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1、2009年英語語言文學英語綜合改錯Afairlystardconsensualdefinitionis“arelativelypermanentchangeinbehavi(sic.itsAmericanofcourse)thatresultsfrompractise.“Thisisofcoursearguableparticularlythe“practice“criterion.Otherswouldacceptchangesin“
2、capability“evensimple“knowledge““understing“evenifitisnotmanifestinbehaviour.Itishoweveranimptantcriterionthat“l(fā)earned“behaviourisnotpreprogrammedwhollyinstinctive(notawdusedmuchnowadays)evenifaninstinctualdriveunderpins
3、it.Behaviourcanalsochangeasaresultofmaturationsimplegrowingupwithoutbeingtotallylearned.Thinkofthechangingattitudeofchildrenadolescentstooppositesexpeers.Whateverthecasetherehastobeinteractionwiththeenvironment.Evenifpsy
4、chologistseveragreeaboutwhatlearningisinpracticeeducationalistswontbecauseeducationintroducespreivenotionsaboutspecifyingwhatoughttobelearntthereisconsiderabledisputeaboutwhetherthisoughtonlytobewhattheteacherwantsthelea
5、rnertolearn(implicitinbehaviouralmodels)whatthelearnerwantstolearn(asinhumanisticmodels).2009英語語言文學完形填空全文ObtainingLinguisticDataManyproceduresareavailablefobtainingdataaboutalanguage.Theyrangefromacarefullyplannedintensi
6、vefieldinvestigationinafeigncountrytoacasualintrospectionaboutonesmothertonguecarriedoutinanarmchairathome.Inallcasessomeonehastoactasasourceoflanguagedataaninfmant.Infmantsare(ideally)nativespeakersofalanguagewhoprovide
7、utterancesfanalysisotherkindsofinfmationaboutthelanguage(e.g.translationscommentsaboutcrectnessjudgementsonusage).Oftenwhenstudyingtheirmothertonguelinguistsactastheirowninfmantsjudgingtheambiguityacceptabilityotherprope
8、rtiesofutterancesagainsttheirownintuitions.Theconvenienceofthisapproachmakesitwidelyuseditisconsideredthenminthegenerativeapproachtolinguistics.Butalinguistspersonaljudgementsareoftenuncertaindisagreewiththejudgementsofo
9、therlinguistsatwhichpointrecourseisneededtomeobjectivemethodsofenquiryusingnonlinguistsasinfmants.Thelatterprocedureisunavoidablewhenwkingonfeignlanguageschildspeech.Manyfactsmustbeconsideredwheninginfmantswhetheroneiswk
10、ingwithsinglespeakers(acommonsituationwhenlanguageshavenotbeendescribedbefe)twopeopleinteractingsmallgroupslargescalesamples.Agesexsocialbackgroundotheraspectsofidentityareimptantasthesefactsareknowntoinfluencethekindofl
11、anguageused.Thetopicofconversationtheacteristicsofthesocialsetting(e.g.theleveloffmality)arealsodecidealinguistichypothesisbycontrastcpainmajresearchprojectscantotalmillionsofwds.Animptantprincipleisthatallcpawhateverthe
12、irsizeareinevitablylimitedintheircoveragealwaysneedtobesupplementedbydataderivedfromtheintuitionsofnativespeakersofthelanguagethrougheitherintrospectionexperimentation.2009英語語言文學英語綜合閱讀理解Passage1BAKELITEThebirthofmodernpl
13、asticsIn1907LeoHendrickBaekelaBelgianscientistwkinginNewYkdiscoveredpatentedarevolutionarynewsyntheticmaterial.HisinventionwhichhenamedBakelitewasofenmoustechnologicalimptanceeffectivelylaunchedthemodernplasticsindustry.
14、ThetermplasticcomesfromtheGreekplasseinmeaningtomould.Someplasticsarederivedfromnaturalsourcessomearesemisynthetic(theresultofchemicalactiononanaturalsubstance)someareentirelysyntheticthatischemicallyengineeredfromthecon
15、stituentsofcoaloil.Somearethermoplasticwhichmeansthatlikeclewaxtheymeltwhenheatedcanthenbereshaped.Othersarethermosetting:likeeggstheycannotreverttotheiriginalviscousstatetheirshapeisthusfixedfever.Bakelitehadthedistinct
16、ionofbeingthefirsttotallysyntheticthermosettingplastic.Thehistyoftodaysplasticsbeginswiththediscoveryofaseriesofsemisyntheticthermoplasticmaterialsinthenieenthcentury.Theimpetusbehindthedevelopmentoftheseearlyplasticswas
17、generatedbyanumberoffactsimmensetechnologicalprogressinthedomainofchemistrycoupledwithwiderculturalchangesthepragmaticneedtofindacceptablesubstitutesfdwindlingsuppliesofluxurymaterialssuchasttoiseshellivy.Baekelsinterest
18、inplasticsbeganin1885whenasayoungchemistrystudentinBelgiumheembarkedonresearchintophenolicresinsthegroupofstickysubstancesproducedwhenphenol(carbolicacid)combineswithanaldehyde(avolatilefluidsimilartoalcohol).Hesoonabone
19、dthesubjecthoweveronlyreturningtoitsomeyearslater.By1905hewasawealthyNewYkerhavingrecentlymadehisftunewiththeinventionofanewphotographicpaper.WhileBaekelhadbeenbusilyamassingdollarssomeadvanceshadbeenmadeinthedevelopment
20、ofplastics.Theyears18991900hadseenthepatentingofthefirstsemisyntheticthermosettingmaterialthatcouldbemanufacturedonanindustrialscale.InpurelyscientifictermsBaekelsmajcontributiontothefieldisnotsomuchtheactualdiscoveryoft
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