簡介：（煤層氣完井一種世界的觀點）1中文中文10700字出處出處PALMERICOALBEDMETHANECOMPLETIONSAWORLDVIEWJINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOALGEOLOGY,2010,823184195煤層氣完井一種世界的觀點IANPALMERHIGGSPALMERTECHNOLOGIES10140ARROYOCRESTDRIVENW,ALBUQUERQUE,NM,87114,USA摘要由于鉆進深度通常較淺，因此煤層氣鉆井成本較為低廉。深度較大的鉆井通常會降低煤的滲透率以及開采率。對于煤層氣開發(fā)商來說，低滲透率是不利的因素（致命弱點），成功的開采煤層氣需要尋找那些滲透性較強的地層，選擇利用煤層氣水平壓裂鉆井，以及有可能通過“新范式”的方法，如剪切破碎和儲層壓裂來“創(chuàng)造”滲透性。本文主要討論了滲透率在選擇完井工藝中的影響和世界范圍內一些完井工藝的例子。提供的指導方針都是新型的，實用的（包括滲透帶和決策樹），而且應該是對任何煤層氣鉆井的完井方法都是有益的。關鍵詞煤層氣；滲透率；完井方式；斷裂；產量1引言和常規(guī)砂巖井不同，由于還沒有太多的共識，煤層氣的完井和增產一般選擇反復試驗的方法。這方面的一個很好的例子是在澳大利亞煤層氣完井和增產（KUBENK，2006）中形成的。然而，這是一種成本較高的方法。此外，滲透率在煤層氣可采性和完井中的作用并沒有得到充分的認識（PALMER，2008）?，F(xiàn)在，經過美國30多年的煤層氣生產，已經有了煤層氣的普遍性生產原則和決策樹，它們指導開采商選擇完井，這也是本文的主題所在。本文闡述了滲透性在煤層氣成功完井中的至關重要性。有關不同煤層氣完井的評論已經發(fā)表，但這些論述主要是集中針對特定的盆地或地區(qū)的（HOLDITCH，1990；CRAMERON，1992；PALMERETAL，1993，1995；ROBINSONANDHOLDITCH，1999）。有篇論文是尋索煤層氣生產趨勢（跨流域）以及建立儲集層和完井參數PALMERANDCAMERON,2003的函數關系，雖然在本文中揭示了不同的（煤層氣完井一種世界的觀點）3近乎直線式增長，儲量和產量幾乎相當于美國天然氣總產值的10，這是一個相當顯著的臨界值。最近的一項估計數據表明，目前美國大約有90000口煤層氣井。圖1美國煤層氣資源分布（COURTESYOFANDREWSCOTT，ALTUDA，SANANTONIO，TEXAS）澳大利亞有很多易于開采的煤炭，火力發(fā)電使得油氣價格被人為地壓低，這讓它仍很難與煤層氣的價格競爭（PALMER，2008）。不過，當地的主要煤層氣公司已合并，并宣布了幾項LNG工廠建設計劃（銷售到日本等等），這也提高了煤層氣的價格。有些地區(qū)其滲透性可達幾百MD，而最大的井產量約為12MMCFD。在尋求最優(yōu)價格完井方面，開釆商一直未拿定主意（KUBENK，2006），從簡單的裸眼完井，洞穴完井，水力壓裂，射孔以及包括水平井壓裂裂縫（兩井呈“人”字形模式）在內的各種完井方式之間不斷變化。在加拿大，商業(yè)煤層氣項目均在加拿大西部沉積盆地中（WCSB），其中最大的煤層氣項目位于ALBERTA省的馬蹄峽谷，那里有成千上萬口井。該項目于幾年前開始，從滲透率01100MD的三十處相互獨立的地裂縫生產出煤層氣。雖然更多的資源在加拿大西部沉積盆地的MANNVILLE地區(qū)形成，但這些地區(qū)煤的滲透率通常只有1MD，除了某些“甜點”處的水平井能夠開采煤層氣外，其他地方難以生產。中國煤炭儲量十分豐富，煤層氣含量總的來說也比較高。但是，滲透率通

簡介：COALBEDMETHANECOMPLETIONSAWORLDVIEWIANPALMERHIGGSPALMERTECHNOLOGIES,10140ARROYOCRESTDRIVENW,ALBUQUERQUE,NM,87114,USAABSTRACTARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED1JULY2009RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM23DECEMBER2009ACCEPTED24DECEMBER2009AVAILABLEONLINE7JANUARY2010KEYWORDSCOALBEDMETHANEPERMEABILITYWELLCOMPLETIONSSTIMULATIONPRODUCTIONCBMWELLSARECHEAPBECAUSETHEYAREUSUALLYSHALLOWDEEPERWELLSTENDTOHAVELOWERCOALPERMEABILITYANDPRODUCTIVITYLOWPERMEABILITYISTHEWEAKPOINTACHILLESHEELFORCBMVENTURES,ANDSUCCESSWILLENTAILFINDINGREGIONSOFENHANCEDPERMEABILITY,UTILIZINGHORIZONTALWELLSWITHTHEOPTIONOFFRACTURINGTHESEWELLS,ANDPOSSIBLYIN“CREATING”PERMEABILITYBYNEWPARADIGMMETHODSSUCHASSHEARSTIMULATIONANDBRANCHFRACTURINGTHISPAPERDISCUSSESTHEROLEOFPERMEABILITYINCHOOSINGCBMCOMPLETIONS,ASWELLASEXAMPLESOFTHOSECOMPLETIONSFROMAROUNDTHEWORLDTHEGUIDELINESOFFEREDARENEWANDPRACTICALINCLUDINGPERMBANDSANDADECISIONTREE,ANDSHOULDBENEFITANYCBMCOMPLETIONSTRATEGY?2010ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONWELLCOMPLETIONSANDSTIMULATIONSFORCOALBEDMETHANECBMHAVEGENERALLYBEENCHOSENBYTRIALANDERROR,BECAUSETHEREHASNOTBEENMUCHCONSENSUS,UNLIKEWELLSINCONVENTIONALSANDSTONEAGOODEXAMPLEOFTHISISTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCBMWELLCOMPLETIONSANDSTIMULATIONSINAUSTRALIAKUBENK,2006HOWEVER,THISISANEXPENSIVEAPPROACHFURTHER,THEROLEOFPERMEABILITYINCBMSUCCESSANDINCBMCOMPLETIONSHASNOTBEENFULLYAPPRECIATEDPALMER,2008NOW,AFTEROVER30YEARSOFCBMPRODUCTIONINTHEUSA,GENERALPRINCIPLESANDDECISIONTREESHAVEEMERGEDTOGUIDEANOPERATORINCHOOSINGAWELLCOMPLETIONTHISISTHESUBJECTOFTHISPAPERTHEPAPERILLUSTRATESTHECENTRALIMPORTANCEOFPERMEABILITYINTHESUCCESSOFCBMCOMPLETIONSREVIEWSHAVEBEENPUBLISHEDONDIFFERENTCBMCOMPLETIONS,BUTTHESEAREMAINLYFOCUSEDONPARTICULARBASINSORPLAYSHOLDITCH,1990CRAMER,1992PALMERETAL,1993,1995ROBINSONANDHOLDITCH,1999ONEPAPERHASSEARCHEDFORTRENDSINCBMPRODUCTIONACROSSBASINSASAFUNCTIONOFRESERVOIRANDCOMPLETIONPARAMETERSPALMERANDCAMERON,2003ALTHOUGHDIFFERINGINDUSTRYVIEWPOINTSAREREVEALEDINTHISPAPER,THEREISNOTMUCHCONSENSUSGEOLOGICALPREDICTIONSOFPERMEABILITYHAVENOTBEENDISCUSSED,BECAUSETHISISALARGEANDSOMETIMESCONTROVERSIALSUBJECTWHICHISBEYONDTHESCOPEOFTHISPAPERFURTHER,PREDICTIONSBASEDONGEOLOGYAREMOREQUALITATIVETHANQUANTITATIVE,WHEREASTHISPAPERFOCUSESONQUANTITATIVEMEASUREMENTOFPERMEABILITYTHEINTENTIONISNOTTOBERIGOROUS,BECAUSETHATWOULDREQUIREPRESENTINGANANALYSISOF30YEARSOFCBMDATAFROMTHEUSA,ASWELLASDATAFROMOTHERCOUNTRIESWHERECBMISNOWEXPLOITEDINPLACEOFTHIS,THEREADERMAYREFERTOTHEREFERENCESABOVEALLREVIEWARTICLES,ANDPARTICULARLYTHATOFPALMERANDCAMERON2003EFFECTIVESTRESSHASANEFFECTONCOALPERMEABILITYHOWEVER,INTHISPAPERTHEPRINCIPALMESSAGEISTOMEASURETHECOALPERMEABILITYINAPROSPECTIVECBMPLAY,ANDCHOOSETHEWELLCOMPLETIONACCORDINGLYTHEPOTENTIALEFFECTOFSTRESSANDDEPTHONPERMEABILITYISNOTNEEDEDIFONEMEASURESTHEPERMEABILITYAFTERABACKGROUNDOFCBMPRODUCTIONWORLDWIDE,THEPAPERDISCUSSESTHEROLEOFPERMEABILITYINCHOOSINGCBMCOMPLETIONS,ASWELLASEXAMPLESOFTHOSECOMPLETIONSWEDEFINEPERMBANDSASRANGESOFCOALPERMEABILITYINWHICHCERTAINWELLCOMPLETIONTYPESAREPREFERREDATANOTHERLEVEL,THISAPPROACHLEADSTOADECISIONTREEWHICHINCLUDESVARIOUSCOMPLETIONOPTIONSASAFUNCTIONOFTHECOALPERMEABILITYTHISAPPROACHISNEWANDPRACTICAL,ANDSHOULDBENEFITANYCBMCOMPLETIONSTRATEGY2WORLDWIDEBACKGROUNDCOALBEDMETHANECBMHASBECOMEARESOURCEOFGLOBALSIGNIFICANCE,WITHTHEEMERGENCEOFACTIVECBMPLAYSINCANADA,AUSTRALIA,INDIA,ANDCHINA,FOREXAMPLEPALMER,2008ATTHEOTHERENDOFTHESPECTRUM,COUNTRIESLIKEENGLAND,FRANCE,TURKEY,ANDCOLOMBIAHAVEMUCHSMALLERRESOURCES,ANDSOFARHAVENOTBEENABLETOGETACBMINDUSTRYSTARTED,THOUGHTHEYAREACTIVELYTRYINGTHEATTRACTIONISUSUALLYGOODGASCONTENTANDCOALTHICKNESS,BUTTHEROADBLOCKISOFTENPOORPERMEABILITYLESSTHAN1MD,ANDTHISISCRITICALFORPROJECTECONOMICSINTHEUS,BPANDCONOCOPHILLIPSARETWOOFTHEBIGGESTCBMPRODUCERSINTHESANJUANBASINSEEFIG1,WHEREBPHASOVER1500WELLS,WHILECONOCOPHILLIPSHASOVER800PRODUCINGWELLSPALMER,INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOALGEOLOGY822010184–195EMAILADDRESSIANHIGGSPALMERCOM01665162/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2010ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCOAL200912010CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOALGEOLOGYJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/IJCOALGEOTOPRODUCEECONOMICGASFROMLOWPERMCOALSREQUIRESATHREEPRONGEDSTRATEGYPALMER,20081LOCATEASWEETSPOTBYUSINGSTRUCTURALGEOLOGYTOPREDICTWHERETOFINDONE,ORBYDRILLINGALOTOFWELLSUNTILYOUENCOUNTERONE,2DRILLHORIZONTALWELLS,AND3DEPLOYNOVELSTIMULATIONTECHNIQUESANEXAMPLEOFTHEFIRSTSTRATEGYISTHEAUSTRALIANCBMPLAYONTHEUNDULLANOSE,WHICHISTHE“FAIRWAY”O(jiān)FTHESURATBASIN,WITHPERMEABILITIESUPTO500MDSCOTTETAL,2004THEUNDULLANOSEISASTRUCTURALHIGH,ANDTHECOALMEASURESAREDRAPEDACROSSTHENOSETHISDRAPINGCAUSEDCLEATSANDFRACTURESTODEVELOPDURINGCOALIFICATIONSTRATEGIES2AND3WILLBEDISCUSSEDBELOWANASSIGNMENTOFCBMCOMPLETIONSBASEDONPERMEABILITYISSHOWNINFIG2WEWILLELABORATEMOREONTHISRANKINGSHORTLYBUTFIRST,TOFOLLOWTHISPERMBASEDCOMPLETIONSTRATEGYREQUIRESAFULLPERMEABILITYPICTUREOFTHEPROSPECTIVERESERVOIRTHISMEANSPERFORMINGLOTSOFPERMEABILITYMEASUREMENTSBOTHAREALLY～50MEASUREMENTSDESIRABLEACROSSTHECBMPLAYANDWITHINDIFFERENTSEAMSTHISCANBEEXPENSIVE,BUTISIMPORTANTTOOPTIMIZEWELLCOMPLE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簡介：FROMTHEWORLDOFRADIOINTHEWORLDTOASINGLECHIPMODERNCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,INDUSTRIALREVOLUTION,THEWORLDECONOMYFROMTHECAPITALINTOTHEECONOMYTOKNOWLEDGEECONOMYFIELDINTHEELECTRONICWORLD,FROMTHE20THCENTURYINTOTHEERAOFRADIOTOCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGYINTHE21STCENTURYASTHECENTEROFTHEINTELLIGENTMODERNERAOFELECTRONICSYSTEMSTHEBASICCOREOFMODERNELECTRONICSYSTEMSAREEMBEDDEDCOMPUTERSYSTEMSREFERREDTOASEMBEDDEDSYSTEMS,WHILETHEMICROCONTROLLERISTHEMOSTTYPICALANDMOSTEXTENSIVEANDMOSTPOPULAREMBEDDEDSYSTEMSFIRST,RADIOHASCREATEDGENERATIONSOFEXCELLENCEINTHEWORLDFIFTIESANDSIXTIESINTHE20THCENTURY,THEMOSTREPRESENTATIVEOFTHEADVANCEDELECTRONICTECHNOLOGYISWIRELESSTECHNOLOGY,INCLUDINGRADIOBROADCASTING,RADIO,WIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSTELEGRAPH,AMATEURRADIO,RADIOPOSITIONING,NAVIGATIONANDOTHERTELEMETRY,REMOTECONTROL,REMOTETECHNOLOGYEARLYTHATTHESEELECTRONICTECHNOLOGYLEDMANYYOUNGPEOPLEINTOTHEWONDERFULDIGITALWORLD,RADIOSHOWWASAWONDERFULLIFE,THEPROSPECTSFORSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYELECTRONICSBEGANTOFORMANEWDISCIPLINERADIOELECTRONICS,WIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSBEGANEWORLDJOURNEYRADIOTECHNOLOGYNOTONLYASAREPRESENTATIVEOFADVANCEDSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYATTHATTIME,BUTALSOFROMPOPULARTOPROFESSIONALFIELDSOFSCIENCE,ATTRACTINGTHEYOUNGPEOPLEANDENABLETHEMTOFINDALOTOFFUNOREFROMTHEBEDSIDETOTHESUPERHETERODYNERADIORADIOREPORTISSUEDFROMTHERADIOAMATEURRADIOSTATIONSFROMTHETELEPHONE,ELECTRICBELLTOTHERADIOCONTROLMODELBECAMEPOPULARYOUTHRADIOTECHNOLOGY,SCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYEDUCATIONISTHEMOSTPOPULARANDMOSTEXTENSIVECONTENTSOFAR,MANYOFTHEOLDERGENERATIONOFENGINEERS,EXPERTS,PROFESSOROFTHEYEARARERADIOENTHUSIASTSFUNRADIOTECHNOLOGY,RADIOTECHNOLOGY,COMPREHENSIVETRAINING,FROMBASICPRINCIPLESOFELECTRONICS,ELECTRONICCOMPONENTSTOTHERADIOBASEDREMOTECONTROL,TELEMETRY,REMOTEELECTRONICSYSTEMS,HASTRAINEDSEVERALGENERATIONSOFTECHNOLOGICALEXCELLENCESECOND,FROMTHEPOPULARITYOFTHERADIOERATOERAOFELECTRONICTECHNOLOGYTHEEARLYRADIOTECHNOLOGYTOPROMOTETHEDEVELOPMENTOFELECTRONICTECHNOLOGY,MOSTNOTABLYELECTRONICVACUUMTUBETECHNOLOGYTOSEMICONDUCTORELECTRONICCIRCUITOTHERTHANTHESHRINKINGOFELECTRONICTECHNOLOGY,ELECTRONICTECHNOLOGYISNOTTHEOLDDAYSOFRADIOFUNTIMESANDCOMPREHENSIVEENGINEERINGTRAININGTHIRD,FROMTHECLASSICERAOFELECTRONICTECHNOLOGYTOMODERNELECTRONICTECHNOLOGYOFTHETIMES80YEARSINTOTHE20THCENTURY,THECENTURYOFECONOMICCHANGEISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTREVOLUTIONINTHECOMPUTERTHECOMPUTERREVOLUTIONINTHEMOSTIMPORTANTSIGNISTHEBIRTHOFTHECOMPUTEREMBEDDEDAPPLICATIONSMODERNCOMPUTERNUMERICALREQUIREMENTSSHOULDBEBORNALONGPERIODOFTIME,ISTODEVELOPTHEMASSIVECOMPUTERNUMERICALDUTYBUTTHECOMPUTERSHOWSTHELOGICOPERATION,PROCESSING,CONTROL,ATTRACTINGEXPERTSINTHEFIELDOFELECTRONICCONTROL,THEYWANTDEVELOPMENTTOMEETTHECONTROLOBJECTREQUIREMENTSOFEMBEDDEDAPPLICATIONS,COMPUTERSYSTEMSIFYOUMEETTHEMASSIVEDATAPROCESSINGCOMPUTERSYSTEMKNOWNASGENERALPURPOSECOMPUTERSYSTEM,THENTHESYSTEMCANBETHEEMBEDDEDOBJECTSUCHASSHIPS,AIRCRAFT,MOTORCYCLES,ETCINACOMPUTERSYSTEMCALLEDTHEEMBEDDEDCOMPUTERCLEARLY,BOTHTHEDIRECTIONOFTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTAREDIFFERENTTHEFORMERREQUIRESMASSIVEDATASTORAGE,HANDLING,PROCESSINGANDANALYSISOFHIGHSPEEDDATATRANSMISSIONWHILETHELATTERREQUIRESRELIABLEOPERATIONINTHETARGETENVIRONMENT,THEEXTERNALPHYSICALPARAMETERSONHIGHSPEEDACQUISITION,ANALYSISANDPROCESSINGLOGICANDTHERAPIDCONTROLOFEXTERNALOBJECTSITWILLADDANEARLYGENERALPURPOSECOMPUTERDATAACQUISITIONUNIT,THEOUTPUTDRIVERCIRCUITRELUCTANCETOFORMAHEATTREATMENTFURNACETEMPERATURECONTROLSYSTEMTHISGENERALPURPOSECOMPUTERSYSTEMISNOTPOSSIBLEFORMOSTOFTHEELECTRONICSYSTEMUSED,ANDTOMAKEGENERALPURPOSECOMPUTERSYSTEMMEETSTHEREQUIREMENTSOFEMBEDDEDAPPLICATIONS,WILLINEVITABLYAFFECTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFHIGHSPEEDNUMERICPROCESSINGINORDERTOSOLVETHECONTRADICTIONBETWEENTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,INTHE20THCENTURY70S,SEMICONDUCTOREXPERTSANOTHERWAY,INFULLACCORDANCEWITHTHEELECTRONICSYSTEMEMBEDDEDCOMPUTERAPPLICATIONREQUIREMENTS,AMICROCOMPUTERSBASICSYSTEMONACHIP,THEFORMATIONOFTHEEARLYSCMSINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTERAFTERTHEADVENTOFSINGLECHIPINTHECOMPUTERINDUSTRYBEGANTOAPPEARINTHEGENERALPURPOSECOMPUTERSYSTEMSANDEMBEDDEDSYSTEMSTHETWOBRANCHESSINCETHEN,BOTHTHEEMBEDDEDSYSTEM,ORGENERALPURPOSECOMPUTERSYSTEMSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDRAPIDLY

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簡介：中文中文5950字，字，3300英文單詞，英文單詞，18500英文字符英文字符文獻出處文獻出處KURUNBPHILOSOPHICALCONCERNSINFINEARTSEDUCATIONJPROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES,2012,5151489494PHILOSOPHICALCONCERNSINFINEARTSEDUCATIONNURBALKIRKURUABSTRACTDUETOTHERAPIDCHANGESINSOCIETYITISINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTTOASKWHYWETEACHTHEWAYWEDO,WHICHTEACHINGMETHODSWESHOULDADOPTANDWHICHWESHOULDREJECTORABANDONASARESULT,ITISCRUCIALTHATPHILOSOPHICALCONCERNSAREINTEGRATEDINTOARTANDDESIGNCURRICULANOVELINTERPRETATIONSANDAPPLICATIONSOFTEACHINGMETHODOLOGIESTHATWILLOFFERNEWANDDIVERSEARTFORMS,PERSPECTIVES,ANDWORLDVIEWSARENECESSARYINWHATWAYSDOPHILOSOPHICALTHEORIESINFLUENCECRITICALANALYSISANDCREATENEWOPPORTUNITIESFORBOTHEDUCATORSANDSTUDENTSHOWCANTHESOCALLED‘TRENDY’DECONSTRUCTIVEAPPROACHESSTEMMINGFROMPOSTMODERNTHEORIESINFLUENCETHEVARIETYOFARTISTICANDEDUCATIONALFIELDSTHISPAPERWILLEXAMINETHETIESBETWEENPHILOSOPHICALTHEORIESANDARTEDUCATIONINORDERTOEXAMINEPOSSIBLEPEDAGOGICALCONNECTIONSBETWEENTHEORYANDPRAXISTHESEPOSSIBILITIESARESETOUTBYMEANSOFSPECIFICAPPLICATIONSORMETHODOLOGIESASPRACTICEDININQUIRYBASEDARTCLASSESINHIGHEREDUCATIONKEYWORDSFINEARTS,EDUCATION,POSTMODERN,VISUALCULTURE,DECONSTRUCTIVE,SEMIOTICS1INTRODUCTIONBECAUSEARTTHEORYTHATISTYPICALLYDEPENDENTONFORMALISTRULESANDBASEDONLIMITATIVEKANTIANAESTHETICSISNOWCONSIDEREDPASSé,INSTRUCTORSHAVECOMETORECOGNIZEARTEDUCATIONASANINTERDISCIPLINARYANDHOLISTICFIELD,INCORPORATINGAMUCHWIDERRANGEOFFIELDSSUCHASPHILOSOPHY,SOCIOLOGY,PHYSICS,ANDPSYCHOLOGYTHISISAPERIODINWHICHALLIDENTITIES,STYLES,ANDFORMATSDISAPPEARANDALLAPPROACHESAREENCOURAGEDOWINGTOTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFTHEINFORMATIONAGE,THEBORDERSBETWEENSCIENCES,ARTS,PHILOSOPHY,ANDOTHERDISCIPLINESAREDISSOLVINGIFARTCANNOTBESEPARATEDFROMVARIOUSFIELDSTHENITISIMPERATIVETOINCLUDEINOURCLASSESNEWAPPROACHESTHATWILLCOMBINEANDSYNTHESIZETHESEDIVERSEAREASOFSTUDYCONSIDERINGTHEREFORMATTINGOFARTEDUCATIONINHIGHEREDUCATIONMAYOPENUPPOSSIBILITIESOFRETHINKINGARTEDUCATIONINTERMSOFMETHOD,CURRICULUM,ANDRESPONSIBILITYTHISPRESENTSTHECHALLENGEOFRETHINKINGARTEDUCATIONWITHINTHEFRAMEWORKOFNEWEDUCATIONALANDPHILOSOPHICALTHEORIESINPHILIPHIGGS’2002WORDS,THEPHILOSOPHICALCHALLENGEOFRETHINKINGEDUCATION,OFDECONSTRUCTINGEDUCATION,DOESNOTCONSISTINCHANGING,REPLACING,ORABANDONINGEDUCATIONONTHECONTRARY,TODECONSTRUCTISFIRSTANDFOREMOSTTOUNDOACONSTRUCTIONWITHINFINITEPATIENCE,TOTAKEAPARTASYSTEMINORDERTOUNDERSTANDALLITSMECHANISMS,TOEXHIBITALLITSFOUNDATIONS,ANDTORECONSTRUCTONNEWBASESP175INSPIREDBYTHESEWORDS,IWOULDPROPOSETHATTHEREISANEEDTOTHINKAFRESHABOUTWHATCANBEDONETOWARDSTHEENLIGHTENMENTOFARTEDUCATIONALTHOUGHPHILOSOPHICALAPPROACHESMAYNOTPROVIDECLEARCUTANSWERS,THEYMAYHELPUSTOBETTERUNDERSTANDWHATSUCHANENLIGHTENMENTOFEDUCATIONCOULDMEAN2FRAGMENTATIONOFMEANINGANDASSEMBLAGEOFCONVERGINGIDEASSTRUCTURALISMEMERGEDINFRANCEDURINGTHE1960’SASACRITICISMOFEXISTENTIALISTS,WHOEMPHASIZEDTHECONCEPTOFHUMANFREEDOMANDCHOICESTRUCTURALISTSARGUEDTHATHUMAN3THEIMPACTOFTHEORETICALCURRENTSINTHEFIELDOFARTEDUCATIONAPHILOSOPHICALAPPROACHINEDUCATIONISDIRECTLYASSOCIATEDWITHFREEINGTHESTUDENTANDTEACHERFROMTHEINTELLECTUALTIESANDESTABLISHEDASSUMPTIONSOFTHESTATUSQUOTOACHIEVEALIBERATIONTHATWILLSHAKEOFFTHEASSUMPTIONSOFTHEACADEMICWORLDABOUTTHEIDEALAND/ORCORRECTWAYSTOPRACTICELEARNINGANDTEACHINGAPHILOSOPHICALAPPROACHINEDUCATIONISABOUTLEARNINGPROCESSES,KNOWLEDGEANDKNOWINGTHROUGHACRITICALEYEITISAWAYTOBEGINQUESTIONINGTHEDYNAMICOFTEACHINGANDLEARNINGASDEBORAHSMITHSHANK1995PUTSIT,HOWWETHINKISDIRECTLYRELATEDTOHOWWELEARNWHENLEARNINGISUNDERSTOODASTHINKING,ITISAPROCESSANDNOTAPRODUCTITBECOMESANONGOINGPROCESSOFINQUIRY,WHICHCANNOTBEDEFINEDBYTHELIMITSOFSUBJECTMATTERPARAMETERSP236“REALINQUIRYBEGINSWHENDOUBTBEGINSITENDSWHENTHEDOUBTENDS,”SAYSJESSIEWHITELAND2004,P104WHITELANDBELIEVESTHATTHEDESIRETOLEARNANDDECIPHERMEANINGSSTARTSWITHDOUBTANDWONDERESTABLISHEDBELIEFANDSOCIALVALUESYSTEMSCANBETRANSFORMEDONLYASARESULTOFQUESTIONINGTHEVALIDITYOFTHEONGOINGSYSTEMSQUESTIONINGASSUMPTIONSANDACCEPTINGMULTIPLEWORLDVIEWSASWELLASMAKINGCONNECTIONSBETWEENESTABLISHEDBELIEFSANDINDIVIDUALBELIEFSTHATAREFEDBYSOCIALANDCULTURALCONDITIONINGCOULDBETOOLSFORTEACHINGANINQUIRY/ISSUEBASEDARTEDUCATIONAPHILOSOPHICALATTITUDEINEDUCATIONISABOUTOPENSAFIELDOFINQUIRYTOENABLECERTAINPREVIOUSLYUNCONSIDEREDQUESTIONSTOBEASKEDARTEDUCATIONINHIGHEREDUCATIONMUSTSETOUTTOCREATEADIALECTICTHINKERINTHESTUDENT–ONEWHOISABLETOCRITICIZEINORDERTOREFORMULATEIDEASANDIDEOLOGIESTHISNOTIONCORRELATESWITHPEIRCE,WHOBELIEVEDTHATTHEUNIVERSITYISAPLACEFORLEARNINGANDNOTINSTRUCTION,ASNOTEDBYSMITHSHANK1995THUS,THEROLEOFTHEINSTRUCTOREVOLVESTOAFACILITATOROFTHELEARNINGACTIVITYTHISSHIFTULTIMATELYCHANGESANDCHALLENGESTHEWHOLENOTIONOFTHEPRIMARYFOUNDATIONSOFINSTRUCTIONMETHODSDESIGNEDASMODERNIST,BEHAVIORAL,ANDINFORMATIONPROCESSINGCOGNITIVEMODELSSMITHSHANK,1995APHILOSOPHICALAPPROACHTOARTEDUCATIONMAYINVOLVEDIFFERENTSUGGESTIONSFORTHEINTERPRETATIONANDAPPLICATIONOFARTFOREXAMPLE,ITISARGUEDTHATDIFFERENTAGENDASANDTACTICSOFPOSTMODERNTHEORISTSMAYPRESENTADISUNIFIEDBODYOFTHEORETICALIDEASTHATMAYLACKCERTAINMODELSANDCOGENTIDEASMACDONALD,1999FROMTHEACADEMICSTANDPOINT,THEOPENNESSANDECLECTICNATUREOFPOSTMODERN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簡介：1900單詞，單詞，11500英文字符，英文字符，3500漢字漢字出處出處WEISST,SCHIELESVIRTUALWORLDSINCOMPETITIVECONTEXTSANALYZINGESPORTSCONSUMERNEEDSJELECTRONICMARKETS,2013,234307316VIRTUALWORLDSINCOMPETITIVECONTEXTSANALYZINGESPORTSCONSUMERNEEDSTHOMASWEISSWEILLUMINATECOMPETITIVEANDHEDONICNEEDGRATIFICATIONSOFCONTINUOUSESPORTSUSEWEAPPLYUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSTHEORYREPORTINGONTENINDEPTHEXPERTINTERVIEWSASWELLASSURVEYDATACOLLECTEDFROM360ESPORTSPLAYERSWEREVEALTHATBOTHCOMPETITIVECOMPETITIONANDCHALLENGEANDHEDONICNEEDGRATIFICATIONSESCAPISMDRIVECONTINUOUSESPORTSUSEKEYWORDSVIRTUALWORLDSESPORTSUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSINTRODUCTIONVIRTUALWORLDSAREPERSISTENTANDNONPERSISTENT“GRAPHICALIMMERSIVEENVIRONMENTSTHATSUPPORTAHOSTOFACTIVITIESRANGINGFROMSOCIALINTERACTIONTOACTIONORIENTEDGAMINGTHEYAREMULTIMODALPLATFORMSTHATFEATURERICHGRAPHICS,3DRENDERING,HIGHFIDELITYAUDIOANDVIDEO,MOTIONANDINTERACTIVITY”SCHULTZE2010,434ESPECIALLYINLEISURESETTINGS,SUCHVIRTUALWORLDSREVEALSOCIALINTERACTIONANDLEARNINGFUNCTIONALITIESPETRAKOU2010THEYARESAIDTOFOSTERSOCIALCOMPUTINGMESSINGERETAL2009THELITERATUREONVIRTUALWORLDSMAINLYSTEMSFROMENGINEERINGANDPSYCHOLOGYITPREDOMINATELYHIGHLIGHTSTHETECHNOLOGICALPREREQUISITESANDCHALLENGESOFVIRTUALWORLDSZHAO2011ORTHEEFFECTSOFVIRTUALWORLDCONSUMPTIONFISCHERETAL2007THEFEWSTUDIESFOCUSSINGONTHEUSEOFVIRTUALWORLDSHAVEDEVELOPEDWITHINTWOBROADTHEMESTHEFIRSTTHEMEISUSERACCEPTANCEEMPIRICALSTUDIESOFVIRTUALWORLDACCEPTANCEEXAMINEPSYCHOLOGICALPROCESSESOFINDIVIDUALSFORMINGTHEINTENTIONTOUSEVIRTUALWORLDSANDVIRTUALWORLDCOMMUNITIESFETSCHERINANDLATTEMANN2008THEYIDENTIFYPREVIOUSLYUNEXPLOREDANTECEDENTSREGARDINGITACCEPTANCEEG,ROLEPROJECTION,EMOTIONALINVOLVEMENTINBOTHENTERTAINMENTORIENTEDEG,HOLSAPPLEANDWU2007ANDMOREWORKORLEARNINGORIENTEDENVIRONMENTSEG,FETSCHERINANDLATTEMANN2008HOLSAPPLEANDWU2007SUCHWORKSHIGHLIGHTINDIVIDUALSTOPOSITIONTHEMSELVESWITHINVIRTUALTEAMSANDTHUSWITHINTHECOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSOFESPORTSINTURN,THEFINDINGREGARDINGCOMPETITIONALSOSUPPOSESTHATTHEDEGREEOFCOMPETITIONDETERMINESTHEFIGHTOVERPLACESWITHINVIRTUALTEAMSFORWHICHACTUALESPORTSUSEISREQUIREDCONSEQUENTLY,ASMUCHASCOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSUSECAUSESCOMPETITION,COMPETITIONLEADSTOCOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSTHEIMPORTANCEOFCHALLENGEPARTLYREFLECTSTHELITERATUREWHILECHALLENGEHASBEENIDENTIFIEDASAPREDICTOROFCOMPETITIVEOFFLINEGAMINGUSE,ITREVEALEDNOINFLUENCEONTHETIMESPENTPLAYINGINJANSZANDTANIS’STUDYONCOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSPOSSIBLY,THISMIXEDRESULTISDUETOTHEDEFINITIONOFCHALLENGEINCONTRASTTOM?YR?,FORINSTANCE,WHOSTRESSESCHALLENGESARISINGFROMNEWDIRECTIONSINTHEVIRTUAL,ORJANSZANDTANIS,WHODEFINECHALLENGEAS“TOMASTERTHEGAME”,CHALLENGEASDEFINEDWITHINTHISSTUDYHIGHLIGHTSTHESPORTIVECONNOTATIONOFESPORTSSINCECOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSARESINGLELEVELVIDEOANDCOMPUTERGAMES,WEASSUMETHATCHALLENGINGONESELFISLESSABOUTSELFAFFIRMATIONTHROUGHMASTERINGTHEVIRTUALBUTABOUTTHESTRIVINGFORFAMEWITHINCOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSCOMMUNITIESSIMILARTOCHENETAL,ANDYEE,WEFINDESCAPISMPOSITIVELYAFFECTINGESPORTSUSEHOWEVER,ONEMAYARGUEWHETHERESCAPISMINTHECONTEXTOFCOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSBELONGSTOHEDONICNEEDGRATIFICATIONSDIFFERENTFROMCOLLABORATIVEVIRTUALWORLDSENVIRONMENTS,ESCAPISMINESPORTSISNOTABOUTTHESOCIALEXPERIENCEOFSLIPPINGINTOAVATARS’ROLESANDBECOMINGTHEVIRTUAL‘OTHER’INDIVIDUALSWOULDLIKETOBEASACOMPETITIVEACTIVITY,ESPORTSGIVESINDIVIDUALSONLYVERYLIMITEDROOM“TOEXPRESSTHEMSELVESINWAYSTHEYMAYNOTFEELCOMFORTABLEDOINGINREALLIFEBECAUSEOFTHEIRAPPEARANCE,GENDER,SEXUALITY,AND/ORAGE”RATHER,ESCAPISMISABOUTGATHERINGTHECAPABILITIESOFHIGHLYSKILLEDAVATARSWHILEIMMERSINGINTOTHECOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDINORDERTOGAINCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGE,WHICHISANINSTRUMENTTHATLEADSTOPOWERINTHEVIRTUALCONSEQUENTLY,INDIVIDUALSEXPOSETHEIRTRUESELFTHROUGHTHEWAYTHEYBEHAVEINCOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSACTINGASTHEIRVIRTUALSELFITISWORTHNOTINGTHATSOCIALRELATIONSHIPISINSIGNIFICANTWITHINOURMULTIPLEREGRESSIONANALYSISTHISISINCONTRASTTOPRIORLITERATUREONCOLLABORATIVEVIRTUALWORLDS,ACCEPTANCEANDUSE,ANDUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSTHEOFTENPRONOUNCEDSOCIALRELATIONSHIPANDTEAMWORKFUNCTIONALITYOFCOLLABORATIVEVIRTUALWORLDS,WHICHPOSSESSESASIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERVALUETOPROFESSIONALANDAMATEURESPORTSPLAYERSTHANTONONPLAYERS,SEEMSTOFADEPOSSIBLY,THISISDUETOTHECHARACTERISTICSOFCOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSINCOLLABORATIVEVIRTUALWORLDS,FORINSTANCE,SOCIALINTERACTIONAPPEARSTOBEACONSEQUENCEOFVIRTUALWORLDSCHARACTERISTICSCONTRIBUTINGTOINDIVIDUALS’PERCEIVEDENJOYMENTINDIVIDUALSCHOOSETOSTATETHEIRPREFERENCEFORCERTAINCHARACTERISTICSBASEDUPONCHOICEOFGAMEGENREANDTITLEHENCE,ITHASTOBESEENWHETHERSOCIALINTERACTIONINESPORTSSERVESTHEIMPROVEMENTOFINDIVIDUALS’PERFORMANCEINSTEADOFSOCIALITY

簡介：SPECIALTHEMEVIRTUALWORLDSINCOMPETITIVECONTEXTSANALYZINGESPORTSCONSUMERNEEDSTHOMASWEISSWEILLUMINATECOMPETITIVEANDHEDONICNEEDGRATIFICATIONSOFCONTINUOUSESPORTSUSEWEAPPLYUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSTHEORYREPORTINGONTENINDEPTHEXPERTINTERVIEWSASWELLASSURVEYDATACOLLECTEDFROM360ESPORTSPLAYERSWEREVEALTHATBOTHCOMPETITIVECOMPETITIONANDCHALLENGEANDHEDONICNEEDGRATIFICATIONSESCAPISMDRIVECONTINUOUSESPORTSUSEKEYWORDSVIRTUALWORLDSESPORTSUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSJELCLASSIFICATIONM1–BUSINESSADMINISTRATIONM19–OTHERINTRODUCTIONVIRTUALWORLDSAREPERSISTENTANDNONPERSISTENT“GRAPHICALIMMERSIVEENVIRONMENTSTHATSUPPORTAHOSTOFACTIVITIESRANGINGFROMSOCIALINTERACTIONTOACTIONORIENTEDGAMINGTHEYAREMULTIMODALPLATFORMSTHATFEATURERICHGRAPHICS,3DRENDERING,HIGHFIDELITYAUDIOANDVIDEO,MOTIONANDINTERACTIVITY”SCHULTZE2010,434ESPECIALLYINLEISURESETTINGS,SUCHVIRTUALWORLDSREVEALSOCIALINTERACTIONANDLEARNINGFUNCTIONALITIESPETRAKOU2010THEYARESAIDTOFOSTERSOCIALCOMPUTINGMESSINGERETAL2009THELITERATUREONVIRTUALWORLDSMAINLYSTEMSFROMENGINEERINGANDPSYCHOLOGYITPREDOMINATELYHIGHLIGHTSTHETECHNOLOGICALPREREQUISITESANDCHALLENGESOFVIRTUALWORLDSZHAO2011ORTHEEFFECTSOFVIRTUALWORLDCONSUMPTIONFISCHERETAL2007THEFEWSTUDIESFOCUSSINGONTHEUSEOFVIRTUALWORLDSHAVEDEVELOPEDWITHINTWOBROADTHEMESTHEFIRSTTHEMEISUSERACCEPTANCEEMPIRICALSTUDIESOFVIRTUALWORLDACCEPTANCEEXAMINEPSYCHOLOGICALPROCESSESOFINDIVIDUALSFORMINGTHEINTENTIONTOUSEVIRTUALWORLDSANDVIRTUALWORLDCOMMUNITIESFETSCHERINANDLATTEMANN2008THEYIDENTIFYPREVIOUSLYUNEXPLOREDANTECEDENTSREGARDINGITACCEPTANCEEG,ROLEPROJECTION,EMOTIONALINVOLVEMENTINBOTHENTERTAINMENTORIENTEDEG,HOLSAPPLEANDWU2007ANDMOREWORKORLEARNINGORIENTEDENVIRONMENTSEG,FETSCHERINANDLATTEMANN2008HOLSAPPLEANDWU2007SUCHWORKSHIGHLIGHTTHEIMPORTANCEOFPERFORMANCEEXPECTANCY,SOCIALINFLUENCEANDPERCEIVEDVALUEOFCOMMUNICATIONFORVIRTUALWORLDUSEANDEMPHASIZETHEIMPORTANCEOFVARIOUSTYPESOFCOOPERATIONORCOLLABORATIONBETWEENINDIVIDUALSFETSCHERINANDLATTEMANN2008THESECONDTHEME,WITHINWHICHTHISRESEARCHISSITUATED,ISUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSSTUDIESCONSIDERINDIVIDUALSASACTIVEVIRTUALWORLDUSERSTHEYRESPONSIBLEEDITORSHANSDIETERZIMMERMANNANDNILMINIWICKRAMASINGHETWEISSDEPARTMENTOFBUSINESS,MEDIAANDTECHNOLOGYMANAGEMENT,UNIVERSITYOFCOLOGNE,POHLIGSTR1,50969COLOGNE,GERMANYEMAILTHOMASWEISSUNIKOELNDESSCHIELEDEPARTMENTOFINFORMATIONSYSTEMSANDINFORMATIONMANAGEMENT,UNIVERSITYOFCOLOGNE,POHLIGSTR1,50969COLOGNE,GERMANYEMAILSCHIELEWIMUNIKOELNDEELECTRONMARKETS201323307–316DOI101007/S1252501301275WESTRUCTURETHEREMAINDEROFTHISPAPERASFOLLOWSFIRST,WEPRESENTTHEUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSAPPROACHBASEDONANEPISTEMOLOGICALDEDUCTIVEAPPROACH,WESUBSEQUENTLYISSUENEEDGRATIFICATIONSIDENTIFIEDWITHINTHEVIRTUALWORLDSLITERATUREAPPLYINGAVARIANCEBASEDRESEARCHMETHOD,WETESTFORSUPPORTOFTHENEEDGRATIFICATIONSBYCOMBININGQUALITATIVEINTERVIEWSWITHQUANTITATIVESURVEYSANALYZEDTHROUGHMULTIPLEREGRESSIONANALYSISWEREFLECTTHERESULTSAGAINSTTHELITERATUREINTHE“DISCUSSION”SECTIONWECONCLUDEWITHASUMMARYOFOURCONTRIBUTIONANDAREASFORFURTHERRESEARCHTHEORETICALBACKGROUNDUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSAPPROACHTHEUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSAPPROACH1RAYBURNANDPALMGREEN1984STEMSFROMMEDIAEFFECTSRESEARCHANDISGEAREDTOTHEPERCEPTIONOFINFORMATION,ATTITUDE,ANDBEHAVIOROFINDIVIDUALSRUGGIERO2000ITILLUMINATESINDIVIDUALS’INVOLVEMENTINMASSMEDIACOMMUNICATIONSINTERMSOFUSEREXPERIENCEANDPERSPECTIVECONSEQUENTLY,THEUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSAPPROACHEXAMINESINDIVIDUALS’NEEDGRATIFICATIONSREGARDINGMEDIAUSEWITHRELATIONTOLIFECYCLESANDCORRESPONDINGCHANGESINATTITUDESANDNEEDSITHASBEENWIDELYPUBLISHEDINAVARIETYOFSCIENTIFICFIELDSANDAPPLIEDTONUMEROUSPHENOMENAINCLUDINGINTERNETUSE,INTERACTIVEADVERTISING,INNOVATIONADOPTION,ANDPAIDONLINECONTENTADOPTIONSTAFFORDETAL2004THEUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSAPPROACHRESTSONTHEASSUMPTIONSTHATDIFFERENCESINTHECOSTSOFMASSMEDIACONSUMPTIONOCCURBETWEENDIFFERENTAUDIENCEMEMBERSANDTHATSUCHDIFFERENCESCORRELATEWITHOTHERCOMMUNICATIONRELEVANTFACTORSRUGGIERO2000ITRESTSUPONTHREEMAINPILLARS,1BELIEFSANDEVALUATIONS,2NEEDGRATIFICATIONSSOUGHT,AND3NEEDGRATIFICATIONSOBTAINEDBELIEFSANDEVALUATIONSDESCRIBETHESUBJECTIVEPROBABILITYOFINDIVIDUALSTHATAMEDIUMPOSSESSESDISTINCTCHARACTERISTICSINTURN,THESEARCHFORGRATIFICATIONSLEADINGTOMEDIACONSUMPTIONISARESULTOFBELIEFSFINALLY,NEEDGRATIFICATIONSOBTAINEDREFERSTOTHEINDIVIDUALOUTCOMEOFACTUALMEDIACONSUMPTIONTHEUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSAPPROACHIS“EXCEEDINGLYUSEFULINEXPLAININGAUDIENCEACTIVITYWHENINDIVIDUALSAREMOSTACTIVEINCONSCIOUSLYMAKINGUSEOFMEDIAFORINTENDEDPURPOSES”RUGGIERO2000,19ITDIFFERSFROMACCEPTANCEANDUSESTUDIESTHROUGHMODELINGINDIVIDUALSASACTIVEISUSERSRUGGIERO2000THEUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSAPPROACHREACHESBEYONDINDIVIDUALS’COGNITIVEPROCESSESSTAFFORDETAL2004ITTYPICALLYCLUSTERSRESULTINGBASICNEEDGRATIFICATIONSINEXTRINSICANDINTRINSICMOTIVATIONSRYANANDDECI2000EXTRINSICMOTIVATION“REFERSTODOINGSOMETHINGBECAUSEITLEADSTOASEPARABLEOUTCOME”RYANANDDECI2000,55ITDENOTESNEEDGRATIFICATIONSSUCHASPERSONALINTEGRATIVE,SOCIALUTILITY,ANDSURVEILLANCENEEDSRUGGIERO2000SANGWAN2005SONGETAL2004INCONTRAST,INTRINSICMOTIVATION“ISDEFINEDASTHEDOINGOFANACTIVITYFORITSINHERENTSATISFACTIONSRATHERTHANFORSOMESEPARABLECONSEQUENCE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