2018年室內(nèi)設(shè)計外文翻譯—馬來西亞吉隆坡購物中心室內(nèi)景觀設(shè)計的公眾偏好（全文翻譯）

1、<p>　　字數(shù)：英文5161單詞，27534字符；中文8581漢字</p><p>　　出處：Hami A, Moula F F, Maulan S B. Public preferences toward shopping mall interior landscape design in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban G

2、reening, 2018, 30: 1-7.</p><p><b>　　外文文獻　</b></p><p>　　Public preferences toward shopping mall interior landscape design in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</p><p>　　Abstract The

3、 number of malls in Malaysia has not only increased dramatically, but they have also been subject to continual expansion over the past few years. Despite this rate of expansion, there has not been enough attention paid t

4、o the quality of the spaces and interior landscaping of the malls on the basis of people’s preferences. This study aimed to bring out people’s preferences towards interior public spaces at shopping malls. Using a photo q

5、uestionnaire, the results pointed to three majo</p><p>　　Keywords: CIM method; Interior landscaping in shopping mall; Open space in business environment; Preference studies</p><p>　　1.Introducti

6、on</p><p>　　Social science researchers have paid significant attention to exploring public opinion toward various aspects of urban residential areas, a case in point being urban public landscape areas. Publi

7、c landscape areas are divided into: urban parks, streetscape, green belts, gardens, forest parks, and recreation areas. Shopping malls can be viewed as public spaces, needing scientific and appropriate insight to landsca

8、ping of their open spaces (Lekagul, 2002). In this spirit, it seems that the particip</p><p>　　The number of shopping malls in Malaysia has been on the increase at an average annual rate of 7.0% (Ministry of

9、 Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs, Ministry of Entrepreneur and Cooperative Development and International Data Corporation, a.c.f. Ninth Malaysian Plan, 2006–2010). Even with this high expansion rate, there is not muc

10、h available research regarding people’s preferences toward the quality and interior landscaping of the malls in Malaysia. What is noticeable in the current situation is</p><p>　　2.Literature review</p>

11、<p>　　In this part, previous research on people’s preferences toward shopping malls interior landscape is reviewed. In this regard, preferences for open spaces in business environments and shopping malls are discu

12、ssed accordingly.</p><p>　　2.1.Preferences for open spaces in business environments</p><p>　　Wolf (2003) employed a psychometric and econometric survey to evaluate the consumers’ responses to st

13、reetscape setting in the innercity business districts in Athens, Georgia, United States. The researcher found that the business district with trees was preferred by the visitors. The customers stated their willingness to

14、 pay more for their parking fees and higher product prices, travel farther distances, visit more frequently and pay longer visits to business environments, which had more trees as</p><p>　　Wolf (2004) used t

15、he content identifying method (CIM) by using 20 photos on-site at the Athens Business District, Georgia, USA, which yielded three categories, all of them content-based. This finding shows that the most preferred category

16、 contained scenes of trees and the least preferred category were the scenes without trees, which are largely dominated by buildings. Wolf (2004) also revealed that scenes with large trees and full tree canopies were pref

17、erred by the respondents in the study. The</p><p>　　Lekagul (2002) conducted a study on the preferences of customers in Bangkok, Thailand, in conserving and designing market places. He found that the most pr

18、eferred scene by the participants involved a modern shopping environment rather than the traditional markets. According to him, the customers still preferred a shopping environment with more plants. On the other hand, he

19、 explained that business stalls, especially those selling clothes and food courts, with narrow walkways, poorly maintained an</p><p>　　2.2.Preferences for interior open spaces in shopping malls</p>&l

20、t;p>　　Apart from these, modern malls also have atrium and other types of interior public spaces. According to Armstrong (1995), atrium allows the growth of plant species and the best atrium should include the exotic g

21、arden, which has palm trees and other tropical vegetation, water fountain and colourful flowers. In addition, Hamdan and Tajuddin (2000) argued that in conventional atria, interior gardens and landscape pattern play an i

22、mportant role in offering water elements and plants on the floor leve</p><p>　　According to Carpenter et al. (1975), many successful malls have interior landscape elements (especially flowering plants), whic

23、h are often manipulated and replaced to attract more clients to come to the malls. This discloses that the presence of interior landscape in shopping malls isused for many purposes, such as providing a comfortable place

24、for people to meet, pulling more people to the mall, and encouraging them to spend more money and longer time. According to Gruen (1973), “the trader wi</p><p>　　Previous research in commercial environment h

25、as also established that people react positively to and prefer a commercial environment which provides seating places, plants, and water features. Moreover, some major interior landscape elements which are considered as

26、important by the previous researchers to be incorporated in indoor landscaping include plants (as revealed by Coleman, 2006), colourful flowers (Armstrong, 1995), water features (Hamdan and Tajuddin, 2000), seating place

27、s (Armstrong, 1</p><p>　　Here, we provided a brief literature review of the logic behind people’s preferences for open spaces in order to get a better grasp of the overall picture in relation to these prefer

28、ences. In many studies of landscaping preferences, the Information Processing and Affordance Theory is the key to understanding the way people perceive the environment. The findings from previous research has told us tha

29、t people are prone to reveal certain responses rather than others and they may give positive respo</p><p>　　3.Methodology</p><p>　　3.1.Questionnaire design</p><p>　　In this study, t

30、he photo questionnaire was used as a part of the survey questionnaire because it has been acknowledged as an efficient method to obtain participants’ preferences. Many researchers such as Kaplan (2007) and Wolf (2004) em

31、ployed the content identifying method (CIM) to understand people’s preferences and judgments as a useful procedure to reduce the data and make interpretation all the easier. Different people might see or categorize the e

32、nvironment differently; the patterns of the </p><p>　　3.2.Scene collection procedure</p><p>　　In keeping with one of the objectives of the study, i.e. to identify people’s preferences for public

33、 spaces at shopping malls, it is necessary for the photos used to cover various kinds of interior landscapes found at the public spaces. Although the participants were chosen from those residing in Kuala Lumpur, not all

34、of the sample photos were taken from the areas in Kuala Lumpur, because most shopping malls do not use these interior public spaces in a variety of ways. Due to this limitation, so</p><p>　　3.3.Scene selecti

35、on procedure</p><p>　　Over 400 photos were taken from the indoor public spaces at selected shopping malls to represent the varieties of these public place conditions and their interior landscapes. Out of the

36、se 400 photos, only 137 ones, which were taken at eye levels, were finally selected. These 137 photographs were used alongside several other photos scanned from Coleman (2006) and Retail Reporting Corporation of New York

37、 (1996, 1997). The 137 selected photographs were placed into several groups, based on their sim</p><p>　　3.4.Scene presentation procedure</p><p>　　After arriving at this selection of 32 photogra

38、phs, four extra photographs were then added at the beginning and another four photographs at the end of the photo sequence. The purpose of having four extra scenes at the beginning was to make the participants familiar w

39、ith the photo rating procedure, whereas the four extra photos at the end of photo-questionnaire served to prevent the participants from anticipating, which could cause them to make it easier (Suhardi, 2006; Lekagul, 2002

40、). The partic</p><p>　　3.5.Research population and sampling</p><p>　　The study population consisted of mall users residing in Kuala Lumpur area that were Malaysians and above 18 year old, as tho

41、se under 18 years were presumed to be under their parents’ supervision and, therefore, parental permissions would have been rendered necessary. However, one of the critical issues in this research was the sampling size,

42、because no exact population was stated for the malls. Thus, a way to solve the problem of sampling was needed for this study. The most relevant formula and</p><p>　　The sampling error indicated for this stud

43、y was 3.23%, which was lower than 5%; it is, thus, acceptable if the population is too large (Mitra and Lankford, 1999; a.c.f. Suhardi, 2006) and this has often been used in social science research. The systematic random

44、 sampling in this study meant that every person, who walked out at one identified area near the main entrance of the malls, had the same probability to par- ticipate in this study. In doing so, one participant was approa

45、ched every 15 min,</p><p>　　3.6.Data analysis</p><p>　　In order to analyze the data, SPSS was used in this research. In the first step, descriptive analysis was conducted to interpret participan

46、ts’ demographic information. Mean analysis was run to rank interior landscape dimensions and scenes based on people’s preferences, to reduce a large number of data into meaningful components, to determine preference dime

47、nsion and to understand the way scenes were grouped in each dimension. Exploratory factor analysis was performed using Principal Component An</p><p><b>　　4.Results</b></p><p>　　4.1.P

48、articipants’ demographic information</p><p>　　The participants in this study had various backgrounds in terms of gender, age, ethnicity, monthly income, and current housing types. Table 1 shows that 240 part

49、icipants were involved in this study. There are 127 males (52.9%) and 112 females (46.7%), while one participant failed to indicate the gender. Most of the participants were in the age group of 18–30 years (n = 90, 37.5%

50、), followed by 31–40 years (n = 66, 27.5%), 41–50 (n = 40, 16.7%), and above 50 (combined groups of 51–60 and above 60 </p><p>　　Table 1 Participants Demographic Information</p><p>　　4.2.Dominan

51、t dimensions of shopping mall interior landscape</p><p>　　The results showed that 12 scenes were loaded into the first dimension, eight scenes into the second dimension, and five scenes were loaded into the

52、third dimension, while seven scenes did not show a high consistency with the dominant ones. The values of Cronbach Alpha for each dimension were 0.951, 0.828 and 0.707 respectively, which were higher than 0.7, showing th

53、at items in each dimension carried a high internal consistency.</p><p>　　4.3.Preferences for interior landscape dimensions ranking</p><p>　　The purpose of this analysis was to identify the magni

54、tude of preferences in each dimension. From Table 2, the Green Dimension has the highest mean (mean = 4.15, s.d. = 0.641), followed by the Seating Dimension (mean = 3.80, s.d. = 0.616), and the Business Dimension (mean =

55、 2.86, s.d. = 0.893). The Green dimension has the highest mean and all scenes in this dimension show high coherence and high legibility. The Green Dimension also has natural elements especially plants, water features, an

56、d seat</p><p>　　Table 2 Mean Preference Scores for Each Dimension</p><p>　　4.4.Content analysis of each interior landscape dimension</p><p>　　Similar physical characteristics (quali

57、tative) were revealed for the scenes, collectively, in each dimension, in order to identify the underlying factors in terms of content and spatial quality, factors that might influence the participants’ visual preference

58、. Fig. 1 shows the business dimension which includes 12 scenes (only three scenes are presented in Fig. 1). In terms of content, the scenes in this dimension consist of business entities in malls with no water elements i

59、n any of the scenes. </p><p>　　Fig. 1. The First Dimension (Business Dimension).</p><p>　　Fig. 2 shows the second dimension with eight scenes (only three scenes are presented in Fig. 2), with fi

60、ve more preferred scenes fitting into it. This dimension was dominated by natural elements such as trees and water, without any business entities, and with seating places and water features. In terms of spatial quality,

61、the scenes have not only wide areas (horizontal and vertical spaciousness) but also a sense of openness and transparency. These scenes also allowed contact either between the i</p><p>　　Fig. 2. The Second Di

62、mension (Green Dimension).</p><p>　　Fig. 3 shows five scenes (only three scenes are presented in Fig. 3), as the third dimension. These scenes have seating places, but the dimension does not emphasise nature

63、 in the surrounding environment. In discussing spatial quality, the scenes have spacious and wide areas. They portray the interior landscape elements, which are well ordered, and well-organised, leading to higher coheren

64、ce. They also have walkways that are easily distinguished, thus contributing to high legibility. The scenes h</p><p>　　Fig. 3. The Third Dimension (Seating Dimension).</p><p>　　4.5.Preferences f

65、or each scene of shopping mall interior landscape</p><p>　　Fig. 4 shows scene 14 as the most preferred scene followed by scene 24 and scene 2. The scenes illustrated the interior landscape elements for the c

66、ustomers such as the existence of green plants, especially palm trees in public spaces. The majority of the scenes have water features (scenes 14, 24, and 2) and seating places (scenes 14 and 24). Only scene 14 has a pub

67、lic clock. More importantly, the scenes in this group do not have any business entities such as carts, stalls, or kiosks in the spac</p><p>　　Fig. 4. Five Most Preferred Scenes.</p><p>　　In term

68、s of the spatial configuration, all the landscape elements are well arranged, thus achieving high coherence. All scenes portray spacious areas; participants might be able to identify those areas as public areas since the

69、y are easily differentiated from the private spaces. All the scenes (scene 14, 22, and 2) have clear walkways and distinctive landmarks such as water features and green plants. These conditions helped the participants to

70、 easily understand and remember the places, leading t</p><p>　　Fig. 5 shows a group of scenes (9, 13, and 27) that received the lowest preference. They showed business entities in the malls public spaces. Ho

71、wever, these scenes do not portray any interior landscape elements. Furthermore, the existence of benches in scene 27 failed to influence the participants to choose the scene, because the benches were not meant for the p

72、ublic. The majority of the scenes in this group (except scene 13) have low ceiling and enclosed space. The existence of many business en</p><p>　　Fig. 5. Five Least Preferred Scenes.</p><p>　　5.

73、Discussion</p><p>　　The results of this study point to the important role of green and natural elements in people’s preferences to interior open spaces in shopping malls. Many researchers like Coleman (2006)

74、, Lohr and Pearson Mims (2000), and Kaplan et al. (1998) emphasised the natural elements, believed to provide psychological benefits to people. In a study on preferences towards street flowers and trees in Sapporo, Japan

75、, Todorova et al. (2004) similarly found that trees were the more preferred elements than oth</p><p>　　Shopping malls in Malaysia have been identified as one of the ‘sick buildings’ in Malaysia (Utusan Malay

76、sia, 2005). That aside, there is ample theory on the fact that human beings possess strong physical, spiritual and physiological relations with natural elements around them (Hami et al., 2014). Because of this, people ca

77、nnot be separated from the surrounding natural elements from their young ages (dependency on food, clothes and shelter). Therefore, the inclusion of natural elements in enclose</p><p>　　As supported by this

78、study, people prefer a mall environment which is coherent and legible. Previous research has similarly revealed that people prefer legible landscapes more than the less legible ones (Sullivan, 1994). In terms of coherenc

79、e, the areas in the scenes are well organised and well-ordered, while in terms of legibility, the scenes have centralised public areas and walkways. Legibility was also formed by the vertical (ceiling height) and horizon

80、tal spaciousness (wide walkways), as we</p><p>　　Legibility can also increase preference by avoiding a design that blocks eye level view, because people react negatively towards such situation in the malls’

81、public spaces. This is in line with another study where legibility and spaciousness showed important roles in the preference for interior open spaces (Hami et al., 2016). This also supports Kaplan et al. (1998: 33) who r

82、evealed that “…little obstruction at eye level makes for settings that feel safe and also speak to what people prefer”. Li</p><p>　　The results of the least preferred scenes are somewhat consistent with Leka

83、gul’s (2002) findings regarding the characteristics of the least preferred scenes of the modern mall, which include narrow walkways and tight spaces, in addition to stalls and disorganised areas. The most preferred scene

84、 puts more emphasis on the natural elements and public seating places, while the least preferred scenes emphasise the business entities without public seating places. The results of this study are quite co</p><

85、;p>　　6.Conclusion</p><p>　　The results of this study pointed to the importance of plants, seating places, and water features in the interior spaces at shopping malls. In addition, in terms of spatial orga

86、nisation, shopping malls should be coherent and legible with wide public areas, wide walkways, be open, well-organised and well-structured. In this regard, there are some implications that can flow from this study, as ma

87、pped out below.</p><p>　　6.1.Interior public spaces at shopping malls should truly be public spaces</p><p>　　The interior public spaces of shopping malls should be clearly separated from the bus

88、iness spaces. The elements, which have a negative contribution to the prediction of preferences towards greenery such as the business entities need to be eliminated from the indoor spaces in malls. Architects should plan

89、 a number of public spaces in malls, which are frequently used and are accessible. People need one interior public space, where they can go shopping and simultaneously enjoy the comfortable condi</p><p>　　6.

90、2.Interior public spaces must be legible and coherent</p><p>　　In terms of spatial quality, the most preferred scenes are areas portrayed as being legible and coherent; however, these two qualities do not ex

91、ist collectively in the group of the least preferred scenes. In order to achieve legibility, the designers should divide public spaces and walkways in clear-cut ways. Also, the inclusion of transparent skylights, high ce

92、ilings and wide areas can increase legibility. Elements that somehow obstruct the eye level view might invite fears of onsite crimes suc</p><p>　　Besides legibility, in order to boost coherence, the interior

93、 landscape elements must be well organised. Managers should also change their perception and understanding of public spaces, not solely think of increasing their profit margins by maximizing the business area in blunt an

94、d direct ways. Future managers need to be well-educated in these areas, familiarized with important principles, including the fact that they are not dealing with robots or machines but with humans who have special needs&

95、lt;/p><p>　　6.3.Proposed characteristics of interior public spaces at shopping malls: mall as a township</p><p>　　In creating public spaces, what is required is the addition of various “non-retail

96、functions”, including social and cultural events, as well as relaxation and artistic elements in a mall. The “shopping town” approach requires township characteristics inside the malls to create various types of interior

97、 garden landscapes based on people’s cultures. This involves bringing inside the malls elements like rivers or waterfalls with dynamic water flows and fountains, public libraries, gardens, and park</p><p>&l