淺析《遠(yuǎn)大前程》中男主人公的成長

1、<p>　　四川外國語大學(xué)成都學(xué)院 Chengdu Institute Sichuan International Studies University</p><p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)論文</b></p><p>　題目（中文）淺析《遠(yuǎn)大前程》中男主人公的成長</p><p>　（外文）A Brief Analysis of

2、 the Growth Theme in Great Expectations</p><p>　　A Brief Analysis of the Growth Theme in Great Expectations</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　Charles Dickens is one of t

3、he greatest British realistic novelists in the nineteenth century. He played a crucial role in the development of fiction and contributed greatly to the development of the writing style in British literature. His novels

4、are not only a true reflection of the whole generation of life experience, but vividly reveals the mid 19th century Britain’s entire social reality, the depth and breadth are far beyond the contemporary most other works.

5、 His respective masterpiece Great</p><p>　　This thesis analyzes the course of Pip’s growth from the point of the Bildungsroman. Pip embarked on his journey to London, no longer able to stand the maltreatment

6、 of his sister Mrs. Joe and the hypocrisy of Pumblechook, who longs for gentlemanly status and wealth. With the help of guides, he also grew up by discarding both his prejudice against lower class people and his illusion

7、 for bourgeois and he got to know the infallible justice of the Judiciary system, and the meaning of gentlemanly sta</p><p>　　The thesis is composed of five chapters including an introduction, the concept of

8、 initiation story, the initiation experience of the protagonist and the temptation and the knowledge of society and Pip’s change. The fifth chapter is the conclusion of the paper..</p><p>　　Key words: Great

9、Expectations; the initiation story; growth; influence; character </p><p>　　A Brief Analysis of the Growth Theme in Great Expectations</p><p><b>　　Outline</b></p><p>　　Th

10、esis Statement: This paper introduces Pip’s course of growth, analyzes what is important in reality after a series of hardships and frustrations both in his life and his mind for our better understanding the major charac

11、ters influencing Pip’s growth.</p><p>　　I. Introduction</p><p>　　II. The Initiation Story</p><p>　　The Definition and Origin of Initiation Story</p><p>　　Main Features

12、of Initiation Story</p><p>　　III. The Growth of Pip</p><p>　　Pip’s Initiation Experience</p><p>　　Pip’s Journey Away from Home</p><p>　　IV. The Major Characters Influen

13、cing Pip’s Growth</p><p>　　Positive Guides</p><p>　　Negative Guides</p><p>　　V. Conclusion</p><p>　　A Brief Analysis of the Growth Theme in Great Expectations</p>

14、<p>　　I. Introduction</p><p>　　Charles Dickens (1812--1870), a great nineteenth-century English novelist, has long enjoyed a good reputation all over the world. Throughout his life, he has left to the

15、 world a rich legacy of 15 novels which has reached a circulation of a hundred thousand copies. This popularity has never declined. Even in the twenty-first century, his works are still widely read, continuously adapted

16、for films and TV play series.</p><p>　　Among his various works, Great Expectations has become one of Dickens’ finest and most influential works. Many of the events from Dickens’ early life are mirrored in Gr

17、eat Expectations, which, apart from David Copperfield, is his most autobiographical novel. Pip, the novel’s protagonist, lives in the marsh country with his sister and brother-in-law since his childhood. He is an innocen

18、t boy at the beginning. However, when he meets the beautiful Estella, he loves her and then changes his attitude</p><p>　　The novel mainly introduces the course of Pip’s growth. Up to now, Great Expectations

19、 has been studied abundantly at home and abroad. There has been some analysis of Great Expectations from the angle of initiation. Psychoanalytic criticism tends to analyze the psychological development of Pip under the i

20、nfluence of Victorian society. Charles Dickens' Great Expectations edited by Harold Bloom gives some information of the related introduction (including its theme and structure) and entities of Gr</p><p>

21、　　Julian Moynahan, a novelist and critic, wrote “The Hero's Guilt: The Case of Great Expectations”. In this paper, Moynahan finds Pip to be Dickens' most complex hero possessing both virtues and flaws. He argues

22、that “Dickens’ novels define its hero's dream of Great Expectations and the consequences stemming from indulgence in that dream under the two aspects of desire and will, of regressive longing for an excess of love an

23、d of violent aggressiveness.”2</p><p>　　Murray Baumgarten is a professor of general literature at the University of California at Santa Cruz. He wrote an article named “Calligraphy and Code: Writing in Great

24、 Expectations” in 1983. He studies Great Expectations in the context of Dickens’ stenographic activities as a reporter, showing that these activities helped to break down the distinction between writing speech in Dickens

25、’ mind and in the minds of his readers. 3</p><p>　　Thomas Loe, a professor of English at the State University of New YORK College at Oswego, wrote an article titled “Gothic Plot in Great Expectations” in 198

26、9. Loe believes that Great Expectations is “an amalgam of three types of novel; the Bildungsroman, or the novel of development from childhood to adulthood; the novel of manners; and the Gothic novel of terror and the sup

27、ernatural.”4</p><p>　　This thesis, through the analysis of the plot pattern of the novels (motivation-leaving home-guides-knowledge of life and self), displaying the conflicts between inner conflict and soci

28、al morality and reaching a compromise with the society of the novel, intends to provide a new perspective in appreciating the novel and thus getting a deeper understanding of the novel.</p><p>　　II. The Init

29、iation Story</p><p>　　A. The Definition and Origin of Initiation Story</p><p>　　In the history of literature, there are many names for initiation stories. Among them, the more commonly used are

30、initiation story or novel of initiation, “growing-up novel”, novel of life or novel of youth. Bildungsroman is the German expression of initiation stories. In A Glossary of Literary Terms, it is defined in this way: <

31、/p><p>　　Bildungsroman and Erziehungsroman are German terms signifying novel of formation’ or ‘novel of education’. The subject of these novels is the development of the protagonist’s mind and character, in the

32、 passage from childhood through varied experiences, and often through a spiritual crisis-into maturity, which usually involves recognition of one’s identity and role in the world.5</p><p>　　The Bildungsroman

33、 as a genre has its root in Germany. Jerome Buckley has introduced its origin: “ Bildungsroman”, a German word, with “bildung” having a variety of connotations: “portrait”, “picture”, “shaping” and “formation”, all of wh

34、ich give the sense of development and creation. “Roman” simply means “novel”.6 The term Bildungsroman emerges as a description of Goethe’s novel Wilhelm Meister’s Lehrjahre (Abrams 193). This is the first Bildungsroman,

35、published between 1794 and 1796. The word “</p><p>　　Then the English essayist Thomas Carlyle, impressed by Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, translated it into English in 1842, and imitated it in the Sartor

36、 Resartus. Since then, the English Bildungsroman grew popular. It reaches its climax in Victorian England. Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations which will be analyzed in the thesis and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Ayre are gen

37、erally considered examples of the Bildungsroman genre.</p><p>　　Like the classical German Bildungsroman, the protagonists benefit from their struggles and achieve a new understanding of either the world or t

38、hemselves. During the clashes between the needs of the hero and the views enforced by the society, the protagonist makes it clear whether to conform to the social regulations, Unlike the German Bildungsroman, in the Engl

39、ish initiation stories, usually, his free imagination is limited by the provinciality and the domination from the family is a barrier for</p><p>　　B. Main Features of Initiation Story</p><p>　　I

40、nitiation stories vary in many ways with differences in times, countries and authors. However, some general features of this literary genre can be summed up in the works to be worthy of that name, initiation story.</p

41、><p>　　First, from the angle of the content, the novel is about the initiation theme, that is, it takes the protagonist’s growth as a theme. Growth means that the protagonist tends to become mature after he has

42、 experienced some important events which have everlasting effect. The result of Bildungsroman is about the protagonist’s maturity. The protagonist acquires recognition about self, life and society after experiencing suff

43、erings and ordeals. The protagonist’s growth and recognition either from the </p><p>　　Second, from the structural angle of the novel, the basic structure of Bildungsroman often falls into a pattern: innocen

44、ce—temptation—leaving from home—perplexity—ordeals—loss of innocence—epiphany—gaining maturity. The process is also called his psychological growth. The innocent protagonist, who begins to feel dissatisfied with his surr

45、oundings, struggles for identity, maturation, and position. He leaves home, but feels alienated and puzzled. Throughout the course of growth, the protagonist co</p><p>　　Great Expectations is a Bildungsroman

46、, exploring the growth of a common boy from innocence to maturity. Pip finally achieves a full understanding of life after he goes through many ordeals, which is extremely significant not only for Pip, but also for the w

47、hole novel as a famous Bildungsroman.</p><p>　　III. The Growth of Pip</p><p>　　A. Pip’s Initiation Experience</p><p>　　At the beginning, Pip is a seven-year-old orphan living in the

48、 cruelty and violence of his sister and in the exhortations of Uncle Pumblechook. So Pip is timid and sensitive. However, Joe, a blacksmith, his brother-in-law who is also a victim of Mrs. Joe’s temper, takes good care o

49、f him. He treats Pip as his friend and gives him sincerity and comfort. Although they are not wealthy, Pip was innocent and kind. And his dream is becoming a blacksmith like his brother-in-law in the future, which will&l

50、t;/p><p>　　My state of mind regarding the pilfering from which I had been so unexpectedly exonerated, did not impel me to frank disclosure… But I loved Joe-perhaps for no better reason in those early days than

51、because the dear fellow let me loved him-and, as to him, my inner self was not so easily composed… The fear of losing Joe’s confidence, and of thenceforth sitting in the chimney-corner at night staring drearily at my for

52、 ever lost companion and friend, tied up my tongue… In a word I was too cowardly </p><p>　　Here we see a real character Pip, who is simple and innocent, timid and kind. However, there is a change in Pip’s in

53、ner heart after being invited to Satis house, where he encounters Miss Havisham and her adopted daughter, Estella.</p><p>　　Pip is luckily invited to play at Satis house, where is exactly as it was years ago

54、. Miss Havisham was abandoned by her fiancé on her wedding day, so over the years she had been living on her wedding day. Time seems stationary for her. She also asks her adopted daughter Estella to play with Pip. P

55、ip falls in love with beautiful and arrogant Estella. But Estella always mocks him for his coarse hands and thick boost when they are together. During the time of getting along with the rich, Pip gradua</p><p&

56、gt;　　Pip leaves the hometown, and goes to the desirable metropolis London. He begins to enter the gentleman society, and makes friends with them. As such, Pip’s ego grows tremendously and he looks down upon his common bu

57、t kind and loyal friends from his childhood---Joe and Biddy. Since then, Pip lost his original simple and virtue, and picks up a bad habit of dude. In London, Pip lives a life of upper class; his vanity makes him arrogan

58、t and selfish. When Joe gets to London from country to inform him</p><p>　　In London, although Pip becomes a gentleman, he is less and less confident, for he begins to examine his own conscience. However, ev

59、erything is changed when Pip’s benefactor is appeared. He is no one but the convict Magwitch. Pip’s change in his attitude towards Magwitch is a significant symbol of his regaining conscience. Magwitch’ s unexpected retu

60、rn from abroad is like a bolt from the blue crushed Pip’s gold dream, which makes him realized that his benefactor is not Miss Havisham but the conv</p><p>　　However, the plan to smuggle Magwitch is failed f

61、or they are discovered by Compeyson, the rival of Magwitch, and Magwitch was caught by police then he will be brought to court. When Magwitch is in jail, Pip keeps in touch with him and visits him regularly. Soon after M

62、agwitch dies, Pip becomes seriously ill. Therefore Joe comes to London to care for him, and pay off his debts. During the time, Pip feels remorse for what he has done to Joe before and they become intimate again when Pip

63、 is sick. W</p><p>　　Through the experience, Pip grows up to learn the meaning of friendship and love and becomes a real gentleman in moral.</p><p>　　B. Pip’s Journey Away from Home</p>&

64、lt;p>　　Pip’s leaving home and change in his character are not happened naturally, but lured by others and surroundings. When Pip is a child, he only dreams of becoming a blacksmith like Joe. At this period, he doesn’t

65、 realize how coarse his hands are and how thick his boosts are. However, as soon as he goes out of the forge and enters to the Satis house, he encounters Miss. Havisham and Estella and learns the upper class. “‘He calls

66、the knaves, jacks, this boy!’ said Estella with distain. Before our fi</p><p>　　After receiving a fortune from a mysterious person, Pip gains an opportunity to go to London. In London, Pip lives a wasteful l

67、ife and has heavy debts. It makes him lost his good nature and his intimate friends before---Joe and Biddy. He is on the way of departing from home and himself. </p><p>　　The turning point appears when Magwi

68、tch is returned abroad and finally dies. Pip is seriously ill and Joe comes to take care of him. At that time, he realizes how wrong he was before, and he feels very remorse. It is the back of his conscience and moral. T

69、hen he goes on the way of returning home.</p><p>　　IV. The Major Characters Influencing Pip’s Growth</p><p>　　In the Bildungsroman, not only the hero and his experience are essential elements, b

70、ut also the guides are also important roles on the way of the hero’s growth. The guides can be grouped into two types: positive guides and negative guides.</p><p>　　“Great Expectations is the perfect express

71、ion of a phase of English society; it is a statement, to be taken as it stands, of what money can do, good and bad; or show it can change and make distinctions of class, how it can pervert virtue, sweeten manners, open u

72、p new fields or enjoyment and suspicion.”14 Pip is greatly influenced by the importance of money and status. </p><p>　　A. Positive Guides</p><p>　　In this novel, Dickens created two excellent “f

73、ather” figures: Joe and Magwitch.</p><p>　　Joe is a kind-hearted man, who loved Pip very much. Joe always stands up for Pip. He is Pip’s brother-in-law. Joe is not very intelligent, but he is a strong man, a

74、nd he is the only one that Pip can count on. He takes satisfaction in being a blacksmith, and he has pride in himself. He believes in integrity, and he treats people politely. We can see the features of positive guides f

75、rom Joe: they can get along well with those who are younger than themselves; they are kind and passionate; they have</p><p>　　Joe affects Pip’s growth with his simple words and behavior, moves Pip’s ignoranc

76、e and confusion with his love. It makes Pip wake from his dream of promising future and understand how precious the common life is.</p><p>　　Another one who influences Pip greatly on the way of his mature is

77、 Magwitch. Magwitch is a convict who helps Pip with his unselfish love. It is just his unselfish love that influences and moves Pip. Magwitch left his savings earned abroad for many years to Pip, just because Pip brought

78、 him food and a file when Pip was a child. When exiled from England, Magwitch worked very hard in Australia and made a fortune. However, he gives all his money to raise Pip up, makes him a gentleman. He wants his d</p

79、><p>　　Not only Joe and Magwitch play an important role in Pip’s maturity, but also Biddy, Herbert and Wemmick have influenced on Pip greatly. They are his good friends and teachers as well.</p><p>

80、;　　B. Negative Guides</p><p>　　In Bildungsroman, those who affect the protagonist are not always positive characters; negative ones also lead the protagonist a lot while in a negative way.</p><p&g

81、t;　　In Great Expectations, the main negative guides are rich and distorted-mind Miss. Havisham and her beautiful adopted daughter, Estella. She adopted Estella only aim to hurt the other sex the way she was hurt by her l

82、oved one many years ago. Unfortunately, Pip falls in love with arrogant Estella, and then feels ashamed of his common position and background, even his once admired brother-in-law and friend Joe. This is the beginning of

83、 Pip’s change in his mind and attitude. When Estella returns fro</p><p>　　Bentley Drummle, an idle young “gentleman” Pip meets, turns out to be one of the negative guides in the novel. He has nothing except

84、family backgrounds and wealth. Drummle inherits immense wealth and is to inherit a baronetcy title and is in Mr. Pocket’s house to be trained in gentlemanly sills, but he is “heavy in figure, movement and comprehension,

85、idle, proud, niggardly, reserved and suspicious” 18, and is hostile to everyone. Pip envies his pedigree and money but despises his bad manners and</p><p>　　V. Conclusion</p><p>　　Growth, as uni

86、versal culture phenomenon and important individual experience in human life, provides infinite imagination for literary creation, so it is an everlasting literary theme. The Bildungsroman is a literary genre that describ

87、es the growth of the protagonist from innocence to maturity. The subject of the Bildungsroman is usually a regular course of development in the life of the protagonist; it tells the experiences of the character and refle

88、cts the course of changing from immaturity to </p><p>　　Great Expectations is one of the famous Bildungsromans, it conforms to the basic features of the Bildungsroman which follows the typical pattern: lure-

89、escape from home-puzzlement- knowledge of the world and him. Pip grows up to fulfill a social role, gets understanding of the society and finds his identity. As a seven-year-old boy, he is innocent and virtuous, simple a

90、nd timid. And after a great disillusionment from unrealistic dream stretching more than 10 years, has got his epiphany and develo</p><p>　　To sum up, Great Expectations as a Bildungsroman reflects the growth

91、 of the protagonist Pip from innocence to maturity. This paper analyzes how Pip grows from innocence to maturity from the perspective of Bildungsroman, means to provide a new perspective for a deeper understanding and ap

92、preciation of the novel as a classic initiation stories and concludes that Pip at last achieves a full understanding of life, the society and people around him after he overcomes various hardships and frustration</p&g

93、t;<p><b>　　Note</b></p><p>　?、?Bloom, Harold, ed. Mark Twain’s Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986</p><p>　　2 Moynahan, Julian. “The Hero’s

94、 Guilt: The Case of Great Expectations”. Essays in Criticism 10, No.1 (January 1960):77-79</p><p>　　3 Baumgarten, Murray. “Calligraphy and Code: Writing in Great Expectations”. Dickens Studies Annual 11 (198

95、3): 69-70</p><p>　　4 Loe, Thomas. “Gothic Plot in Great Expectations”. Dickens Quarterly 6. No.3 (September 1989):107-109</p><p>　　5 Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Beijing: Foreign L

96、anguage Teaching and Research Press, 2004</p><p>　　6 Buckley, J. Hamilton. Season of Youth: The Bildungsroman from Dickens to Golden. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1974. 11-12</p>

97、<p><b>　　7 Ibid</b></p><p>　　8 Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations. Shanghai: World Books Press, 2013, 2</p><p>　　9 Ibid, 29</p><p>　　10 Ibid, 35</p><

98、p>　　11 Ibid, 129</p><p>　　12 Ibid, 192</p><p>　　13 Ibid, 52</p><p>　　14 House, Humphry. “Pip’s Upward Mobility” in Edgar Rosenberg ed. Charles Dickens Great Expectations: Authora

99、tive Text, Backgrounds, Contexts, Criticism. W.W.Norton& Company. Inc, 1999</p><p>　　15 Vande Kieft, Ruth M. “Pattern of Communication in Great Expectations” Nineteenth-Century Fiction, Mar, 1961: 325-33