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1、標(biāo)題：RETHINKINGGREENCONSUMERISM原文：Overthepastdecadeonepopulartropicalconservationeffthasbeentoencourageconsumerstopaymefproductsthatarecultivatedharvestedinecologicallysensitiveways.Myriadinternationaldevelopmentprojectsha

2、vepromotedthesesocalledsustainablepracticesinfestsfarmsaroundthewld.dinarycitizensintheU.S.Europeparticipatebychoosingtobuytimbercoffeeotheragriculturalgoodsthatarecertifiedashavingmetsuchspecialstardsduringproduction.On

3、eofthebestknownofthesecertified“green“productsisshadegrowncoffeebeanswhicharecultivatedintheshadyfestunderstyratherthaninsunnyfieldswhereallthetreeshavebeencutdown.。Efftstodevelopgreenproductsdeservesupptpraise.Butinthec

4、ontextoftheglobaleconomysustainableagricultureconsumeractionsalonewillnotbeenoughtoconservetheplantsanimalsthataremostthreatenedbydefestation.Webelievethataboldnewapproachwhichwecallconservationconcessionsprovidesapotent

5、iallypowerfulwaytoexpthegreenmarketfromitspresentdependenceonproductstothebroadernotionofgreenservicestheopptunitytopurchasebiodiversitypreservationdirectly.Thefeasibilityofthisstrategyreliesoneconomics.Hugetractsofpubli

6、cfestinthedevelopingwldarebeingleasedflessthan$1perhectareayear.Atthosepricesconservationganizationswhichhavelongdemonstratedawillingnesstopayfthepreservationofbiodiversitycanaffdtooutbidcompetitsflleasestocompensateloca

7、lpeopletomanagetheintactecosystems.Theseagreementsarelegallyeconomicallynodifferentfromloggingcontractsanyotherbusinessdealthatgrantscontrolovernaturalresourcestoaparticulargroup.Indeedtheincomethatdevelopingcountriescan

8、generateinthiswayisequivalenttooftenmestablethanwhattheycouldearnthroughthevolatileinternationalmarketsftimberagriculturalgoods.NoOtherChoicesONEOFTHEGREATESTADVANTAGESofconservationconcessionsisthatGovernmentsubsidiesha

9、veallowedthisactivitytomoveintoareasneverbefetouchedbyagriculture.InneighbingBoliviatheareadevotedtothiscrophasgrownbyanaverageofnearly35percentayearsincethe1960sisfastapproachingonemillionhectares.Elsewherenaturalfestsa

10、rebeingconvertedatanalarmingratetocultivationoftheotherthreecropsinourstudy.Spreadubiquitouslyaroundthewldsbiodiversityhotspotsarecoffeecocoaoccupying11eightmillionhectaresrespectively.Theircultivationhasreplacedasmuchas

11、80percentofIvyCoastsiginalfests.Malaysialeadstheproductionofpalmoilcultivatingthreemillionhectaresoutofthetotalsixmilliondevotedtothiscommodityglobally.Indonesiawhichcurrentlygrowsoilpalmon2.5millionhectareshasvowedtoove

12、rtakeitsneighbasthewldsleadingproducerbyplantingthe15millionadditionalhectaresthatthegovernmenthasalreadyslatedfoilpalmplantations.Certainlytheintentionofpeoplewhoconvertbiologicallydiverseecosystemstoagricultureloggedfe

13、stsistoimprovetheireconomiclotinlife.Thesadironyisthattheseprospectsareoftenunreliable.Whencountrieschooseloggingagricultureflackofbettereconomicoptionstheyoftenarenotcompetitiveinglobalmarkets.Indeedtheverynatureofexptc

14、ommoditymarketsisthatmanyproducersarenotprofitablefyearsatatimebecauseofchronicoversupply.Theannualharvestofcocoaaccumulatedstocksfexampleexceededconsumptionbybetween3070percenteachyearfrom1971to1999.CultivatsinWestAfric

15、arecentlyrestedtoburningtheircropsinadesperateprotestofthesituation.AnotherstrikingexampleplayedoutinBoliviawherein1996theimpositionofanewtaxof$1perhectareonthecountrys22millionhectaresoftimberconcessionsresultedinnearly

16、17millionhectaresbeingabonedbyloggers.Inotherwdsthepotentialreturnsfloggingthesefestsweresolowthatanadditionalcostof$1perhectareperyearwasenoughtomakemostcompaniesavoidtheseinvestments.Nomatterthelevelofeconomicpayoffall

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