外文翻譯：驗證：愛爾蘭企業(yè)網站實證研究

1、<p><b>　　河北科技師范學院</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯</p><p>　　驗證：愛爾蘭企業(yè)網站實證研究</p><p>　　院（系、部）名 稱 ： 教育學院 </p><p>　　專 業(yè) 名 稱： 教育技術學

2、</p><p>　　學 生 姓 名： 趙丹利 </p><p>　　學 生 學 號： 1951150313 </p><p>　　指 導 教 師： 張玉紅 </p><p>　　2016年12月23日</p><p>

3、　　河北科技師范學院教務處制 </p><p>　　驗證：愛爾蘭企業(yè)網站實證研究</p><p>　　瑪麗·萊維斯，馬庫斯·赫爾弗特和馬爾科姆·布雷迪</p><p><b>　　一、介紹</b></p><p>　　萬維網（WWW）是目前最大可用的動態(tài)分布式信

4、息庫，它自成立以來信息增長迅速。僅僅在愛爾蘭就有超過2,060,000的用戶。在過去的七年里（2000 - 2007年），愛爾蘭互聯網使用量增長了162.8％。在英國增長了144.2％，在歐洲增長了221.5％，全球共增長244.7％[18]?；ヂ摼W在我們生活的許多方面發(fā)揮作用，因此，為了保持競爭力和增加收入，企業(yè)需要設計更好的網站。互動對于吸引訪問者并引導他們進行所需的行動至關重要，客戶更有可能返回具有交互性功能的網站。</p&

5、gt;<p>　　網站的主頁應該是一個營銷工具，一個組織的“廣告牌”。該設計對于捕捉觀眾的注意力和興趣至關重要[25]，所以應該以一定的意義和積極的態(tài)度代表公司的形象，這一點很重要。因此，有許多商業(yè)機構在設計網站時都會有自己的網頁設計理念。</p><p>　　最基本的如下：應該包括主要內容、相關的選項和基本的信息，來設計一個安全的，可用的，且用戶友好的Web界面，相對簡單的導航，來確保使用任何主要

6、的搜索引擎都能找到該網站。在從視覺角度看，網站看起來很吸引人，其他因素常常被忽略，例如驗證和安全性，導致用戶體驗差和數據質量問題。</p><p>　　隨著現實世界中的數據不斷變化，因此需要反饋才能保證質量。如果它正確網絡質量的定義，有質量的文件，數據會被認為是高品質的。然而，有一些理解數據質量的理論框架。紅人[33]和奧爾[27]提出了信息質量的控制論模型?？刂普撚^點認為，組織是由反饋系統(tǒng)組成的緊密相互作用的反

7、饋系統(tǒng)，將信息質量與其使用方式聯系起來，在反饋周期中，每個系統(tǒng)的行為被其他行為，變化和產出持續(xù)地修改[2,29，36]。圖1顯示了現實世界中的信息系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　圖1：現實世界中的信息系統(tǒng)[29]</p><p>　　Wang和Strong提出了一個數據質量框架，其中包括表1中概述的固有數據質量，可訪問性數據質量，語境數據質量和表示數據質量的類別。</p><

8、;p>　　表1 管理員（admin）</p><p>　　網站的質量可能與時效性，易于導航，易于訪問和信息呈現等標準相關聯。從客戶的角度來看，可用性是Web應用程序中最重要的考察因素[8]。</p><p>　　然而，即使遵守所有程序，仍然可能會出現降低在線體驗質量標準的錯誤。例如，可能會移動文件或刪除圖像，從而導致鏈接斷開。導致Web應用程序問題的根本原因是網頁設計的方法不當。&l

9、t;/p><p>　　為了補救這幾種技術來提升網站的質量，例如鏈接檢查器，可訪問性檢查器和代碼驗證。為了提高網站的質量，結構和頁面布局等方面需要一致和一致。一個好的網站必須包括防止故障的保護措施，并提供簡單，用戶友好的數據輸入和驗證過程。</p><p>　　從文獻綜述來看，信息質量的普遍定義是難以實現的[3,21,26,29,38,42]。根據[25]技術上，滿足所有要求的信息是質量信息。表

10、2列出了研究質量的資深人物對質量的一些理解定義。</p><p>　　表2 管理員（admin）</p><p>　　質量的一個定義是“一個實體特征的總體，它承擔著能夠滿足規(guī)定和隱含需求的能力”[13,14]。這個定義對網站評估做出了兩個要求。1）對所有網站的特征進行一般估值，2）網站滿足特定需求的程度。</p><p><b>　　（一）相關工作<

11、/b></p><p>　　Pernici和Scannapieco [28]討論了一組數據質量維度，例如周期性，完整性，源可靠性和準確性，以評估網絡信息系統(tǒng)中的數據質量，以支持對網頁內容的正確解釋。 Cusimano Com Corp[4]宣布，有效的網站必須清晰，翔實，簡潔，圖形化。</p><p>　　Tilton [40]建議Web設計者應提供具有與導航結構一致的清晰信息。Hy

12、lnka和Welsh [12]提出了網頁是溝通的來源，應該在溝通理論中進行分析。</p><p>　　Kelly和Vidgen [16]關注質量評估方法，電子質量和輕量級質量保證方法的組合，質量保證重點，并聲明網站開發(fā)人員需要使用標準和最佳實踐來確保網站功能，可訪問性和可互操作性。</p><p>　　有多種評估網站質量的方法，如競爭分析，檢查和在線問卷調查。由Barnes和Vidgen開

13、發(fā)的網絡質量 [1]是評估網站質量的一種方法。網絡質量有3個主要維度：可用性，內容質量和服務交互質量。根據[1]，網絡質量是一個“結構化，有紀律的過程，通過產品和服務開發(fā)和實施的每個階段，提供了識別和攜帶客戶聲音的手段”。</p><p>　　可用性涉及與現場設計相關的質量;信息質量關注網站內容的質量;服務交互質量關系到用戶進入網站時提供的質量。在這些維度中，網絡質量包含一系列關于被評估網站的23個問題，每個問題

14、包含1-7的評級; 1 =強烈不同意，7=非常同意。</p><p>　　有關評估網站的詳細信息，請參見[24,34,35]。Eppler＆Muenzemayer [7]確定網站內容的質量;服務交互質量關系到用戶提供的質量，因為他們輸入了一組23個關于被評估網站的問題，每個問題包含1-7的評級;1=強烈不同意，7=非常同意。</p><p>　　有關評估網站的詳細信息，請參見[24,34,

15、35]。 Eppler＆Muenzemayer [7]確定了2個表現，4個質量類別和16個質量維度。Kahnetal[17]將IQ尺寸映射到具有2種質量類型，4種質量分類和16個質量維度的PSP/IQ模型。Zhu＆Gauch [44]線上信息檢索的6項質量指標。</p><p>　?。ǘ┦裁词莾?yōu)質網站？</p><p>　　在線互動是提高商業(yè)網站質量的有效方式，網頁設計師應該意識到設計如

16、何影響網站的質量和組織的形象。</p><p>　　良好的網站擁有豐富而直觀的鏈接結構。 指向客戶服務的鏈接應該被命名為“客戶服務”，而尋找客戶服務信息的沖浪者將知道這個鏈接到他們想要的頁面。 因此，“點擊這里”不應該被用作鏈接。</p><p>　　信息管理者和開發(fā)人員必須確定用戶需要多少信息[25]。一些用戶有很多特定的主題背景，而其他用戶可能只需要一個總結或概述。一個好的網頁設計師將

17、會清楚地了解每條數據如何與網站上的其他內容鏈接起來，并相應地組織鏈接。</p><p>　　沒有明確的導航系統(tǒng)，觀眾可能會迷失方向。超鏈接通過其顏色與頁面中的正常文本區(qū)分開來。當超鏈接指向的頁面被“訪問”瀏覽器將通過更改鏈接的列表來通知用戶[41]。</p><p>　　任何Web應用程序中最脆弱的部分是其形式，Web應用程序最常見的活動是驗證用戶的數據。根據開放Web應用程序安全項目[2

18、7]，無效輸入是十大關鍵Web應用程序安全漏洞。輸入驗證是創(chuàng)建強大的技術系統(tǒng)和保護Web應用程序的重要組成部分。由于Web應用程序的基本客戶端服務器性質，輸入驗證應在客戶端和服務器上完成。</p><p>　　客戶端驗證用于在提交表單之前在數據收集點提供輸入數據驗證，并檢查填寫所需字段并符合某些特性，如內置長度限制，數字限制，電子郵件地址有效性，字符數據格式數據驗證不正確會導致數據損壞。</p>&

19、lt;p>　　應對所有輸入數據執(zhí)行輸入驗證，確保信息系統(tǒng)存儲干凈、正確和有用的數據。無效數據的例如：輸入的文本和有用的數據。無效數據例如：輸入到數字字段中的文本，輸入到文本字段中的數字數據，或輸入到貨幣字段的百分比。表3提供了可以執(zhí)行的一組示范性檢查，以確保在數據被處理或使用之前傳入的數據是有效的。</p><p><b>　　表3 示例驗證檢查</b></p><

20、p>　　在網站上提供可見的聯系信息是對潛在客戶使用的營銷手段，以判斷公司的可信度，因為它表示尊重客戶，并意味著良好的服務承諾。</p><p>　　網站內置的反饋機制是從最重要的人到您的客戶那里獲得有關網站和服務質量的有意義的反饋意見。畢竟，質量的一個定義是“達到或超過客戶的期望”。</p><p>　　網站成功的最重要因素之一是速度。如果網站沒有反應，反應時間長，訪客不會再來。 速

21、度或響應能力是良好的網站設計和組織成功的組成部分。網頁設計應考慮到速度[31]。估計如果頁面在5-8秒內沒有加載，您將失去1/3的訪問者[35]。然而，許多設計師認為，隨著寬帶的近期發(fā)展，視覺美學現在更加重要，因為下載速度不是主要關注的問題。然而，并不是所有的用戶都有寬帶，應該考慮到這一點。</p><p>　　為了本研究的目的，我們在最近的網站質量技術獎中使用了二十個入圍者的數據集進行了實證研究。本研究的目的是

22、從用戶的角度對這些網站進行技術質量檢測。</p><p>　　我們的分析側重于幫助網站所有者了解某些網站特征，信息質量和功能的重要性。在分析期間，我們測試了網站上的功能，如表單，導航過程，所有點擊的相關性和頁面下載速度。</p><p>　　本文的其余部分組織如下：第2節(jié)顯示了我們的方法，第3節(jié)給出了一個簡要的總結和第4節(jié)的一些結論。</p><p>　　Valid

23、ation: An</p><p>　　Empirical Study on Irish Corporate Websites </p><p>　　Mary Levis , Markus Helfert and Malcolm Brady</p><p>　　1.Introduction</p><p>　　The World Wide W

24、eb (WWW) is the largest available distributed dynamic repository of information, and has undergone massive and rapid growth since its inception.There are over 2,060,000 users in Ireland alone. Over the last seven years (

25、2000 - 2007), Internet usage in Ireland has grown by 162.8%; in United Kingdom by 144.2%; in Europe by 221.5% and Worldwide by 244.7%[18]. role in many aspects of our lives and therefore creates a greater need for busine

26、sses to design better websites in order to s</p><p>　　The website's homepage should be a marketing tool designed as a 'billboard' for the organization. The design is critical in capturing the vie

27、wer's attention and interest[25]and should represent the company in a meaningful and positive light. Therefore, there are many web design concerns for commercial organizations when designing their website.</p>

28、<p>　　The most basic are as follows: content that should be included, selecting relevant and essential information,designing a secure, usable, user friendly web interface that is relatively easy to navigate, and en

29、suring the site is easy to find using any of the major search engines. In the drive to make the website look appealing from a visual perspective other factors are often ignored, such as validation and security, which lea

30、ds to poor user experience and data quality problems.</p><p>　　Data in the real world is constantly changing therefore feedback is necessary in order to ensure that quality is maintained. Data is deemed of h

31、igh quality if it ‘correctly probably find as many definitions for quality on the web as there are papers on quality. There are however, a number of theoretical frameworks for understanding data quality.</p><p

32、>　　Red man[33] and Orr[27] have presented cybernetic models of information quality. The cybernetic view considers organizations as made up of closely interacting feedback systems that link quality of information to ho

33、w itis used, in a feedback cycle where the actions of each system is continuously modified by the actions, changes and outputs of the others[2,29,36]. Figure 1 shows an information system in the real world context.</p

34、><p>　　Figure 1: Information system in the real world context[29]</p><p>　　Wang and Strong proposed a data quality framework that includes the categories of intrinsic data quality, accessibility da

35、ta quality, contextual data quality and representational data quality outlined in table 1.</p><p>　　Table1. IQ dimensions</p><p>　　The quality of websites may be linked to such criteria as timel

36、iness, ease of navigation, ease of access and presentation of information. From the customer's perspective usability is the most important quality of a Web application[8].</p><p>　　However, even if all p

37、rocedures are adhered to, errors can still arise that reduce the quality standard of the on line experience. For example, a file may be moved or an image deleted, which results in broken links. The root cause that leads

38、to web application problems is the poor approach to web design.</p><p>　　To remedy this several techniques exist to evaluate the quality of websites for example link checkers, accessibility checkers and code

39、 validation. To help improve the quality of a website, aspects such as structure and page layout need to be consistent and coherent. A good website must include safeguards against failure and provide simple, user friendl

40、y data entry and validation processes.</p><p>　　From the literature reviewed a universal definition of information quality is difficult to achieve[3, 21, 26, 29, 38,42]. According to[25] 'Technically, in

41、formation that meets all the requirements is quality information'. Some accepted definitions of quality from the quality gurus are shown in table 2.</p><p>　　Table 2 Example validation checks</p>

42、<p>　　One definition of quality is‘the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs’[13, 14]. Two requirements for website evaluation emerge from this definit

43、ion. 1) general valuation of all the site’s characteristics and 2) how well the site meets specific needs.</p><p>　　1.1. Related Work</p><p>　　Pernici and Scannapieco[28] discuss a set of data q

44、uality dimensions such as expiration, completeness, source reliability, and accuracy to evaluate data quality in web in-formation systems to support correct interpretation of web pages content. Cusimano Com Corp [4] decl

45、ared that effective web sites must be clear, informative, concise, and graphically appealing.</p><p>　　Tilton[40] recommends that Web designers should present clear information that has a consistent navigati

46、on structure. Hylnka and Welsh[12] put forward the argument that the web page is a source of communication and should be analysed within communication theory.</p><p>　　Kelly and Vidgen[16] is concerned with

47、the combination of a quality assessment method, E-Quality, and a light-weight quality assurance method, QA focus and states that website developers need to use standards and best practices to ensure that websites are fun

48、ctional, accessible and inter operable.</p><p>　　There are a number of ways to evaluate the quality of websites, such as competitive analysis, inspection, and online questionnaires. Web Quality, developed by

49、 Barnes and Vidgen[1] is one approach to the assessment of website quality. Web Quality, has 3 main dimensions: usability, in-formation quality, and service interaction quality. Ac-cording to[1], Web Quality is a ‘struct

50、ured and disciplined process that provides a means to identify and carry the voice of the customer through each stage of p</p><p>　　Usability is concerned with the quality associated with the site design; In

51、formation Quality is concerned with the quality of content of the site; Service Interaction quality is concerned with quality provided to the users as they enter into the site. Within these dimensions, Web Quality consis

52、ts of a set of 23 questions regarding the website being assessed and each question contains a rating from 1-7; 1 =strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree.</p><p>　　Detailed information about evaluating website

53、s can be found at[24, 34, 35]. Eppler & Muenzemayer[7] identifies quality of content of the site; Service Interaction quality is concerned with quality provided to the users as they enter of a set of 23 questions reg

54、arding the website being assessed and each question contains a rating from 1-7; 1 =strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree.</p><p>　　Detailed information about evaluating websites can be found at[24, 34, 35].

55、Eppler & Muenzemayer[7] identifies2 manifestations, 4 quality categories, and 16 quality dimensions. Kahnetal.[17] mapped IQ dimensions to the PSP/IQ model with 2 quality types, 4 quality classifications, and 16 qual

56、ity dimensions. Zhu & Gauch[44] out-lines 6 quality metrics for information retrieval on the web.</p><p>　　1.2. What Is a Quality Website?</p><p>　　Online interactivity is a valuable way of

57、improving the quality of business websites and web designers should be aware of how design affects the quality of the website and the image of the organization.</p><p>　　Good websites have a rich and intuiti

58、ve link structure. A link going to the Customer Service should be named Customer Service' and the surfer looking for Customer Service information will know this link goes to the page they want. Therefore, 'click

59、here' should never be used as a link.</p><p>　　Information managers and developers must determine how much information users need [25]. Some users will need much background on a specific topic whilst oth

60、ers may only need a summary or overview. A good web designer will think clearly about how each piece of data link sup with the rest of the content on the website and will organize the links accordingly.</p><p&

61、gt;　　Without a clear navigation system, viewers can become disoriented. Hyperlinks are distinguished from normal text within a page by its col our. When the page pointed to by a hyper link has been 'visited’ browsers

62、 will inform the users by changing the link's col our[41].</p><p>　　The most vulnerable part of any web application is its forms and the most common activity of web applications is to validate the users’

63、 data. According to the Open Web Applications Security Project[27] invalidated input is in the top ten critical web application security vulnerabilities.Input validation is an important part of creating a robust technolo

64、gical system and securing web applications. Be-cause of the fundamental client server nature of the web application, input validation should be d</p><p>　　Client side validation is used to provide input data

65、 validation at the data collection point before the form is submitted and check that the required fields are filled and conform to certain characteristics such as built in length restriction, numeric limits, email addres

66、s validity, character data format etc. Incorrect data validation can lead to data corruption.</p><p>　　Input validation should be performed on all incoming data ensuring the information system stores clean,

67、correct and useful data. Examples of invalid data are: text entered and useful data. Examples of invalid data are: text entered into a numeric field, numeric data entered into a text field,or a percentage entered into a

68、currency field. Table 3provides an example set of checks that could be performed to ensure the incoming data is valid before data is processed or used.</p><p>　　Table 3 Example validation checks</p>&

69、lt;p>　　Having contact information available and visible on the website is a marketing plus that potential customers use in order to judge a company’s trustworthiness, as it signifies respect for the customer and impli

70、es promise of good service.</p><p>　　Feedback mechanisms built into the website are a useful way to get meaningful feedback on the website and service quality from the people who matter most – your customers

71、.After all, one definition of quality is ‘meeting or exceeding the customer’s expectations’.</p><p>　　One of the most important factors for a website being successful is speed. If the website is unresponsive

72、, with long response times the visitors will not come again. Speedor responsiveness is integral to good website design and organizational success. Web pages should be designed with speed in mind[31]. It is estimated that

73、 if a page doesn't load within 5-8 seconds you will lose 1/3 of your visitors[35]. However, many designers believe that with the recent development of broadband, visual aesthe</p><p>　　For the purpose of

74、 this study we conducted an empirical study using a data set of twenty one finalists in a recent website quality technology award. The aim of this study was to examine these websites for Technical quality issues from the

75、 user’s perspective.</p><p>　　Our analysis focused on helping website owners under-stand the importance of certain website characteristics,quality of information and functionalities. During the analysis we t

76、ested functionalities in the website like forms,the navigation process, the relevance of all click through and the page download speed.</p><p>　　The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2shows