科技英語(yǔ)記敘文體

1、第一章 記敘文體的英譯與寫作第二章 法律文體的英譯與寫作第三章 應(yīng)用文體英譯與寫作第四章 廣告文體英譯與寫作,,24學(xué)時(shí),科技英語(yǔ)(二) ESTⅡ,REFERENCES:1、張夢(mèng)井，漢英科技翻譯指南，航空工業(yè)出版社，1996 2、王運(yùn)，實(shí)用科技英語(yǔ)翻譯技巧，科技文獻(xiàn)出版社，1992 3、熊第霖，英文科技寫作，國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社，2001,1 記敘文體的漢譯英,1. 1 科技論文的漢譯英問題1. 2 摘要的英譯與寫作1

2、. 3 國(guó)際會(huì)議文獻(xiàn)的英譯與寫作,1. 1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,,Page ? 4,1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,按學(xué)科的性質(zhì)和功能基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科論文技術(shù)學(xué)科論文應(yīng)用學(xué)科論文按照寫作目的和發(fā)揮的作用學(xué)術(shù)性論文技術(shù)性論文學(xué)位論文按論文內(nèi)容所屬學(xué)科 數(shù)學(xué)論文 物理論文 化學(xué)論文 天文學(xué)論文 機(jī)械工程技術(shù)論文 建筑工程技術(shù)論文按研究和寫作方法 理論推導(dǎo)

3、型 實(shí)(試)驗(yàn)研究型 觀測(cè)型 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算型 發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)明型 爭(zhēng)鳴型 綜述型,一、科技論文的分類,Page ? 5,1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,Title 標(biāo)題Abstract 摘要Keywords 關(guān)鍵詞Table of contents 目錄Nomenclature 術(shù)語(yǔ)表Introduction 引言正文Acknowledgement 致謝Reference 參考文獻(xiàn)Appe

4、ndix 附錄,Methods 方法Results 結(jié)果Discussion 討論Conclusion 結(jié)論,,二、科技論文的一般結(jié)構(gòu),Page ? 6,acknowledgment,References,Title 標(biāo)題,Author 作者,Abstract 摘要,Introduction 引言,4 Summary and conclusion,,,,,,Page ? 7,三、論文標(biāo)題的英譯與寫作,1、 標(biāo)題的作用Gener

5、alizing the TextAttracting the Reader Facilitating the Retrieval 2、標(biāo)題的長(zhǎng)度（單詞總數(shù)）及詞性標(biāo)題不宜過長(zhǎng)，大多為12個(gè)單詞以內(nèi)。標(biāo)題中用得最多的是名詞（包括動(dòng)名詞），除名詞外，用得較多的是介詞，有時(shí)使用形容詞、冠詞、連詞、副詞。,1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,3、標(biāo)題的大小寫與標(biāo)點(diǎn),大小寫規(guī)則通常是：冠詞、介詞、連詞用小寫（題目的第一個(gè)單詞除外），其余均用

6、大寫;或者論文的標(biāo)題全部大寫。標(biāo)題末沒有標(biāo)點(diǎn)，但題中可以有標(biāo)點(diǎn)，如冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)等。,Page ? 8,為了便于檢索，標(biāo)題中所用的詞盡量使用表達(dá)全文內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵詞,例1：a.標(biāo)題：On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components Keywords：fatigue疲勞，spot weld點(diǎn)焊，automobile汽車，life prediction壽命預(yù)測(cè)b.標(biāo)題：Com

7、puter Simulation and Experimental Study On Cold Shut During Mold FillingKeywords: mold filling鑄件充型，computer simulation計(jì)算機(jī)模擬，cold shut casting冷隔鑄造，,c.標(biāo)題：Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of Position Occu

8、pantKeywords: air bag安全氣囊，out-of-position occupant離位乘員d.標(biāo)題：New Fatigue Test and Statistical Method for Metallic Materials Used in Vehicle TransmissionsKeywords: fatigue test疲勞實(shí)驗(yàn)，statistical method統(tǒng)計(jì)方法，test specimens試樣

9、分析,1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,Page ? 9,4、標(biāo)題的結(jié)構(gòu),名詞詞組（包括動(dòng)名詞）名詞詞組+介詞詞組介詞詞組疑問句,1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,名詞＋修飾語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)：形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、名詞,用得最多介詞詞組：限定某研究課題的范圍相當(dāng)于“的” 結(jié)構(gòu).,介詞十名詞(詞組) “on …”，意思是“對(duì)……的研究”.,適于值得爭(zhēng)議的問題 點(diǎn)明整個(gè)論文討論的焦點(diǎn).,Page ? 10,例3Progress

10、on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 燃料電池及其材料進(jìn)展Analysis on the Dynamic Behavior of Coal Cutting 采煤動(dòng)態(tài)特征的分析Study of detecting underground fire zone applying radon measuring technology A Probability Analyses in the Spring Dis

11、charge 泉水流量的概率分析Some Theorems on Circular Theory 環(huán)論的幾個(gè)定理On the Distribution of Sound in a Corridor On the Crushing Mechanism of Thin Walled StructuresOn the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components 點(diǎn)焊汽車構(gòu)

12、件疲勞壽命預(yù)測(cè)Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-Of- -Position Occupant 安全氣囊對(duì)離位乘員作用力的分析與研究How close to failure is a granite rock mass at a 5km depth?,,1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,Page ? 11,注意,有些詞如“試論”“淺談”“體會(huì)”“小議”等可以不譯，以免

13、使內(nèi)容羅索，從而沖淡了標(biāo)題的主要內(nèi)容。但是，如果該論文的作者是對(duì)別人的觀點(diǎn)加以評(píng)價(jià)、討論等，那這一類詞就必須譯出，以強(qiáng)調(diào)其客觀性。其英語(yǔ)譯文如下： Thoughts on… A survey on… Comments on… A summery on… A review of…,,,有的標(biāo)題由兩部分組成，用冒號(hào)隔

14、開,冒號(hào)前面一部分是研究的對(duì)象、內(nèi)容或課題，比較籠統(tǒng)，冒號(hào)后面具體說明研究重點(diǎn)或研究方法。這種結(jié)構(gòu)有三種模式： 模式1 研究課題：具體內(nèi)容 模式2 研究課題：方法／性質(zhì) 模式3 研究課題：?jiǎn)栴}焦點(diǎn),1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,Page ? 12,模式1 研究課題：具體內(nèi)容,Fire Resistant Steels for Construction：Design，Properties and Microche

15、mistry (微量化學(xué)) Impact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life,,模式2 研究課題：方法／性質(zhì),Solid Oxide Fuel Cell：A Survey The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs： a National Survey,模式3 研究課題：?jiǎn)栴}焦點(diǎn),Aluminum: Is It

16、Hazardous to Your Health？Noise: Good？ Bad？ Maybe Both？,1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,Page ? 13,思考題：下面這些論文標(biāo)題是否合適？如果不合適，請(qǐng)修改：,How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid(半干旱) Land Yellow Fever‘s(黃熱病) Effect on Transportation a

17、nd Commerce,Using Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land,Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Humans,Auditory Perspectives(透視) of Different Types of Music Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on

18、Humans,1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,Page ? 14,Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education,Use of Diamond for Electric Devices,Physics and Art： Unc

19、overing Conceptual Linkages,The Single Community Concept： A Model for Adult Environmental Education Physics and Art： Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered,Protecting Water Quality Through the Successful Integration of Re

20、search and Education,1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,Page ? 15,A Qualitative / Quantitative Analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Cornell University The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goa

21、ls for Science,The Nature of Student Science Projects in Comparison to Educational Goals for Science,The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill， Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired

22、(后天的) Immune Deficiency Syndrome(綜合癥) Populations： A Statistical Analysis,The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill， HIV and AIDS Populations： A Statistical Analysis,1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,Page

23、? 16,引言Introduction又稱前言、導(dǎo)言引言有總攬全局的重要性，一般在寫作后期定稿說明寫作理由、與前人工作的關(guān)系、幫助讀者了解正文的背景、事實(shí)、條件等，繁簡(jiǎn)適度內(nèi)容：Background of the problem and chief contribution of others 問題的背景及他人的貢獻(xiàn)；Purpose, scope and contribution of the study 研究范圍

24、、目的及貢獻(xiàn)；Methods of attack 主要研究方法。與其它部分的不同之處： 正文著眼于對(duì)所提出的問題的描述、分析、論證； 摘要重點(diǎn)介紹本文的主要貢獻(xiàn),四、引言的英譯與寫作,Page ? 17,例:引言 【The ‘‘fish-hook’’ phenomenon in centrifugal separation of fine particles】,Many people (Luc

25、kie and Austin, 1974; Finch, 1983; Del Villar and Finch, 1992; Patil and Rao, 2001) have reported that the recovery of ultrafine particles in a hydrocyclone underflow increases with decrease in particle size beyond a cri

26、tical particle size, known as ‘‘fishhook’’ effect. This critical particle size varies with the nature and characteristics of particles to be classified. But none could explain whether this irregular behaviour with ultraf

27、ine particle sizes in a hydrocyclone is a characteristic phenomenon or not. It is also interesting to note that none could give any indication whether the similar fish-hook effect will be observed while processing ultraf

28、ine particles in any centrifugal force field. Therefore, an attempt has been made to develop general understanding of the migration behaviour of fine and ultrafine particles in a centrifugal force field.,Page

29、? 18,引言句型庫(kù),研究的目的This problem is concerned (deals,bears)(chiefly,largely,mainly) with…This is a problem relating to…Our work is devoted to…The primary goal of the present research is…The chief aim of this study is…T

30、he laboratory study demonstrates(suggests,indicates,reveals,establishes)Doing this work,we intend(hope,expect,attempt) to…The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of…The principal purpose (objective

31、,task) of the present(further, preliminary) work is to investigate the features of (mechanisms involved in,effects produced by)…,問題的范圍（Scope of the problem)The main aspect(core,essence) of the problem is …Studies of th

32、ese effects cover various aspects of…The problem is within the scope of…Our problem lies beyond the range of …,Page ? 19,背景及歷史(Background and history)This problem was first advanced by…Since then the problem has attr

33、acted (fascinated) many scientists (workers in this field).This problem as can be seen (as is known) is (still) poorly (inadequately ) understood.Compared with the current research, the previous work was in connection

34、with…The new findings from the experiment agree well with the results obtained in…Several(numerous,many,few) studies are made(carried out,performed) to elucidate the nature(understand the behavior,reveal the cause) of…

35、A study of the kind has(never)been made (until now,until a few years ago,問題的難易（Difficulty of the problem)It seems(exceedingly) difficult to obtain knowledge of the problem…It is rather difficult to solve the problem…

36、It is easy to present (analyze,discuss)the problem in all its complexity(in every detail).The problem involves (certain,tremendous) difficulties.,Page ? 20,,,,,,,Page ? 21,,,Page ? 22,背 景,One of the most important and

37、often used unit operations in mineral processing plants is the hydrocyclone (Pcarsc, 1988: Firth el a,!., 1995). It is a key component in closed-mill grinding circuits, which is required for the production of nearly all

38、the world's sulfide mineral supply. In addition, hydrocycloncs in their various forms are responsible for a large percentage of the clean coal production from operating prcparation phmts worldwidc (Kcmpnich, 2000). A

39、pproximately 28% of the clean coal production is from heavy media cyclones and 4~7% from water-only cyclones while nearly 15% is classified according to size by classifying cyclones.,點(diǎn)明主題cyclone的重要性,APEX WATER INJECTION

40、FOR IMPROVED HYDROCYCLONE CLASSIFICATION EFFICIENCY,Page ? 23,,Despite their broad use and importance, inherent deficiencies of the hydrocyclone have negative effects on the efficiency and economics of a processing plant

41、. In the processing of complex metal sulfide ores, density differentials between the gangue and the various sulfide minerals generally result in a sulfide metal concentration in the re-circulation stream of a closed-mill

42、 grinding circuit, which results in overgrindingand potential metal loss (Firlh eta/., 1998: Mnsher, 1999). Also, …. (Heiskanen, 1993; Wills,1997). For these reasons, the U.S. mining industry and prominent researchers ha

43、ve identified the need for improved classification efficiency as a major research topic in a recent publication (Anon., 2000).,指出存在不足，以及解決問題的必要性,背 景,Page ? 24,,The by-pass of ultrafine particles has been directly correl

44、ated to the amount of feed pulp water recovered to the underflow stream (Lynch, 1977). The volume of underflow water can be curtailed by a reduction in the underflow orifice or apex as well as many other methods discusse

45、d by Bradley (1965). In accepting the by-pass problem, Firth et al. (1998) proposed the use of a three-stage counter-current cyclone circuit whereby the underflow streams of the primary and secondary cyclones were retrea

46、ted and the secondary and tertiary overflow streams recycled to the previous feed sumps. However, the circuit requires additional pumping and an increased number of cyclone banks that creates particle attrition and negat

47、ive effects on the overall process economics.,前人針對(duì)這種不足所做的工作，及其工作的局限性,前人的工作,,,,Page ? 25,,Patil and Rao (1999) reported on a study to detcrmine the impact of the truncated cone. In tests performed using a silica slurry su

48、spension, the truncated cone was found to allow a reduction in the amount of by-pass Apex water injection for improved hydrocyclone classification efficiency with the total water injection unit providing greater than 50%

49、 reduction in the by-pass amount. However,technical details involving the parametric effects and associated interactions associated with the Cyclowash system remain limited. Therefore, a test program based on a statistic

50、al design was performed which involved the evaluation of the conventional cyclone and Cyclowash parameters. The test results were used to develop empirical models describing the percent by-pass to the underflow, correcte

51、d d50 and the imperfection value as a function of the operating and geometric parameters. The details of this investigation and the findings will be discussed in this publication.,本文的內(nèi)容,,,Page ? 26,Several advanced flota

52、tion technologies have been commercialized since ….. in the early 1960%. The most significant difference among these technologies lies in their microbubble generation system and the …., The use of self-induced air and t

53、he generation of uniform microbubbles are novel concepts of other advanced flotation technologies.Several of these technologies were compared for …. by Killmeyer et al. (1989). However, the Packed-Column was the only ad

54、vanced technology. ……The aforementioned study accomplished an excellent assessment of …. for fine coal cleaning. However, because of the lack of common experimental conditions, …, a meaningful performance comparison cou

55、ld not be extracted from the resulting experimental data. Therefore, a flotation study comparing six different commercial column technologies was conducted by Honaker et al. (1995) using ….. The study concluded that Jam

56、eson Cell, … bubble generation system. On the other hand, the Packed Column technology was found to require ….. The Packed-Column appeared to provide the most optimum metallurgical performance ……. However, the study used

57、 a coal preparation plant flotation feed sample that had a very low solid content. As reported in literature, a high feed solid content improves …...This publication presents and discusses the results of a study. The th

58、ree advanced flotation technologies evaluated in the study include the Jameson Cell, the Microcel TM and the Packed-Column. The throughput capacity values for each technology were investigated and compared for treating a

59、 fine coal sample.,Page ? 27,五、正文的翻譯、寫作技巧,學(xué)術(shù)論文的正文一般包括:Method 方法Result 結(jié)果Discussion 討論Conclusion 結(jié)論 前三部分主要描述研究課題的具體內(nèi)容、方法，研究過程中所使用的設(shè)備、儀器、條件，并如實(shí)公布有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)和研究結(jié)果等。Conclusion是對(duì)全文內(nèi)容或有關(guān)研究課題進(jìn)行的總體性討論。它具有嚴(yán)密的科學(xué)性和客觀性，反映一個(gè)研究課

60、題的價(jià)值，同時(shí)提出以后的研究方向。,1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,Page ? 28,1、研究方法（Methods）,研究方法部分的主要內(nèi)容： a. 研究工作具備的基本前提或條件，如實(shí)驗(yàn)材料、實(shí)驗(yàn)場(chǎng)所、設(shè)備器材等。 b. 采樣、實(shí)驗(yàn)、獲取數(shù)據(jù)，并對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行技術(shù)處理的方法與過程 c. 理論分析，包括理論依據(jù)、基本原理、公式推導(dǎo)、數(shù)理模型等。,1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,描述研究方法時(shí)的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)或技巧,采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)

61、態(tài)的過去式描述實(shí)驗(yàn)方法與過程有時(shí)用到公式合理使用邏輯-語(yǔ)法詞使語(yǔ)氣貫通,Page ? 29,In August 1994，entire purple loosestrife(千屈萊) plants were harvested from three habitats(生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境): 1) an upland old field in the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area in nor

62、th-eastern Ohio (n=5)；2) a shallow ditch along Route 261 in Kent, OH (n = 10); and 3) the western shoreline of East Twin Lake, Portage County, OH (n = 6). These sites represent habitats which are never inundated(淹沒) with

63、 water, are periodically inundated, or have saturated(浸透) soils, respectively.,例：下面是一篇科技論文Methods的部分內(nèi)容 [1],1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,Page ? 30,[2],Shoot sections (嫩枝條)of 5, 10, and 15 cm lengths were cut from these plants and po

64、sitioned in flats(平地) containing a soil mixture of perlite (珍珠巖), vermiculite (蛭巖), and peatmoss (苔泥炭) （ 1:1:1). The flats were maintained in the Department of Biological Sciences' greenhouse where they experienced a

65、mbient meteorological conditions except for 6 seconds of mist every 3. 5 minutes between 8： 00 and 20： 00 hours daily.,1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,Page ? 31,[3],Shoot sections and attached leaves were examined at weekly intervals for

66、 pigment(色質(zhì)) and tissue changes as well as for development of lateral shoots. After 26～28 days the sections were rinsed to remove adherent material and dried at room temperature (approximately 22℃) for a week. The advent

67、itious roots from each section were removed with needle-nose forceps， dried at 60℃ for 24 hours, and then weighed to determine dry biomass. One lake site 5-cm section was lost during processing.,1.1 科技論文的漢譯英問題,Page ? 32,

68、例：下面是用到公式的部分Methods內(nèi)容：,A premier of our analysis is that muscle strength is approximately proportional to the limb cross-section area. A verification of this premise can be obtained by referring to weight lifting data. T

69、o this end， consider that a weight lifter's own weight W is proportional to his or her volume. That is，W = αl3， （1） where αis a constant of proportionality and l is a c

70、haracteristic length. According to our premise， however， a weight lifter's strength S is proportional to his or her limb cross-section area. That is，S=βl2， （2

71、） where βis a constant of proportionality. By eliminating l between equation （1） and （2）， we have S = KW 2/3 or S/W 2/3 = K， （3） where K is the constant： β/α2/3. Equation (3) is interpreted as s

72、aying that the ratio of a weight lifter's strength (lifting ability) is proportional to his or her own weight raised to the 2/3 power. Alternatively， the ratio of the strength to weight to the 2/3 power is constant.,