土木工程類畢業(yè)設計中英文翻譯---建筑工程招投標

1、<p>　　畢 業(yè) 設 計（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文</p><p>　　譯文題目： 建筑工程招投標 </p><p>　　學生姓名： 學 號： </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： M

2、土木工程 </p><p>　　所在學院： </p><p>　　指導教師： </p><p>　　職 稱：

3、 </p><p>　　2011年 2 月 21 日</p><p>　　Construction bidding</p><p>　　Construction bidding refers to construction products as a commodity exchange transacti

4、on forms, which set targets by the purchaser only, the recruitment of a secret offer by a number of vendors to compete, the buyer choose the winners and with the trade agreement reached , then in accordance with protocol

5、 strokes.Tendering system, also known as project tender contract system, it refers to the market economy conditions, the method used to achieve the project bidding a project management system co</p><p>　　Ten

6、der refers to all bidders based on their ability and management level, in accordance with the provisions of the uniform requirements of tender documents to submit tender documents, work towards implementation of the qual

7、ifications.In order to regulate the bidding of the construction market activities to achieve the most optimal allocation of social resources, August 30, 1999 eleven of the Ninth National People's Congress adopted the

8、 "PRC Tendering and Bidding Law", marking the steps of the co</p><p>　　This paper focuses on the bidding process for analysis strategy should be taken. Bidding strategy refers to the successful con

9、struction contractor in order to achieve the purpose in the bidding process used by the means and methods, construction project bidding is an important part in using the appropriate bidding strategies and techniques, inc

10、rease the successful rate bid, but also expectations of larger profits.</p><p>　　First, bid decision analysis</p><p>　　Companies may also face multiple projects tendering opportunities, by const

11、ruction capacity constraints, can not practice all the tendering opportunities, but should be selected in a number of projects; on a specific project, from the perspective of effective, profitable superscript, subscript

12、and the loss of preservation standards, businesses are required features of the project tender and business realities of decision-making, in order to achieve the stated business objectives, such as: access</p><

13、;p>　　First, usually the following aspects should be considered in the case:(1) contract tendering possibility and feasibility of the project. The ability to contract the project, and whether the deployment of a manage

14、ment strength, technical strength to participate in project implementation, competitors have obvious advantages. (2) the reliability of tenders. For example, urban planning projects and land use permits and other permit

15、approval have been completed, whether the funds have already been im</p><p>　　Secondly, if faced with the following conditions should give up the tender: (1) project size, technical requirements exceed the l

16、evel of enterprise technology projects; (2) the scope and viability of their business outside of the project; (3) Comparison of the enterprise is currently contracted tasks full, and the greater risk of tendering the pro

17、ject; (4) the technological level, management, construction projects was significantly better than competitors.</p><p>　　Second, the bidding strategy of</p><p>　　If you decide to participate in

18、the bidding companies should take the appropriate strategies, and strive to win the bid.</p><p>　　1. Access to information, to grasp the situation of information strategy is to develop scientific and rationa

19、l basis, companies must focus on the tender information collection, collation and processing work on a comprehensive analysis of tender information, grasp its comprehensiveness, timeliness and accuracy. For example: char

20、acteristics of the project, materials prices, labor costs level, the credibility of the owners, the investment level of assurance, supervising engineer, the likely situati</p><p>　　2. To Changzhi short, infe

21、rior to the winning contractor of construction projects should be an objective analysis of its advantages: first, the technical aspects: (1) The estimates should be proficient in the industry, architects, engineers, acco

22、untants, engineers and management experts, the organization institutions; (2) project design, construction expertise, to solve the technical difficulties, and various technical problems of construction capacity. (3) simi

23、lar projects with the tender of co</p><p>　　3. Resourceful, take the initiative in the construction market is a buyer's market, competition is intense. Bidders should be based on internal and external co

24、nditions, for a variety of programs and measures, on balance, vision, seize the initiative.</p><p>　　Third, the tender offer Technical Analysis</p><p>　　1. Unbalance unbalanced quotes offer meth

25、od, is defined in the basic premise of price adjustment of each child within the offer in order to not affect the total price, again as soon as possible after winning bidder may withdraw funds in advance in the works and

26、 access to better economic efficiency. Imbalance usually offer the following situations:(1) to be able to recover the closing paragraph of the early projects (such as earthwork, foundation, etc.) may apply for a higher p

27、rice unit price to </p><p>　　2. Improve the sporadic employment offer if the contract bid price rule does not include the sporadic employment, which did not list the number of specific employment, sporadic e

28、mployment (day laborers) are generally slightly higher than the wages of construction unit price table due to sporadic employment contract does not belong to the scope of a valid contract price, the time of reimbursement

29、, but also more profitable.</p><p>　　3. More and more programs offer law programs offer method is the use of engineering design documents, drawings or ambiguity in terms of the contract is not enough to figh

30、t to modify the project specifications and contract law for the purpose of a quotation. The tender offer method to reduce risk and avoid unforeseen costs due to increase in the offer is too high to be eliminated. The spe

31、cific practice is to report the two prices in the tender price, first reported the original engineering specif</p><p>　　4. Sudden price method is the sudden price method used by competitors to confuse a comp

32、etitive method. Usually, in preparing bidding process anticipated a good price down, and then deliberately spreading false information, such as intention to abandon standard, according to generally offer or intend to rep

33、ort high and so close to the tender closing date, suddenly went to tender, and reduce the offer to over competitors.</p><p>　　5. Some of the first loss after winning method of construction enterprises in ord

34、er to enter an area or a particular area, relying on its own strength, to take at all costs, but only to offer the winning low bid program. Once successful, you can contract in this area or that area more engineering tas

35、ks, to achieve the overall purpose of profit. Construction works contractors bidding tenders, in addition to work on the tender offer, it should also be careful to take other techniques.</p><p>　　6. To hire

36、people who ignores the tender bidders location of the project in the bidding for his advice an attorney to assist the successful bidder.</p><p>　　7. For lack of combined strength of the tender, a contractor

37、can be combined with other enterprises, especially the location of the joint projects of advanced technology and equipment company or a famous bid.</p><p>　　8. Promised concessions bidders to lower prices or

38、 payment terms if required, to improve quality, shorten the construction period, with new technology and new design, and provide additional materials and equipment for free, free, took the training of personnel and so on

39、 favorable terms, it should be proposed in the tender documents. Organize to evaluation, generally to be considered for purchase, technical solutions, time, payment conditions and other factors. Therefore, with favorable

40、 condition</p><p>　　9. Actively carry out public relations activities, PR activities to promote self-advocacy and the bidder, communication and liaison feelings, establish a good image of the important activ

41、ities. But not to take illegal means to obtain the successful bidder.</p><p>　　The basic principle of bidding is open, fair, just, want to place a transparent procurement environment acts to prevent the occu

42、rrence of corruption. Therefore, in the bidding process should be followed state laws and regulations, good good policy to seek the tender procurement activities in the logistics with ease, a winner.</p><p>

43、<b>　　建筑工程招投標</b></p><p>　　建筑工程招投標是指以建筑產品作為商品進行交換的一種交易形式，它由惟一的買主設定標的，招請若干個賣主通過秘密報價進行競爭，買主從中選擇優(yōu)勝者并與之達成交易協(xié)議，隨后按照協(xié)議實現(xiàn)招的。工程招標制度也稱為工程招標承包制，它是指在市場經濟的條件下，采用招投標方式以實現(xiàn)工程承包的一種工程管理制度。工程招投標制的建立與實行是對計劃經濟條件下單純運用

44、行政辦法分配建設任務的一項重大改革措施，是保護市場競爭、反對市場壟斷和發(fā)展市場經濟的一個重要標志。</p><p>　　工程投標，是指各投標人依據自身能力和管理水平，按照招標文件規(guī)定的統(tǒng)一要求遞交投標文件，爭取獲得實施資格。為了規(guī)范我國建筑市場的招投標活動，實現(xiàn)社會資源的最優(yōu)化配置，1999年8月30日全國人大九屆十一次會議通過了《中華人民共和國招標投標法》，標志著我國建設工程招投標步入了法制化的軌道。</

45、p><p>　　本文主要對投標過程中應采取的策略進行分析。投標策略指建設工程承包商為了達到中標目的而在投標過程中所采用的手段和方法，是建設工程投標活動中的重要環(huán)節(jié)，運用適宜的投標策略和技巧，可增加投標的中標率，又可以獲得較大的期望利潤。</p><p><b>　　一、投標決策分析</b></p><p>　　企業(yè)可能同時面臨多個項目的投標機會，受

46、施工能力所限，不可能實踐所有的投標機會，而應在多個項目中進行選擇；就某一具體項目而言，從效益的角度看有贏利標、保本標和虧損標，企業(yè)需根據項目特點和企業(yè)現(xiàn)實狀況進行投標決策，以實現(xiàn)企業(yè)的既定目標，諸如：獲取贏利，占領市場，樹立企業(yè)新形象等。</p><p>　　首先，通常應綜合考慮以下幾方面的情況：</p><p>　?。?）承包招標項目的可能性與可行性。即是否有能力承包該項目，能否抽調出管

47、理力量、技術力量參加項目實施，競爭對手是否有明顯優(yōu)勢。</p><p>　?。?）招標項目的可靠性。例如，項目城市規(guī)劃許可證及土地使用許可證等審批是否已完成，資金是否已經落實等。</p><p>　　（3）招標項目的承包條件。</p><p>　?。?）影響中標機會的內部因素包括企業(yè)在技術、經濟、管理及信譽方面的實力；外部因素包括業(yè)主和監(jiān)理工程師的情況、競爭對手實力

48、和競爭形勢情況、法律法規(guī)情況、工程風險情況等。</p><p>　　其次，若面臨以下情況應放棄投標：</p><p>　?。?）工程規(guī)模、技術要求超過本企業(yè)技術等級的項目；</p><p>　?。?）本企業(yè)業(yè)務范圍和經營能力之外的項目；</p><p>　?。?）本企業(yè)目前承包任務比較飽滿，而招標工程的風險較大的項目；</p>

49、<p>　?。?）本企業(yè)技術等級、經營、施工水平明顯不如競爭對手的項目。</p><p><b>　　二、投標策略分析</b></p><p>　　企業(yè)若決定參與投標，應采取相應策略，力爭中標。</p><p>　　1.掌握信息，把握情勢</p><p>　　信息是制定科學合理策略的基礎，企業(yè)必須注重有關投標信

50、息的搜集、整理與處理工作，對招標信息進行全面分析，把握其全面性、及時性和準確性。比如：有關項目特點、材料市場價格、人工費水平、業(yè)主信譽、投資保證程度、監(jiān)理工程師情況、可能參與競爭的對手情況、競爭形勢、風險問題等。</p><p>　　2.以長治短，以優(yōu)勝劣</p><p>　　建設工程承包單位應客觀分析自身優(yōu)勢：</p><p>　　首先在技術方面：（1）應有精通本

51、行業(yè)的估算師、建筑師、工程師、會計師、工程師和管理專家組成的組織機構；（2）有工程項目設計、施工專業(yè)特長，能解決技術難度大和各類工程施工的技術難題的能力。（3）有與招標項目同類型工程的施工經驗。（4）有一定技術實力的合作伙伴。</p><p>　　其次在經濟實方面：（1）有墊付資金的能力；（2）有一定的固定資產和機具設備及其投入所需的資金；（3）有一定的資金周轉用來支付施工用款；（4）有支付各種擔保的能力；（5）

52、有支付各種納稅和保險的能力；（6）有一定能力承擔不可抗力帶來的風險。</p><p>　　同時在管理方面，應注重成本控制。如縮短工期，進行定額管理，輔以獎罰辦法；減少管理人員，培養(yǎng)工人一專多能；節(jié)約材料；采用先進的施工方法等。要有重質量、重效益的意識，要有切實可行的措施。</p><p>　　最后在信譽方面，企業(yè)應遵守法律法規(guī)，認真履約，保證施工安全、工期、和質量。建立良好的信譽，這是投標

53、中標的重要標準。</p><p>　　在對自身優(yōu)勢明確把握的前提下，才能以長治短。</p><p>　　3.隨機應變、爭取主動</p><p>　　建筑市場屬于買方市場，競爭激烈。投標單位應根據企業(yè)內部和外部條件，準備多種方案和措施，權衡利弊，高瞻遠矚，掌握主動權。</p><p>　　三、投標報價技巧分析</p><p&

54、gt;<b>　　1.不平衡報價法</b></p><p>　　不平衡報價，是指在總價基本確定的前提下調整內部各個子項的報價，以期既不影響總報價，又在中標后投標人可盡早收回墊支于工程中的資金和獲取較好的經濟效益。通常采用的不平衡報價有下列幾種情況：</p><p>　　（1）對能早期結賬收回工程款的項目（如土方、基礎等）的單價可報以較高價，以利用資金周轉；對后期項目（

55、如裝飾、電氣設備安裝等）單價可適當降低。</p><p>　?。?）估計今后工程量可能增加的項目，其單價可提高，而工程量數(shù)量有錯誤的早期項目，其單價可降低。但上述兩點要統(tǒng)籌考慮。對于工程量數(shù)量有錯誤的早期工程，如不可能完成工程量表中的數(shù)量，則不能盲目抬高單價，需要具體分析后再確定。</p><p>　　（3）圖紙內容不明確，估計修改后工程量要增加的，其單價可提高。</p>&

56、lt;p>　?。?）沒有工程量只填報單價的項目，其單價宜高。這樣既不影響總的投標報價，又可多獲利。</p><p>　　（5）對于暫定項目，其實施的可能性大的項目，價格可定高價；估計該工程不一定實施的可定低價。</p><p>　　2.提高零星用工報價</p><p>　　若評標規(guī)則中的合同價格未將零星用工包括在內，清單里面也沒有具體的用工數(shù)量，零星用工（計日

57、工）一般可稍高于工程單價表中的工資單價，因零星用工不屬于承包有效合同總價的范圍，發(fā)生時實報實銷，也可多獲利。</p><p><b>　　3.多方案報價法</b></p><p>　　多方案報價法是利用工程設計文件、圖紙或合同條款不夠明確之處，以爭取達到修改工程說明書和合同為目的的一種報價法。這種報價法可減少投標風險又可避免因增加不可預見費使報價過高而被淘汰。其具體做

58、法是在標書上報兩價目單價，一是按原工程說明書合同條款報一個價，二是加以注解“，如工程設計文件、圖紙或合同條款可做某些改變時”，則可降低多少的費用，使報價成為最低，以吸引業(yè)主修改說明書和合同條款。</p><p><b>　　4.突然降價法</b></p><p>　　突然降價法是指為迷惑競爭對手而采用的一種競爭方法。通常在準備投標報價的過程中預先考慮好降價的幅度，然后

59、有意散布假情報，如打算棄標，按一般情況報價或準備報高價等，臨近投標截止日期，突然前往投標，并降低報價，以期戰(zhàn)勝競爭對手。</p><p><b>　　5.先虧后贏法</b></p><p>　　有的建筑施工企業(yè)為了打入某一地區(qū)或某一領域，依靠自身實力，采取不惜代價、只求中標的低報價投標方案。一旦中標后，可以承攬這一地區(qū)或這一領域更多的工程任務，達到總體贏利的目的。建設

60、工程承包商對招標工程進行投標時，除了應在投標報價上下工夫外，還應注意掌握其他方面的技巧。</p><p><b>　　6.聘請投標搭理人</b></p><p>　　投標人在招標工程所在地聘請代理人為自己出謀劃策，協(xié)助中標。</p><p><b>　　7.尋求聯(lián)合投標</b></p><p>　　

61、一家承包商實力不足，可聯(lián)合其他企業(yè)，特別是聯(lián)合工程所在地的公司或技術裝備先進的著名公司投標。</p><p><b>　　8.許諾優(yōu)惠條件</b></p><p>　　投標人若有降低價格或支付條件要求、提高工程質量、縮短工期、提出新技術和新設計方案，以及免費提供補充物資和設備、免費代為培訓人員等方面優(yōu)惠條件的，應當在投標文件中提出。招標人組織評標時，一般要考慮報價、技

62、術方案、工期、支付條件等方面的因素。因此，投標文件中附帶優(yōu)惠條件，有利于爭取中標。</p><p>　　9.積極開展公關活動</p><p>　　公關活動是投標人宣傳和推銷自我、溝通和聯(lián)絡感情、樹立良好形象的重要活動。但是不能采取非法手段騙取中標。</p><p>　　招標投標的基本原則是公開、公平、公正，要將采購行為置于透明的環(huán)境中，防止腐敗行為的發(fā)生。因此，在投