外文翻譯--在產品設計中計算機的使用前景（英文）

1、Sener, B. and Wormald, P. (2001) “The Future of Computer Use in Product Design” Proceedings of CADE 2001 - Computers in Art and Design Education: “Digital Creativity Crossing the Border“, p.358-363, 9-12 April 2001, Gl

2、asgow, Scotland ISBN 0 901904 82 1 © CADE 2001 Digital Creativity: Crossing the Border 358 The Future of Computer Use in Product Design Bahar Sener Paul Wormald Department of Design and Technology Loughborough

3、University, England B.Sener@lboro.ac.uk Abstract: This paper discusses research carried out as part of an ongoing PhD project into the use of CAD by industrial designers. The early research has been based on literature

4、 searching and face-to- face interviews carried out with postgraduate design students and practising design professionals. The aims of the interviews were; to investigate issues surrounding creativity and computer aided

5、 design (CAD); to explore the capability of current CAD systems for supporting design activity; and to identify user expectations in the near future. A significant outcome of this early part of the study is the identi

6、fication of industrial designers’ future expectations for CAD systems that would give relevant technological and practical directions in the field of computer support for industrial design. 1. Introduction The developm

7、ent of CAD systems has undergone rapid development in the last twenty years. A major transformation in the media used by industrial designers to assist them in carrying out the design process has been witnessed with th

8、e use of computer. The first use of computer drawing techniques, as a simple computer-aided drawing board, was in the 1960's, and it was only in the 1980's that the working practices of designers in many indust

9、ries was gradually transformed.1, 2 Since the introduction of computers into the field of design, the CAD industry has also come a long way with continuous improvements to the user interface. When computers were first

10、 used for industrial design, designers tended to use software originally intended for engineering.3, 4 Although there is an overlap between these disciplines, there are also significant differences in their expectation

11、s. For example, for the balance of their work engineers are more likely to use a CAD system to help them rapidly develop and document very precise definition of objects5 whereas industrial designers rely on experiment

12、ing with different views of the object,3 and to build and visualise free forms and organic shapes. Until the late 1980's CAD, in the industrial design context, effectively meant the computerisation of technical dr

13、awing.6 In parallel to the development of CAD systems, in order to answer industrial designers’ particular needs, Computer Aided Industrial Design (CAID) software was developed. The CAD industry has grown and changed i

14、n terms of the computer hardware utilised, the software technology employed and the impact of CAD on design and manufacturing organisations. Towards the end of the 1980's CAID packages that would enable the whole d

15、esign process to be computerised, such as Alias, 3 were introduced to the market. Today, the effects of computer-based technological advances are widespread and that they have brought computers into design studios with

16、 an ever-increasing role in design activities. CAD is now 1 Black, I. (1990). Design Methodologies in a New Generation of CAD. CAD/CAM 1990 Conference Proceedings. 27-29 March 1990, Nec Birmingham, The Strathclyde Insti

17、tute. pp. 402-412. 2 Jones, Tim (1997) New Product Development, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 3 McCullagh, K. (1996) 3D computer modelling in Industrial design. Co-Design Journal. 07.08.09(1996):28-35. 4 Hirschtick,

18、J. (2000) The Future of CAD. MCAD-Productive Solutions for mechanical Engineers and Designers. 20(03):2. 5 Loosschilder, G. (1997) A picture tells a thousand words. The Design Journal. 0(1)41-57. 6 Cardaci, Kitty (1992

19、) CAID: A Tool for the Flexible Organisation, Design Management Journal (Reprint), 3(2). Sener, B. and Wormald, P. (2001) “The Future of Computer Use in Product Design” Proceedings of CADE 2001 - Computers in Art and De

20、sign Education: “Digital Creativity Crossing the Border“, p.358-363, 9-12 April 2001, Glasgow, Scotland ISBN 0 901904 82 1 © CADE 2001 Digital Creativity: Crossing the Border 360 2.2 Data compatibility with othe

21、r software and hardware There is a large number of CAD applications which store and use data, such as product geometry, and material attributes of the CAD model, in different ways. A high proportion of companies operate

22、 some sort of CAD system, such as AutoDesk’s AutoCAD or IBM’s CATIA, running on different platforms ranging from PC and Apple Macintosh to Silicon Graphics and Hewlett-Packard UNIX workstations.2 However, most CAD pac

23、kages from different vendors do not communicate with each other and model data cannot be shared directly.3 Today, in order to support different phases of the new product development process a wide variety of CAD softwa

24、re has been developed and introduced to the market. Consequently, the current data exchange formats are not able to serve all this variety of software and the data exchange problem still exists. 2.3 Communication and t

25、eam working Industrial designers increasingly work in multidisciplinary teams which often consist of people inside their workplace and sometimes people contributing to projects from outside. When the teams' goals ar

26、e to maximise product quality and minimise development time and costs, 3 the need for high quality and efficient communication becomes essential. When the different segments of the design team, which can be located in

27、 different places, need to work on different parts of the same project, effective software enabling appropriate communication becomes essential. Although accesses to the Internet and video conferencing technology alrea

28、dy assist designers to communicate design data in different continents, improvements can always be made. 2.4 Cost issues Although CAD systems have become much more cost effective then before,11 most of them are still r

29、egarded as high-priced to buy and upgrade, especially by the design divisions of small companies. The literature review has resulted in some preliminary conclusions and given an overview of the issues involved in the in

30、tegration of computers in design. However, it was decided that more recent data about the current issues needed to be gathered by talking to the CAD users who take part in product development. Consequently, it was plan

31、ned to arrange face-to-face interviews with these people. 3. Interviews and questionnaire with designers After the review of previous literature it was decided to talk to current CAD users in order to gather more up-t

32、o-date and focused information about their needs. A series of research questions was drawn up in order to provide direction to the brief. These questions concerned the strengths and weaknesses of the computer hardware

33、and software as experienced by users, the expectations of those users on the topics of functionality and input/output options, and the identification of user expectations over the next five years. A questionnaire was d

34、esigned to answer these questions. Face-to-face interviews with eight practising professional designers were carried out, as well as nineteen interviews with postgraduate design students. The aims of the interviews wer

35、e to investigate creativity and the use of CAD; to explore the capability of current CAD systems to support design activity; and to identify user expectations in the near future. The interviews were conducted over four

36、 months with professional designers from multinational design companies plus ergonomists, engineers and designers. The postgraduate design students were all from Coventry University. Since the interviewees were chosen

37、from different professionals involved in the design process they were using a variety of software applications in different phases of the design process. However, the majority of postgraduate design students were using