test7_testphase2

1、2024/3/18,1,面向?qū)ο蟮臏y(cè)試,7（續(xù)）,2024/3/18,2,議題,面向?qū)ο蟮能浖卣髅嫦驅(qū)ο蟮念悳y(cè)試面向?qū)ο蟮募膳c系統(tǒng)測(cè)試,2024/3/18,3,面向?qū)ο蟮能浖卣?軟件缺陷可能不能修復(fù)沒(méi)有足夠的時(shí)間不算真正的軟件缺陷修復(fù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)太大不值得修復(fù)審查軟件缺陷，判定是否可以修復(fù)判定依據(jù)是軟件測(cè)試的缺陷報(bào)告,2024/3/18,4,Object Orientation的原理,2024/3/18,5,Salesp

2、erson,Customer,Product,Manages Complexity,提取抽象Abstraction,2024/3/18,6,,,,,Improves Resiliency,封裝Encapsulation,Hide implementation from clientsClients depend on interface,2024/3/18,7,Order Processing System,Billing,Order

3、Entry,OrderFulfillment,,Manages Complexity,模塊化 Modularity?,The breaking up of something complex into manageable pieces,2024/3/18,8,Asset,Real Estate,Savings,Bank Account,Checking,Stock,Security,Bond,Elements at the sam

4、e level of the hierarchy should be at the same level of abstraction,,,,,,,,層次Hierarchy,Levels of abstraction,2024/3/18,9,Object Orientation中的概念,ObjectClassAttributeOperationInterface (Polymorphism)ComponentPackage

5、Relationships,2024/3/18,10,,Chemical Process,對(duì)象 Object,Informally, an object represents an entity, either physical, conceptual, or softwarePhysical entityConceptual entitySoftware entity,2024/3/18,11,,對(duì)象的正式定義,An

6、 object is a concept, abstraction, or thing with sharp boundaries and meaning for an application An object is something that has:StateBehaviorIdentity,2024/3/18,12,,: Professor,,a + b = 10,ProfessorClark : Professor

7、,,ProfessorClark,,Class Name Only,Object Name Only,Class and Object Name,(stay tuned for classes),對(duì)象表示,An object is represented as rectangles with underlined names,2024/3/18,13,,OO Principle: Abstraction,類Class,A class i

8、s a description of a group of objects with common properties (attributes), behavior (operations), relationships, and semanticsAn object is an instance of a classA class is an abstraction in that it:Emphasizes relevant

9、 characteristicsSuppresses other characteristics,2024/3/18,14,,,,,,,,,,a + b = 10,ClassCourse,PropertiesNameLocationDays offeredCredit hoursStart timeEnd time,BehaviorAdd a studentDelete a studentGet course ro

10、sterDetermine if it is full,類舉例,2024/3/18,15,,Professor,,,,,,Professor Clark,a + b = 10,類的表示,A class is represented using a compartmented rectangle,2024/3/18,16,類的組成,A class is comprised of three sectionsThe first sect

11、ion contains the class nameThe second section shows the structure (attributes)The third section shows the behavior (operations),2024/3/18,17,,對(duì)象的類,How many classes do you see?,2024/3/18,18,,Objects,,Class,,Professor,,,

12、類和對(duì)象之間的關(guān)系,A class is an abstract definition of an objectIt defines the structure and behavior of each object in the classIt serves as a template for creating objects Objects are grouped into classes,2024/3/18,19,,Clas

13、s,,Attribute,,Object,,Attribute Value,,屬性 Attribute,2024/3/18,20,Class,,Operation,,操作 Operation,2024/3/18,21,OO Principle:Encapsulation,多態(tài) Polymorphism,The ability to hide many different implementations behind a single

14、interface,,,,,Realization relationship,,(stay tuned for realization relationships),接口 Interface,Interfaces formalize polymorphismInterfaces support “plug-and-play” architectures,2024/3/18,23,Source FileName,,,,>Exe

15、cutableName,OO Principle:Encapsulation,組件 Component,A non-trivial, nearly independent, and replaceable part of a system that fulfills a clear function in the context of a well-defined architecture A component may be

16、A source code componentA run time components orAn executable component,Package Name,OO Principle:Modularity,包 Package,A package is a general purpose mechanism for organizing elements into groupsA model element which

17、can contain other model elementsUsesOrganize the model under developmentA unit of configuration management,2024/3/18,25,,關(guān)系Relationships,AssociationAggregationCompositionDependencyGeneralizationRealization,20

18、24/3/18,26,Superclass (parent),Subclasses,Generalization Relationship,,Ancestor,Descendents,Example: Single Inheritance,One class inherits from another,2024/3/18,27,,,Airplane,,,,Helicopter,,,,Wolf,,,,Horse,,,,FlyingThin

19、g,,,,,,,Animal,,,,,,,Bird,,,,,,multipleinheritance,,Use multiple inheritance only when needed, and always with caution !,Example: Multiple Inheritance,A class can inherit from several other classes,,Inheritance leverag

20、es the similarities among classes,What Gets Inherited?,A subclass inherits its parent’s attributes, operations, and relationshipsA subclass may:Add additional attributes, operations, relationshipsRedefine inherited op

21、erations (use caution!)Common attributes, operations, and/or relationships are shown at the highest applicable level in the hierarchy,2024/3/18,29,,Truck,,,Tonnage噸,,GroundVehicle,,,weight,licenseNumber,,,Car,owner,,,,,

22、register( ),getTax( ),,0..*,,,1,Superclass (parent),Subclass,generalization,,size,,Example: What Gets Inherited,Strengths of Object Orientation,A single paradigmFacilitates architectural and code reuseModels more close

23、ly reflect the real worldMore accurately describe corporate data and processesDecomposed based on natural partitioningEasier to understand and maintainStabilityA small change in requirements does not mean massive ch

24、anges in the system under development,,Order,,Product,,,,Ship via,A Simple Sales Order Example,Class Diagram for the Sales Example,seller,buyer,item sold,shipping mechanism,Effect of Requirements Change,Suppose you need

25、a new type of shipping vehicle ...,Salesperson,Product,Sale,,,,,Corporate,Customer,,,Individual,Vehicle,,,,,,,,seller,buyer,item sold,shipping mechanism,,2024/3/18,34,面向?qū)ο蟮臏y(cè)試層次,操作/方法測(cè)試：使用傳統(tǒng)的單元測(cè)試技術(shù)類測(cè)試：類內(nèi)的測(cè)試集成測(cè)試：類間的測(cè)試，主要