英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況謝福之復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandChapter 1 Geography, People and Language全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain（大不列顛聯(lián)合王國(guó)） and Northern Ireland（北愛(ài)爾蘭） .由成千上萬(wàn)的小島組成（the British Isles）. 兩大島嶼：Great Brit

2、ain（大不列顛） and Ireland（愛(ài)爾蘭）The River Thames (second longest and most important), originates（起源于） in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh 愛(ài)丁堡 ) important river:Clyde River kilts（蘇克蘭小短裙）Wales( Ca

3、rdiff 加迪夫，著名港口 ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England.Northern Ireland (Belfast 貝爾法斯特，首府) Lough Neagh----the largest lake in the British Isles.Climate: temperate, with w

4、arm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏涼，降雨充沛Three major features: winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多霧，常年多雨，天氣不定 London---Buckingham Palace（白金漢宮）, Guildhall (市政廳), St. Paul’s Cathedral（圣保羅

5、大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London（倫敦塔橋） The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格魯-撒克遜人的后裔，從歐洲來(lái)的日耳曼人 Most people in Wales and Scotland a

6、re descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people 威爾士和蘇格蘭的大多數(shù)人都是凱爾特人的后裔，包括愛(ài)爾蘭人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英語(yǔ)屬于日耳曼語(yǔ)語(yǔ)系Germanic group: East German

7、ic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼語(yǔ)系：東日耳曼語(yǔ)，北日耳曼語(yǔ)，西日耳曼語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)從西日耳曼語(yǔ)中發(fā)展。1、Old English: was influenced by Old Norse spoken by the Vikings and was related to the German and Dutch

8、 languages.受古代維京人所說(shuō)的古斯坎德納威亞語(yǔ)影像并和德語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)密切相關(guān).was ended with the Norman Conquest, when the language was influence by the French-speaking Normans.古英語(yǔ)時(shí)代結(jié)束于說(shuō)法語(yǔ)的諾曼人的征服2、Middle English: William the Conqueror invaded and conquered

9、and the Anglo-Saxons (Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary)征服者威廉入侵并征服和盎格魯-撒克遜人（大量的法語(yǔ)詞匯進(jìn)入英語(yǔ)詞匯）3、Modern English(15 century): William Caxton brought standardization to English, and spelling and grammar bec

10、ame fixed. The first dictionary published in 1604. Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language was influential in a standard form of spelling.卡克斯頓威廉帶來(lái)了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的英語(yǔ)，并成為固定的拼寫(xiě)和語(yǔ)法。第一本字典發(fā)表于 1604。約翰遜塞繆爾：一本英文字典是有影響的一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式的拼寫(xiě)

11、。Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is also 3.4.The House of commons（下議院） 三大職能①The most important is drafting new laws. 立法②to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the act

12、ions of the government 約束政府③to influence the future government policy 影像未來(lái)政策6. The parliament: a two-party system 兩黨制7. Three main parties: The Conservative Party 保守黨, The Labor Party 工黨, The Liberal Democrats 自由民主黨. 獲得下

13、議院半數(shù)以上投票的黨派成為執(zhí)政黨8. The Queen of Britain is considered the head of the Commonwealth. The headquarters are all located in London.英國(guó)女王被認(rèn)為是英聯(lián)邦的元首（然并卵，只是個(gè)代言人而已）?？偛慷荚O(shè)在倫敦。Chapter 4 Economy1. By the 19th century, the British eco

14、nomy had produced 1/3 of the world’s manufactured goods.十九世紀(jì)，英國(guó)獨(dú)攬世界三分之一成品2. In order to separate politics and economic policy, Tony Blair made the Bank of England independent. His government was successful in limiting go

15、vernment spending, keeping inflation under control and reducing unemployment.為了獨(dú)立的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，布萊爾讓英國(guó)央行獨(dú)立。他的政府是成功的限制政府開(kāi)支，控制通貨膨脹，減少失業(yè)率。3. Important crops are wheat, barley, sugar beet and potatoes. The major fishing areas are

16、the North Sea, the English Channel, the waters off the Irish coast and the sea area between Britain and Iceland.重要的農(nóng)作物有小麥、大麥、甜菜和土豆。主要的捕魚(yú)區(qū)是北海，英吉利海峽，愛(ài)爾蘭海岸和英國(guó)和冰島之間的海域。4. Major source of energy: coal mining, oil industry (re

17、latively new), nuclear power 能源的主要來(lái)源：煤炭開(kāi)采，石油工業(yè)（相對(duì)較新），核電5. Three principal financial centers 三大金融中心: London, Tokyo, New York6. Tourism: Stonehenge, Windsor Castle. Britain is one of the world’s largest centers for in

18、ternational conference.最大國(guó)際會(huì)議中心7. Export 出口 partners: Germany, the United Stated, the Netherland, FranceImport 進(jìn)口 partner: Germany, the United Stated, the Netherland, ChinaChapter 5 Education, Media and Holidays1. Before