[雙語翻譯]鄉(xiāng)村旅游外文翻譯--鄉(xiāng)村旅游對扶貧和農(nóng)村社區(qū)發(fā)展的作用（英文）

1、 THE ROLE OF RURAL TOURISM FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND RURAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Cristiana CRISTUREANU, Ana BOBIRC? Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest e-mail: cristiana.cristureanu@rei.ase.ro, ana.bobirca@rei.as

2、e.ro Rural tourism can be envisaged as contributing to economic and social development of local communities, by including tourism policies, as well as specific programs and projects that aim at the reduction of poverty

3、 levels. Based on the analysis of a series of different country experiences, our paper emphasizes that, from the host community’s point of view, essential goals of tourism development must include generating higher le

4、vels of income, creating new employment opportunities, and increasing foreign exchange flows. Equally important, any such development must also protect the environment and especially the local culture, to which touris

5、ts are attracted in the first place. This is why the potential of rural tourism in local communities should be a central consideration in discussions on policies regarding poverty alleviation. An associated challenge

6、is how to ensure that the local communities retain their “authentic” character to ensure sustainable long-term success without becoming too dependant on tourism but yet still benefit enough economically to make it wor

7、thwhile. Throughout the analysis, we find that tourism is a potent force that is intimately intertwined with rural issues throughout the world and has had a dramatic impact most notably in developing countries. But, r

8、ural tourism, though a powerful tool for economic development and heritage sustainability, needs great care and sensitivity in planning, management and marketing to be socially as well as economically viable. The pape

9、r concludes by stating that tourism must not distort, but rather complement the local village economic which is usually based on agri-rural production. Keywords: poverty alleviation, rural tourism, economic impacts, s

10、ustainable development, cost and benefits, master plan. From the development point of view, governments often consider rural tourism as an important element of rural economic development and poverty alleviation. Some

11、 reasons serve to explain why rural tourism is particularly well placed to meet the needs of underdeveloped rural communities. These include: ? the attractiveness for tourism of some remote rural areas – which is parti

12、cularly important, since an important part of people in poverty live in rural areas; ? the opportunity to support traditional activities, such as agriculture and handicrafts, through tourism; Universitatea de ?tiin?e A

13、gricole ?i Medicin? Veterinar? Ia?i 346No matter how well carried out, such studies can lead to an over-estimation of the benefits of tourism. They ignore both the opportunity cost of tourism developments they are asse

14、ssing - Jackson, [8] - and the distribution of those benefits - Wanhill [15]. The indirect and induced effects will be insignificant in a small and open economy such as that of rural communities and attempts to trace t

15、hem may not be justified - Hughes [6]. Linear programming in the context of land use planning for tourism within constraints has been reviewed in Knijff’s and Oosterhaven’s [9] research work. They claim it has two adv

16、antages: its consistency as a problem-solving technique and the information that it offers on the shadow prices of environmental and social constraints. The most comprehensive way to carry out the evaluation of rural t

17、ourism impact, including environmental and other unquantifiable effects, would be social-cost benefit analysis - Murphy, [11], but the demanding data requirements and assumptions - Jackson, [7] - that have to be made

18、in quantifying all the costs and benefits make its use within the constraints of the aim of this research impracticable, and explain why it has been little used in rural tourism impact studies - Mathiesoon and Wall [10

19、]. The main challenge arises over how this methodological toolbox is applied in specific situations, where researchers are frequently constrained by the availability of recent disaggregated data, financial resources an

20、d time, which is the case for rural tourism. The linear programming framework proposed here achieves a structured method of identifying some of the wider costs and benefits, including those not immediately quantifiabl

21、e, by treating them as constraints. It may be seen as an intermediate methodology between the multiplier approach, which focuses only on the benefits (income and employment generated) from rural tourism, and a full soc

22、ial cost-benefit analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Benefits and constraints of rural tourism development a. Results of the empirical research It is widely recognized that the dominance of agriculture as the main driver

23、 of economic activity in rural areas must be shared with a more diversified rural economy. Rural tourism offers potential as an economic instrument. It is a growing sector of the world's fastest growing industry, t

24、ourism. 1. The origins of rural tourism can be traced to a number of factors and developments. These include the rapid industrialization and urbanization of developed societies, increased wealth and free time that have

25、 enabled visits to the countryside, where city dwellers seek a “different” type of experience. The concept of rural tourism embraces a number of constituent elements, at the heart of which lie the rural tourism commun

26、ity. 2. The benefits and costs of rural tourism. Based on the analysis of different developing countries, where rural population is comparable in terms of income, extent and way of life to the Romanian rural community,

27、 we found that rural tourism can bring benefits as well as generate costs to rural communities. The potential benefits arising from rural tourism can be summarized under the following headings: Universitatea de ?tiin?e