance</p><

34、;p>　　Building floor area of the same building, steel structure, light weight, according to comparison, six light weight steel structure house, brick house is only equivalent to the weight of four. And steel, ductile,

35、better able to consume the energy of the earthquake, the seismic performance, structural safety is high.</p><p>　　2.2 The economic advantages of residential steel</p><p>　　2.2.1 Construction, sh

36、ort time limit</p><p>　　Steel structures, factory production can be implemented, on-site installation. Because a small amount of field operations, the surrounding environmental pollution at the same time, co

37、nstruction of the high degree of mechanization, speed up the construction pace. According to statistics, the same area of the building, steel structure, concrete structure construction period can be shortened more than 1

38、 / 3, and can save formwork materials.</p><p>　　2.2.2 Integrated low cost</p><p>　　As the light weight, lower cost basis, the overall material reduction in direct costs, short construction perio

39、d, and reduce indirect costs, so an integrated low cost.</p><p>　　2.2.3 meet the housing industry and the requirements of sustainable development</p><p>　　Steel suitable for mass production fact

40、ories, the high degree of industrialization, and is able energy saving, waterproof, heat insulation, doors, windows and other advanced product set in one, complete applications, will design, manufacture, construction and

41、 integration, improve the housing industry level.</p><p>　　In addition, steel scrap would be achieved in 100% of waste recycled, so called "steel building" as a "green building" is not to

42、o much, it is to adapt our strategy of sustainable human development of new architectural forms.</p><p>　　3 steel residential development resistance (neck bottle) analysis</p><p>　　3.1 Social ac

43、ceptance</p><p>　　Steel housing is the major problem facing the development of society as a whole to accept the new housing system needs a process. Light steel housing system is in a foreign country, especia

44、lly in North America timber structure Jichu developed on which two kinds of system, while in foreign countries has been very matured and improved, but for our country is totally a new thing, Yinergezhong difficulties alm

45、ost everywhere. As Chinese consumers have long used to the brick or reinforced concrete str</p><p>　　3.2 rise steel technologies are not mature</p><p>　　Complete steel structure system of reside

46、ntial technology, the past lack of technical guidance, market demand did not meet the level of industry, Thus, our functional single-related products, low level of industrialization, product quality can not meet the requ

47、irements of domestic industry Hua standards. Currently, the technology rather than fragmented systems, varying skill levels and standards, not complete, but needs further research and innovation and integration.</p>

48、;<p>　　In addition, building materials and parts, the current pilot project will require the construction of light steel structure in many materials shipped from abroad, and even some foreign investors in mainland

49、 China, commissioned by the processing of parts, often can only go abroad to purchase, in the domestic market Can not find a time. This also restricts the development and promotion of domestic steel.</p><p>

50、　　3.3 Lack of professional and technical personnel </p><p>　　In terms of personnel, the domestic secondary or higher professional schools, regardless of the teaching contents are less involved in light steel

51、 structure house, so my architectural professional engineers know little about this system, but more the lack of a skilled workers, so although the system is not purely a technical level, how much difficulty, but the rea

52、l lack of effective implementation of them is often the backbone.</p><p>　　3.4 Cost issues</p><p>　　Light steel structure housing the current offer in the mainland of China is about the traditio

53、nal concrete structure with conditions 1.5 times residential, domestic consumers in the near term unacceptable. However, this price structure in foreign countries other than the cost of housing is, it is highly competiti

54、ve, which is why the light steel structure house abroad, the reason can flourish. Any new technology and the emergence and development of both technical and economic context in which soc</p><p>　　Meet the in

55、dustrial production of light steel structure house than in developed countries more easily accepted by the market in China. In China, the development in technology and low productivity, low labor costs, despite the light

56、 steel structure residential high performance and comfort, but for the traditional forms of residential building competitive advantage Fandao visibility. Therefore market acceptance up slow.</p><p>　　3.5 lac

57、k of targeted domestic norms and the corresponding standard steel</p><p>　　Our standards are widely used for decades prepared the structural system, light steel structure house had a technical gap in China,

58、so China can not meet certain provisions of the existing mandatory standard. For example, the construction of buildings in China after the founding of masonry and reinforced concrete multi-use properties such as good fir

59、e-resistant construction materials, which led to China's "architectural design code for fire protection" in the material selection appears to be mor</p><p>　　Will encounter countless obstacles

60、and troubles.</p><p>　　3.6 defects steel housing itself</p><p>　　Fireproof poor. After the fire resistance of steel structure fire treatment time is only 2 to 3 hours, far less than that of rein

61、forced concrete masonry and construction materials such as good fire resistance.</p><p>　　3.7 The lack of suitable construction management</p><p>　　In the construction management aspects, China&

62、#39;s current building management mode and light steel structure housing this industrialization Shengchan methods are not adapt to China's accession to WTO since many foreign domestic manufacturers were seeking to en

63、ter the China market, but they did not know that their Laidao China What qualifications should apply for after, are in what capacity - Design unit? Construction unit? Integrators? Or the manufacturer?</p><p>

64、;　　4 Prospect Steel Residential</p><p>　　Calculated according to the lowest level in developed countries, China's steel capacity at least 36 million tons of steel for development. In the near future, th

65、e state will develop steel construction, steel structure of steel per year and strive to account for the national steel output more than 3% average annual steel consumption of 3.5 to 4 million tons; to 2015, we will go d

66、ouble the national construction of steel structure steel accounted for more than 6% of the total output of steel, we ca</p><p>　　4.1 for construction of special steel will continue to emerge</p><p

67、>　　As China's iron and steel smelting technology to improve, to meet the market demand for special steel used in construction will continue to emerge, such as Baosteel, Wuhan Iron and steel companies such as the s

68、uccessful development of fire-resistant weathering steel, it is through appropriate technology to steel containing specific components (such as the Mo, etc.), so that the apparent steel structure and microstructure chang

69、es, so that steel itself generate the necessary fire resistance and we</p><p>　　4.2 The State will focus on supporting the construction of light steel structure house</p><p>　　Light steel struct

70、ure residential construction in China just involvement, China is now a steel-producing countries, annual output more than 300 million tons, steel residential development has great potential. 90's of last century, the

71、 State Ministry of Construction and the State Economic and Trade Commission unanimously adopted the "universal system of light steel structure residential building development and application" as the breakthrou

72、gh point of the steel construction industry in China, an</p><p>　　The advantages of using steel housing to attract public attention, stimulating consumption and increasing the purchasing power of the market,

73、 with a multiplier effect. The development of light steel structure house now great time.</p><p>　　4.3 Steel residential construction will continue to develop technology</p><p>　　With the develo

74、pment of steel construction, steel residential construction technology will surely continue to mature, a lot of new material for steel structure housing will continue to emerge at the same time, steel industry, building

75、codes, building standards will be followed Zhu Jian perfect. I believe in the near future, the steel structure is bound to the housing industry and residential construction industry has brought a deeper revolution.</p

76、><p>　　4.4 rise steel is the only way for China's housing industry</p><p>　　Housing industry is the only way for China's housing industry, which will be promoting the economic development o

77、f new growth. Steel housing is easy to implement industrial production, standardized production, but with the wall material can be matched with energy saving, environmental protection, new materials, which are green envi

78、ronmental protection building, renewable re-use, consistent with sustainable development strategies, therefore Complete steel structure system technology research hous</p><p>　　5 Conclusion</p><p&

79、gt;　　If the structure of the development of reinforced concrete construction from the hand into a mechanized, then the application of steel structure will allow residential construction on modernization, construction ste

80、el structure housing will be an important indicator of modernization.</p><p>　　"Steel is a green house, steel structure consistent with the concept of sustainable development" - the 21st century wi