簡(jiǎn)介:西方語(yǔ)言學(xué)流派漫談SCHOOLSOFLINGUISTICSSOMERANDOMTHOUGHTS,北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)中國(guó)外語(yǔ)教育研究中心劉潤(rùn)清,為何要講流派問(wèn)題,我主張,進(jìn)入一個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域時(shí),第一要宏觀,第二要對(duì)思想(IDEAS感興趣。宏觀做研究,別一下扎到一個(gè)小領(lǐng)域、小題目里去,那樣會(huì)見(jiàn)木不見(jiàn)林。了解宏觀背景,讓你不失迷方向。對(duì)思想、哲學(xué)理念感興趣,比只對(duì)純技術(shù)性的東西感興趣,更有意義。技術(shù)是手段,提高認(rèn)識(shí)是追求。,1區(qū)分流派與分支,11流派多指思潮,有代表人物,代表著作,主要觀點(diǎn),研究方法,盛行時(shí)代,有其影響,往往有歷史視角。(它未必對(duì)領(lǐng)域中的諸多問(wèn)題都有論述。)SCHOOLSREFERTOTRENDSOFTHOUGHT,WITHTHEIRREPRESENTATIVEFIGURES,WORKS,UNIQUEIDEAS,METHODSANDINFLUENCEONLATERDEVELOPMENTADIACHRONICPERSPECTIVE,區(qū)分流派與分支,12分支多指領(lǐng)域,研究范圍,也有經(jīng)典著作,有影響的人物,多用共時(shí)觀點(diǎn)。可能多個(gè)流派都對(duì)它有過(guò)貢獻(xiàn)。BRANCHESREFERTOAREASOFSTUDY,WITHTHEIRCLASSICS,ANDINFLUENTIALFIGURESOFTENASYNCHRONICPERSPECTIVE,1區(qū)分流派與分支,13歷史視角和共時(shí)視角一起可以畫(huà)出一個(gè)十字,像一個(gè)坐標(biāo)THEDIACHRONICANDSYNCHRONICPERSPECTIVESWILLFORMACROSS,WHICHLIKEACOORDINATE,,DISTINCTIONBETWEENSCHOOLSANDBRANCHES,,,,1區(qū)分流派與分支,12語(yǔ)言學(xué)的分支BRANCHES從內(nèi)部分語(yǔ)音學(xué),音系位學(xué),詞匯學(xué),形態(tài)學(xué),句法學(xué),語(yǔ)義學(xué),語(yǔ)用學(xué)DISTINCTIONFROMWITHINPHONETICS,PHONOLOGY,LEXICOLOGY,MORPHOLOGY,SYNTAX,SEMANTIC,PRAGMATICS,1區(qū)分流派與分支,從外部分心理語(yǔ)言學(xué),社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué),計(jì)算語(yǔ)言學(xué),神經(jīng)語(yǔ)言學(xué),文化語(yǔ)言學(xué),人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言學(xué),語(yǔ)料庫(kù)語(yǔ)言學(xué)等。DISTINCTIONFROMWITHOUTPSYCHOLINGUISTICS,SOCIOLINGUISTICS,COMPUTATIONLINGUISTICS,NEUROLINGUISTICS,ANTHROPOLOGICALLINGUISTICS,CULTURALLINGUISTICS,CORPUSLINGUISTICS,ETC,1區(qū)分流派與分支,大分類(lèi)理論語(yǔ)言學(xué),應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)THEORETICALLINGUISTICSANDAPPLIEDLINGUISTICS,1區(qū)分流派與分支,13語(yǔ)言學(xué)流派傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法600BC18世紀(jì)TRADITIONALGRAMMAR歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué)19世紀(jì)100年HISTORICALLINGUISTICS現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)開(kāi)端索緖爾,20世紀(jì)初THEBEGINNINGOFMODERNLINGUISTICS,1區(qū)分流派與分支,歐洲功能主義20世紀(jì)2050EUROPEANFUNCTIONALISM倫敦學(xué)派194050THELONDONSCHOOL系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法1960現(xiàn)在HALLIDAY’SSYSTEMICFUNCTIONALGRAMMAR,1區(qū)分流派與分支,美國(guó)結(jié)構(gòu)主義語(yǔ)言學(xué)193050AMERICANSTRUCTURALISM美國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)換生成語(yǔ)法1957現(xiàn)CHOMSKY’SGENERATIVEGRAMMAR認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)(TODAY)COGNITIVELINGUISTICS,2宏觀區(qū)分流派AMOREMACRODISTINCTION,21形式派注重分析語(yǔ)言的形式,結(jié)構(gòu),成分和成分的分布,對(duì)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行形式描寫(xiě)和描寫(xiě)的形式化,考慮語(yǔ)言的心理性THEFORMALSCHOOLEMPHASIZETHEFORMAL,STRUCTURALASPECTSOFL,ANDDISTRIBUTIONOFELEMENTSFORMALIZETHEDESCRIPTIONOFLAPSYCHOLOGICALPERSPECTIVE,2宏觀區(qū)分流派AMOREMACRODISTINCTION,22功能派注重分析語(yǔ)言的功能,分析不同層次上的成分的語(yǔ)義功能,認(rèn)為功能決定形式,考慮語(yǔ)言的社會(huì)性THEFUNCTIONALSCHOOLEMPHASIZETHEFUNCTIONALNATUREOFLANALYZETHESEMANTICFUNCTIONOFELEMENTSONALLLEVELSFUNCTIONDETERMINESFORMASOCIOLINGUISTICPERSPECTIVE,2宏觀區(qū)分流派AMOREMACRODISTINCTION,23兩派的區(qū)別形式主義者認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言是心理現(xiàn)象功能主義者說(shuō)語(yǔ)言是社會(huì)現(xiàn)象THEFORMALCAMPSAYLANGUAGEISAPSYCHOLOGICALFACTTHEFUNCTIONALCAMPSAYLANGUAGEISASOCIALFACT,2宏觀區(qū)分流派AMOREMACRODISTINCTION,2形式主義者說(shuō)語(yǔ)言普遍現(xiàn)象是人類(lèi)生理遺傳功能主義者說(shuō)是來(lái)自社會(huì)對(duì)語(yǔ)言的普遍運(yùn)用THEFORMALCAMPSAYLINGUISTICUNIVERSALSAREMEN’SBIOLOGICALINHERITANCETHEFUNCTIONALCAMPSAYLANGUAGESIMILARITIESCOMEFROMTHECOMMONUSEOFLANGUAGE,2宏觀區(qū)分流派AMOREMACRODISTINCTION,3形式主義者說(shuō)兒童習(xí)得語(yǔ)言是人類(lèi)的內(nèi)在能力功能主義者說(shuō)這是兒童交際的需要和能力的發(fā)展THEFORMALCAMPSAYTHATCHILDRENAREBORNWITHTHEABILITYTOACQUIRELANGUAGETHEFUNCTIONALCAMPSAYTHATLANGUAGELEARNINGCOMESFROMCHILDREN’SNEEDSANDDEVELOPMENT,2宏觀區(qū)分流派AMOREMACRODISTINCTION,4形式主義者把語(yǔ)言當(dāng)成獨(dú)立系統(tǒng)研究;功能主義者把語(yǔ)言放在社會(huì)功能中研究。THEFORMALISTSREGARDLANGUAGEASANINDEPENDENTSYSTEMTHEFORMALISTSSTUDYLANGUAGEINTHESOCIALCONTEXTBYREFERRINGTOITSSOCIALFUNCTION,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,24韓禮德20世紀(jì)下半葉的基本對(duì)立陣營(yíng)不是結(jié)構(gòu)主義與生成語(yǔ)法。最根本的兩大陣營(yíng)是以組合關(guān)系為取向的形式派(形式語(yǔ)法,源于邏輯和哲學(xué)),和以聚合關(guān)系為取向的功能派(功能語(yǔ)法,源于修辭和人種學(xué))。形式派把語(yǔ)言看成一系列的結(jié)構(gòu),這些結(jié)構(gòu)之間可以找出固定的關(guān)系(所以才有轉(zhuǎn)換一說(shuō));他們強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言的普遍性,把語(yǔ)法(他們稱之為句法)看成是語(yǔ)言的基礎(chǔ)(所以語(yǔ)法是任意的),因此語(yǔ)法圍繞著句子而展開(kāi)。,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,HALLIDAYTHEBASICOPPOSITIONISNOTTHATBETWEEN‘STRUCTURAL’AND‘GENERATIVE’GRAMMARSTHEMOREFUNDAMENTALOPPOSITIONISBETWEENTHOSETHATAREPRIMARILYSYMTAGMATICINORIENTATIONBYANDLARGETHEFORMALGRAMMARS,WITHTHEIRROOTSINLOGICANDPHILOSOPHY,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,ANDTHOSETHATAREPRIMARILYPARADIGMATICBYANDLARGETHEFUNCTIONALONES,WITHTHEIRROOTSINRHETORICANDETHNOGRAPHYTHEFORMERINTERPRETALANGUAGEALISTOFSTRUCTURES,AMONGWHICH,REGULARRELATIONSHIPSMAYBEESTABLISHED,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,HENCETHEINTRODUCTIONOFTRANSFORMATIONTHEYTENDTOEMPHASIZEUNIVERSALFEATURESOFLANGUAGE,TOTAKEGRAMMARWHICHTHEYCALLSYNTAXASTHEFOUNDATIONOFLANGUAGEHENCETHEGRAMMARISARBITRARY,ANDSOTOBEORGANIZEDAROUNDTHESENTENCE,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,功能派把語(yǔ)言看成是一個(gè)關(guān)系網(wǎng),其基本關(guān)系借助于結(jié)構(gòu)加以實(shí)現(xiàn);他們強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言之間的不同點(diǎn),把語(yǔ)義看做語(yǔ)言的基礎(chǔ)(所以語(yǔ)法是自然的),因此語(yǔ)法是圍繞著文本或語(yǔ)篇而展開(kāi)的。兩個(gè)陣營(yíng)之間有許多交叉,也有互相借鑒,但從思潮上講二者是很不同的,兩大陣營(yíng)開(kāi)展對(duì)話也很困難。,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,THEFUNCTIONALISTSINTERPRETLANGUAGEASANETWORKOFRELATIONS,WITHSTRUCTURESCOMINGINASTHEREALIZATIONOFTHESERELATIONSHIPSTHEYTENDTOEMPHASIZEVARIABLESAMONGLANGUAGES,TOTAKESEMANTICSASTHEFOUNDATIONHENCETHEGRAMMARISNATURAL,ANDSOTOBEORGANIZEDAROUNDTHETEXT,ORDISCOURSE,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,THEREAREMANYCROSSCURRENTS,WITHINSIGHTSBORROWEDFROMONETOTHEOTHERBUTTHEYAREIDEOLOGICALLYFAIRLYDIFFICULTANDITISOFTENDIFFICULTYTOMAINTAINADIALOGUE,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,韓禮德還說(shuō)功能語(yǔ)法屬于應(yīng)用研究,形式語(yǔ)法屬于純理論研究;功能語(yǔ)法更近于修辭,形式語(yǔ)法更近于邏輯;功能語(yǔ)法研究實(shí)際語(yǔ)言能力,形式語(yǔ)法研究理想的語(yǔ)言能力;功能語(yǔ)法研究文本/語(yǔ)篇,形式語(yǔ)法研究句子。功能語(yǔ)法把文本分析看做行為方式,語(yǔ)言理論是成事之手段。,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,HALLIDAYINGENERALTHEFUNCTIONALAPPROACHLEANSTOWARDSTHEAPPLIEDRATHERTHANTHEPURE,THERHETORICALRATHERTHANTHELOGICAL,THEACTUALRATHERTHEIDEAL,THEFUNCTIONALRATHERTHANTHEFORMAL,THETEXTRATHERTHANTHESENTENCE,2宏觀區(qū)分流派,THEEMPHASISISONTEXTANALYSISASAMODEOFACTION,ATHEORYOFLANGUAGEASAMEANSOFGETTINGTHINGSDONE研究流派更具理論價(jià)值從哲學(xué)上看,如何看待世界就如何看待語(yǔ)言從心理學(xué)上看,“白板說(shuō)”和“內(nèi)容說(shuō)”也區(qū)分兩派從方法論上看,歸納法,演繹法,證實(shí),證偽,還是二者結(jié)合等,也有不同。,3流派與分支的價(jià)值SIGNIFICANCEOFTHETWO,IT’SMORETHEORETICALLYSIGNIFICANTTOSTUDYSCHOOLSTHEYINVOLVEPHILOSOPHY,PSYCHOLOGYBLANKSLATE/CONTENTAPPROACH,ANDMETHODOLOGYINDUCTION,DEDUCTION,VERIFICATION,FALSIFICATION,ABDUCTION,3流派與分支的價(jià)值SIGNIFICANCEOFTHETWO,研究分支更具使用價(jià)值語(yǔ)言內(nèi)部分支也有理論價(jià)值,但有更多的使用價(jià)值外部分支既有理論價(jià)值,又有應(yīng)用價(jià)值IT’SMORESIGNIFICANTINPRACTICETOSTUDYTHEVARIOUSBRANCHESOFLINGUISTICS,NOTWITHOUTTHEORETICALSIGNIFICANCE,3流派與分支的價(jià)值SIGNIFICANCEOFTHETWO,任何學(xué)科內(nèi),不應(yīng)該只注重應(yīng)用研究,基礎(chǔ)理論研究十分重要。基礎(chǔ)研究費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力,見(jiàn)效慢;應(yīng)用研究見(jiàn)效快。INANYDISCIPLINEWESHOULDTAKESERIOUSLYBOTHBASIC,PURERESEARCHANDAPPLIEDRESEARCHBOTHAREUSEFULANDIMPORTANT,5流派介紹傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法,41傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法從希臘語(yǔ)到拉丁語(yǔ),再?gòu)睦≌Z(yǔ)到其他歐洲語(yǔ)言注重語(yǔ)音和詞匯,句法很少,以教學(xué)語(yǔ)法為主,多為規(guī)定性語(yǔ)法,不是描寫(xiě)性語(yǔ)法影響很大,時(shí)間很長(zhǎng)其貢獻(xiàn)是創(chuàng)造了描寫(xiě)工具其術(shù)語(yǔ)今天還在使用TRADITIONALGRAMMARFOCUSONPHONETICSANDWORDSSCHOOLGRAMMAR,PRESCRIPTIVEINFLUENTIALITSTERMSSTILLINUSETODAY,5流派介紹歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué),42歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué)語(yǔ)言比較,語(yǔ)言歷史,語(yǔ)言譜系,語(yǔ)音變化規(guī)律其后期的新語(yǔ)法學(xué)派為避免20世紀(jì)培養(yǎng)了人才歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué)為避免20世紀(jì)現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)開(kāi)端鋪平道路。HISTORICALLINGUISTICSLANGUAGECOMPARISON,FAMILYTREESOFLANGUAGESLAWSOFSOUNDCHANGENEOGRAMMARIANSPAVEDTHEWAYFORMODERNLINGUISTICSINTHE20THCENTURY,5流派介紹歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué),5流派介紹歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué),,6流派介紹現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)開(kāi)端,43索緒爾現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)鼻祖區(qū)分了語(yǔ)言和言語(yǔ),歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)和共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué),語(yǔ)言符號(hào)的任意性,所指和能指都是任意的語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)系統(tǒng),一個(gè)關(guān)系系統(tǒng)在系統(tǒng)中的位置決定其意義語(yǔ)言是符號(hào)學(xué)中最典型的代表其理論影響深遠(yuǎn)SAUSSUREFATHEROFMODERNLINGUISTICSLANGUAGE/SPEECHARBITRARINESSOFLANGUAGESYNCHRONIC/DIACHRONICSIGNIFIER/SIGNIFIEDSYSTEMOFSIGNS,德克海姆EDURKHEIM,佛洛依德SIGMUNDFREUD,6流派介紹現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)開(kāi)端,德國(guó)哲學(xué)家ERNSTCASSIRER把索緒爾與伽利略相提并論“INTHEWHOLEHISTORYOFSCIENCETHEREISPERHAPSNOMOREFASCINATINGACHAPTERTHANTHERISEOFTHENEWSCIENCEOFLINGUISTICSINITSIMPORTANCEITMAYVERYWELLBECOMPAREDTOTHENEWSCIENCEOFGALILEO,WHICHINTHE17THCENTURY,CHANGEDOURWHOLECONCEPTOFTHEPHYSICALWORLD”,7流派介紹早期功能學(xué)派,44歐洲功能學(xué)派布拉格學(xué)派,哥本哈根學(xué)派貢獻(xiàn)音位學(xué),已知信息和待傳信息主位和述位主題和評(píng)述影響大功能主義鼻祖。FUNCTIONALSCHOOLSINEUROPETHEPRAGUESCHOOLTHECOPENHAGENSCHOOLCONTRIBUTIONTOPHONOLOGYGIVEN/NEWINFORMATIONTHEME/RHEMETOPIC/COMMENTINFLUENTIALAROUND192040,8流派介紹美國(guó)結(jié)構(gòu)主義,45美國(guó)結(jié)構(gòu)主義博厄斯,薩裴爾,布龍菲爾德,哈利斯,豪克特等薩裴爾沃爾夫假說(shuō),又稱語(yǔ)言相對(duì)論哲學(xué)上的實(shí)證主義和“百板說(shuō)”心理學(xué)上的行為主義AMERICANSTRUCTURALISMFBOAZ,ESAPIR,LEONARDBLOOMFIELD,ZHARISS,CHOCKETT,THESAPIRWHORFHYPOTHESIS,EMPIRICISMINPHILOSOPHY,‘BLANKSLATE’,BEHAVIORISMINPSYCHOLOGY,博厄斯BOAZ,薩佩爾SAPIR,LBLOOMFIELD,布龍菲爾德,馮特WUNDT,華生WATSON,斯金納SKINNER,8流派介紹美國(guó)結(jié)構(gòu)主義,嚴(yán)格的“發(fā)現(xiàn)程序”,二分法,不問(wèn)意義和功能,看結(jié)構(gòu)分布重證據(jù),不看主觀印象教學(xué)上的“聽(tīng)說(shuō)法”影響外語(yǔ)教學(xué)幾十年豪克特的確16個(gè)語(yǔ)言設(shè)計(jì)特征十分重要RIGID‘PROCEDUREOFDISCOVERY’,BINARYCUTTING,IGNOREMEANINGDISTRIBUTIONOFELEMENTSEMPHASISONEVIDENCETHANIMPRESSIONAUDIOLINGUALMETHODINTEACHINGDESIGNFEATURESOFLANGUAGE,9流派介紹喬姆斯基生成語(yǔ)法,45美國(guó)的喬姆斯基生成語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)言上的一場(chǎng)革命其語(yǔ)言觀,哲學(xué)上的唯理主義,心理學(xué)上認(rèn)知主義語(yǔ)言與生俱來(lái),強(qiáng)調(diào)大腦的初始狀態(tài)目標(biāo)是揭示語(yǔ)言本質(zhì)和人類(lèi)本質(zhì)CHOMSKY’SGENERATIVEGRAMMARAREVOLUTIONRATIONALISMINPHILOSOPHYCOGNITIVEPSYCHOLOGYLANGUAGEISINNATEINITIALSTATEOFMINDREVEALNATUREOFLTOSHOWNATUREOFMAN,喬姆斯基CHOMSKY,流派介紹喬姆斯基生成語(yǔ)法,萊茵斯評(píng)喬氏“CHOMKY’SPOSITIONISNOTONLYUNIQUEWITHINLINGUISTICSATTHEPRESENTTIME,BUTISPROBABLYUNPRECEDENTEDINTHEWHOLEHISTORYOFTHESUBJECTRIGHTORWRONG,CHOMSKY’STHEORYOFGRAMMARISUNDOUBTEDLYTHEMOSTDYNAMICANDINFLUENTIAL,ANDNOLINGUISTWHOWISHESTOKEEPABREASTOFCURRENTDEVELOPMENTSINHISSUBJECTCANAFFORDTOIGNORECHOMSKY’STHEORETICALPRONOUNCEMENTS”–JOHNLYONS,CHOMSKY,“ITSEEMSPLAINTHATLANGUAGEACQUISITIONISBASEDONTHECHILD’SDISCOVERYOFWHATFROMAFORMALPOINTOFVIEWISADEEPANDABSTRACTTHEORY–AGENERATIVEGRAMMAROFHISLANGUAGE–MANYOFTHECONCEPTSANDPRINCIPLESOFWHICHAREONLYREMOTELYRELATEDTOEXPERIENCEBYLONGANDINTRICATECHAINSOFTHEUNCONSCIOUSQUASIINFERENTIALSTEPSACONSIDERATIONOFTHECHARACTEROFTHEGRAMMARTHATISACQUIRED,THE,CHOMSKY,DEGENERATEQUALITYANDNARROWLYLIMITEDEXTENTOFTHEAVAILABLEDATA,THESTRIKINGUNIFORMITYOFTHERESULTINGGRAMMAR,ANDTHEIRINDEPENDENCEOFINTELLIGENCE,MOTIVATION,ANDEMOTIONALSTATE,OVERWIDERANGEOFVARIATION,LEAVELITTLEHOPETHATMUCHOFTHESTRUCTUREOFTHELANGUAGECANBELEARNEDBYANORGANISMINITIALLYUNINFORMEDASTOITSGENERALCHARACTERCHOMSKY1965ASPECTSOFTHETHEORYOFSYNTAX,,“顯然,語(yǔ)言習(xí)得基于兒童發(fā)現(xiàn)從形式角度看是一種深?yuàn)W、抽象的理論即母語(yǔ)的一種生成語(yǔ)法。這種語(yǔ)法的許多概念和原則必須經(jīng)過(guò)漫長(zhǎng)、復(fù)雜的無(wú)意識(shí)的亞推理過(guò)程,才與經(jīng)驗(yàn)稍稍相連。稍微想一想兒童習(xí)得的語(yǔ)法性質(zhì),他接觸到的語(yǔ)料質(zhì)量之差和范圍之小,兒童習(xí)得語(yǔ)言與智力、動(dòng)機(jī)、情緒毫無(wú)關(guān)系,而且他們的環(huán)境因素千差萬(wàn)別,最后所得語(yǔ)法的卻驚人地相似,讓我們很難相信,一個(gè)對(duì)語(yǔ)法沒(méi)有大致了解的有機(jī)體,能夠?qū)W到這麼多語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí)。”喬氏,1965句法理論面面觀,9流派介紹喬姆斯基生成語(yǔ)法,語(yǔ)言描寫(xiě)力求形式化句法獨(dú)立,句法為核心觀察充分,描寫(xiě)充分,解釋充分其影響深遠(yuǎn),令人耳目一新喬氏理論對(duì)哲學(xué),心理學(xué),計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言,形式化等,都有貢獻(xiàn)TOFORMALIZETHEDESCRIPTIONOFLINDEPENDENCEOFSYNTAXEMPHASISONEXPLANATORYPOWERCONTRIBUTIONTOPHILOSOPHY,PSYCHOLOGY,COMPUTERSCIENCEBIOLOGYBIOLINGUISTICS,CHOMSKY語(yǔ)言天賦,IN“THEARCHITECTUREOFLANGUAGE”200250HEWROTE“LOTSOFPEOPLEREJECTTHEPROPOSALTHATLANGUAGEISINNATEBUTNOBODYANSWERSTHEMTHEREASONWHYNOBODYANSWERSISTHATTHEIRARGUMENTSWOULDMAKENOSENSETHERE’SNOWAYTOANSWERTHEMTOSAYTHAT‘LANGUAGEISNOTINNATE’ISTOSAYTHATTHEREISNODIFFERENCEBETWEENMYGRANDDAUGHTER,AROCKANDARABBITINOTHERWORDS,IFYOUTAKEAROCK,ARABBITAND,CHOMSKY語(yǔ)言天賦,MYGRANDDAUGHTERANDPUTTHEMINACOMMUNITYWHEREPEOPLEARETALKINGENGLISH,THEY’LLALLLEARNENGLISHIFPEOPLEBELIEVETHAT,THENTHEYBELIEVETHATLANGUAGEISNOTINNATEIFTHEYBELIEVETHATTHEREISADIFFERENCEBETWEENMYGRANDDAUGHTER,ARABBITANDAROCK,THENTHEYBELIEVETHATLANGUAGEISINNATE”,CHOMSKY語(yǔ)言教學(xué),CHOMSKY1988”TEACHINGSHOULDNOTBECOMPAREDTOFILLINGABOTTLEWITHWATERBUTRATHERTOHELPINGAFLOWERTOGROWINITSOWNWAYASANYGOODTEACHERKNOWS,THEMETHODSOFINSTRUCTIONANDRANGEOFMATERIALCOVEREDAREOFSMALLIMPORTANTASCOMPAREDWITHTHESUCCESSINAROUSINGTHENATURALCURIOSITYOFTHESTUDENTS喚起學(xué)生的自然好奇心ANDSTIMULATINGTHEIRINTERESTIN,CHOMSKY語(yǔ)言教學(xué),EXPLORINGONTHEIROWN激勵(lì)他們?nèi)プ晕姨剿鞯呐d趣WHATTHESTUDENTSLEARNPASSIVELYWILLBEQUICKLYFORGOTTENWHATTHESTUDENTSDISCOVERFORTHEMSELVESWHENTHEIRNATURALCURIOSITYANDCREATIVEIMPULSESAREAROUSEDNOTONLYWILLBEREMEMBEREDBUTWILLBETHEBASISFORFURTHEREXPLORATIONANDINQUIRYANDPERHAPSSIGNIFICANTINTELLECTUALCONTRIBUTIONS,10流派介紹系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué),46倫敦語(yǔ)言學(xué)派英國(guó)有悠久語(yǔ)言研究傳統(tǒng),人造語(yǔ)言、速寫(xiě)、拼法改革等起于英國(guó),著名語(yǔ)音學(xué)家丹尼爾瓊
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