簡(jiǎn)介:PILOTCOORDINATIONFORLARGESCALEMULTICELLTDDSYSTEMSDAVIDNEUMANN,ANDREASGR¨UNDINGER,MICHAELJOHAM,ANDWOLFGANGUTSCHICKASSOCIATEINSTITUTEFORSIGNALPROCESSING,TECHNISCHEUNIVERSIT¨ATM¨UNCHEN,80290MUNICH,GERMANY{DNEUMANN,GRUENDINGER,JOHAM,UTSCHICK}TUMDEABSTRACTPILOTCONTAMINATIONLIMITSTHEPERFORMANCEOFAMULTICELLTIMEDIVISIONDUPLEXSYSTEMWITHALARGENUMBEROFBASESTATIONANTENNASWESTUDYTHEPOTENTIALBENEFITSOFCOORDINATIONDURINGTHETRAININGPHASEANDWEPROPOSEEFFICIENTALGORITHMSFORPRACTICALSYSTEMSOURDERIVATIONSAREBASEDONRESULTSFROMASYMPTOTICANALYSISANDTHEPRACTICALRELEVANCEISDEMONSTRATEDBYSIMULATIONSWITHREALISTICSYSTEMPARAMETERSIINTRODUCTIONRECENTLY,THEREHASBEENANINCREASINGINTERESTINCELLULARNETWORKSWITHALARGENUMBEROFBASESTATIONANTENNASTHISSOCALLEDMASSIVEMIMOCONCEPTPROMISESHIGHGAINSWITHVERYSIMPLESIGNALPROCESSINGMETHODS1,2THEHIGHNUMBEROFANTENNASMAKESCHANNELESTIMATIONANDFEEDBACKVERYCOSTLYINAFREQUENCYDIVISIONDUPLEXFDDSYSTEMTHUS,MOSTWORKSONTHISTOPICASSUMETIMEDIVISIONDUPLEXTDDSYSTEMS,WHERETHEESTIMATIONOFTHECHANNELTAKESPLACEINANUPLINKTRAININGPHASE1,3–5THATIS,THERESOURCESSPENTONPILOTSDEPENDONTHENUMBEROFSERVEDUSERS,BUTNOTONTHENUMBEROFANTENNASATTHEBASESTATIONFORTHEVERYHIGHANTENNAGAINSINTHESESYSTEMS,THEPERFORMANCEISSEVERELYDEGRADEDBYCHANNELESTIMATIONERRORSDUETOINTERCELLINTERFERENCEINTHETRAININGPHASE,SOCALLEDPILOTCONTAMINATIONITCANBESHOWNTHATTHISINTERFERENCEULTIMATELYLIMITSTHEPERFORMANCEFORUNCOORDINATEDBASESTATIONSWITHAVERYHIGHNUMBEROFANTENNASANDWITHFAVORABLEPROPAGATIONCONDITIONS,IE,INDEPENDENTLYDISTRIBUTEDCHANNELCOEFFICIENTSFOREACHANTENNA1,3,6–9AFEWMETHODSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDTOTACKLETHECONTAMINATIONISSUEINTHEUNCOORDINATEDCASE4,9–11INTHISWORK,WESTUDYTHECOORDINATIONOFPILOTSINTHEUPLINKTRAININGPHASEPREVIOUSWORKONTHISSUBJECTHASBEENDONEIN12,WHEREASTRAIGHTFORWARDGREEDYALGORITHMISPROPOSED,BASEDONTHECHANNELESTIMATIONERRORASPERFORMANCEMETRICTHISAPPROACHISBASEDONASPECIFICSPATIALCHANNELMODELTHATLEADSTOLOWRANKCHANNELCOVARIANCEMATRICESINCONTRASTTOTHISWORK,WEUSERESULTSFROMTHEASYMPTOTICANALYSESIN3AND5TOFORMULATEACOMBINATORIALNETWORKUTILITYMAXIMIZATIONNUMPROBLEMWITHRESPECTTOTHECOORDINATIONSTRATEGYTHUS,OURAPPROACHCANHANDLEARBITRARYCOVARIANCEMATRICESANDWECANSHOWANIMPROVEDPERFORMANCEEVENWHENTHECOVARIANCEMATRICESARESCALEDIDENTITIESWEANALYZEPOSSIBLEBENEFITSFROMPILOTCOORDINATIONBYANOPTIMALALGORITHMBASEDONEXHAUSTIVEENUMERATIONANDPROVIDEEFFICIENTALGORITHMSFORTRAININGCOORDINATIONINPRACTICALSYSTEMSIISYSTEMMODELWECONSIDERACELLULARNETWORKWITHLBASESTATIONS,WHEREEACHBASESTATIONHASMTRANSMITANTENNASANDSERVESKSINGLEANTENNAUSERSTHENUMBEROFBASESTATIONANTENNASISSIGNIFICANTLYLARGERTHANTHENUMBEROFSIMULTANEOUSLYSERVEDUSERSPERBASESTATION,IE,K?MWEFURTHERASSUMETHATTHECOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMISINTDDMODEANDTHATCHANNELRECIPROCITYHOLDSWECONSIDERABLOCKFADINGCHANNELMODELLETHIJK∈CMDENOTETHEVECTOROFCOMPLEXCHANNELGAINSFROMUSERKINCELLJTOALLANTENNASOFBASESTATIONIINONECOHERENCEBLOCKTHESEVECTORSAREPAIRWISESTATISTICALLYINDEPENDENTANDEACHVECTORCHANNELISGAUSSIANDISTRIBUTEDWITHZEROMEANANDCOVARIANCEMATRIXRIJK∈CMMFOREASEOFNOTATION,WECOLLECTTHECHANNELVECTORSOFALLKUSERSINCELLJTOTHEBASESTATIONIASCOLUMNSOFTHEMATRIXHIJLETΡTRDENOTETHEEFFECTIVETRAININGSNRANDTTRTHENUMBEROFAVAILABLEPILOTSYMBOLS,IE,THEAVAILABLENUMBEROFORTHOGONALPILOTSEQUENCESUNDERTHEASSUMPTIONSTHATTHETRAININGTAKESPLACESIMULTANEOUSLYINALLCELLSANDTHERECEPTIONISSYNCHRONIZED,THERECEIVEDTRAININGSIGNALSATBASESTATIONIAREGIVENBYWI√ΡTRL?J1HIJDJNI∈CMTTR1WHERETHEORTHONORMALROWSOFDJ∈CKTTRCONTAINTHEPILOTSEQUENCESFORALLKUSERSINCELLJANDTHEENTRIESOFNIAREASSUMEDTOBEIIDCOMPLEXGAUSSIANDISTRIBUTEDWITHZEROMEANANDUNITVARIANCEIIICHANNELESTIMATIONIFWEREUSETHESAMEPILOTSEQUENCESINALLCELLS,IE,DJˉD?J,ANDCORRELATETHERECEIVEDTRAININGSIGNALSWITHTHEPILOTS,WEOBTAINTHEESTIMATEDUETOˉDHˉDI,YIWI1√ΡTRˉDHL?J1HIJ1√ΡTR?NI2ATBASESTATIONI,THATCOINCIDESWITHTHELEASTSQUARESLSESTIMATEOFTHECHANNELSHII,SINCETHENOISEATTHEBASESTATIONANTENNASISWHITEBECAUSEOFTHEORTHONORMALROWSINˉD,THETRANSFORMEDNOISEMATRIX?NINˉDHSTILLHASIIDENTRIESWITHZEROMEANANDUNITVARIANCEWENOTETHAT,EVENIFWEREUSETHESAMEPILOTSEQUENCESINEACHCELL,THEASSIGNMENTOFTHEPILOTSTOTHEUSERSINFLUENCESΓULIK?1MTRΦIK,IK?21ΡULM1MTRΦIK,IK1M?J,M1MTRRIJMΦIK,IK?J,M∈KΜI,KJ,M?I,K|1MTRΦIK,JM|28ΓDLIKΡIK1MTRΦIK,IK1ΡDLM1M?J,MΡJMTRRJIKΦJM,JM/TRΦJM,JM?J?IMΜI,KΜJ,MΡJM1M|TRΦJM,IK|2/TRΦJM,JM9VIALGORITHMSAEXHAUSTIVEENUMERATIONTOGETANIDEAOFTHEPOTENTIALBENEFITSOFCOORDINATION,WESOLVETHENUMPROBLEMIN10OPTIMALLYBYEXHAUSTIVEENUMERATIONOFALLPOSSIBLEPILOTASSIGNMENTSFORONECELL,THENUMBEROFPOSSIBLEASSIGNMENTSISK?1?K0TTR?KTTRTTR?K11NOTETHATWECANFIXTHEASSIGNMENTOFONECELLWITHOUTAFFECTINGTHEPERFORMANCETHETOTALNUMBEROFPOSSIBLEASSIGNMENTSISTHUS?TTRTTR?K?L?112FORLARGERSYSTEMS,THEENUMERATIONOFALLPOSSIBLEASSIGNMENTSQUICKLYBECOMESCOMPUTATIONALLYINTRACTABLETHUS,WENEEDEFFICIENTALGORITHMSTOMANAGETHETRAININGCOORDINATIONBDEGRADATIONBASEDGREEDYASSIGNMENTTHEFIRSTGREEDYALGORITHMWEINTRODUCEISBASEDONADEGRADATIONMEASUREASPROPOSEDIN13ATEACHITERATIONOFTHEALGORITHM,WEHAVEASETOFUSERSWHICHAREALREADYASSIGNEDTOPILOTSANDASETOFFREEUSERSWHICHSTILLHAVETOBEASSIGNEDINITIALLY,THEUSERSINONECELLAREASSIGNEDRANDOMLY,WHILEALLOTHERUSERSAREFREETHEFIRSTSTEPINEACHITERATIONISTOCALCULATETHEUTILITIESTHATRESULTFROMADDINGEACHOFTHEFREEUSERSTOTHESETOFASSIGNEDUSERSFOREACHPOSSIBLEPILOTTHENFOREACHUSERCALCULATETHEDEGRADATION,IE,AMOUNTOFUTILITYTHATISLOST,WHENTHEUSERONLYGETSTHESECONDBESTPILOTTHEUSERWHICHHASTHEHIGHESTDEGRADATION,IE,THEUSERWHICHISMOSTSENSITIVETOTHECURRENTASSIGNMENT,ISTHENASSIGNEDTOITSBESTPILOTTOCALCULATETHEUTILITIESFORTHEASSIGNEDUSERSTHEUTILITYFUNCTIONHASTOBESEPARABLE,IE,UR?I,KUIKRIK13EACHOFTHEASSIGNEDUSERSISINONEOFTHESETSK1,,KTTRANDTHEPARTIALUTILITYISGIVENBY?UK1,,KTTR?I,K∈?PKPUIKRIK14WHERETHERATESRIKARECALCULATEDUSINGTHEASSIGNMENTSKPFORMALLYWEHAVETHEFOLLOWINGSTEPSLETFDENOTETHESETOFUNASSIGNEDUSERSFOREACHUNASSIGNEDUSERI,K∈FCALCULATETHEOPTIMALPILOTP?IKARGMAXP∈PI?UK1,,KP∪{I,K},,KTTR15ANDDEGRADATIONMEASUREDIK?UK1,,KP?IK∪{I,K},,KTTR?ARGMAXP∈PI,P?P?IK?UK1,,KP∪{I,K},,KTTR16WHEREPIDENOTESTHESETOFSTILLAVAILABLEPILOTSINCELLITHESELECTEDUSERISTHENGIVENBYI?,K?ARGMAXI,K∈FDIK17ANDISASSIGNEDTOITSOPTIMALPILOTKP?I?,K?←KP?I?,K?∪{I?,K?}18PI?←PI?\{P?I?,K?}19F←F\I?,K?20THESESTEPSAREREPEATEDUNTILALLUSERSAREASSIGNED,IE,F?CVARIANCEBASEDGREEDYASSIGNMENTTHEDEGRADATIONBASEDGREEDYALGORITHMSTILLNEEDSALOTOFSINREVALUATIONSFOREACHASSIGNMENTTOFURTHERREDUCECOMPLEXITY,WEPROPOSEANOTHERGREEDYALGORITHM,WHEREWEUSEAHEURISTICTOSELECTTHEMOSTSENSITIVEUSERINAGIVENITERATIONNAMELY,WESELECTTHEUNASSIGNEDUSERWITHTHEWORSTAVERAGECHANNELCONDITIONSINCETHISUSERISMOSTLIKELYTOBEAFFECTEDBYINTERCELLINTERFERENCETHUS,WEAVOIDTHECOSTLYSELECTIONPROCESSOFTHEDEGRADATIONBASEDALGORITHMANDONLYHAVETOSEARCHFORTHEOPTIMALPILOTFORTHESELECTEDUSERDPOSITIONBASEDASSIGNMENTANOTHERPOSSIBLECOORDINATIONSTRATEGYISBASEDONTHEOBSERVATIONTHAT,WITHASIMPLEGEOMETRICPATHLOSSMODEL,WEAKUSERSGENERATEALARGEAMOUNTOFINTERFERENCEINNEIGHBORINGCELLS,WHILESTRONGUSERSGENERATEASMALLAMOUNTOFINTERFERENCETHISMOTIVATESACOORDINATIONSTRATEGYWHICHISONLYBASEDONTHEPOSITIONSOFTHEUSERSANDTHATCANBEAPPLIEDINEACHCELLSEPARATELYLETUSFIRSTASSUMEWEHAVETPK,AONEDIMENSIONALWYNERNETWORKWHERETHECELLSARESEQUENTIALLYINDEXEDWITHI1,,LANDASUFFICIENTLYLARGENUMBEROFUNIFORMLYDISTRIBUTEDUSERSTHECOVARIANCEMATRICESARESCALEDIDENTITIES,
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簡(jiǎn)介:2500英文單詞,英文單詞,13萬(wàn)英文字符萬(wàn)英文字符,中文中文3900字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處BUSONOP,ISWAHYUDIA,RAHMANMAA,ETALDESIGNOFEMBEDDEDMICROCONTROLLERFORCONTROLLINGANDMONITORINGBLOODPUMPJPROCEDIACOMPUTERSCIENCE,2015,72217224DESIGNOFEMBEDDEDMICROCONTROLLERFORCONTROLLINGANDMONITORINGBLOODPUMPPRATONDOBUSONO,ANDIISWAHYUDI,MAKBARAULIARAHMAN,ARIOFITRIANTOABSTRACTTHEPERISTALTICPUMPHASAVITALROLEFORTRANSPORTINGTHEBLOODINTHEEXTRACORPOREALCIRCUITOFHEMODIALYSISMACHINESUCHAPUMPCONSITSOFASTEPPERMOTOR,GEARBOXANDROTORSHAFTWITHTWOROLLERATTACHEDONITTHETRANSPORTEDVOLUMEOFTHEPUMPDEPENDSONTHETUBESEGMENTPRESSEDBYROLLERTHEREFORE,THEDEVIATIONINTHEAMOUNTOFDELIVEREDFLUIDMAYOCCURSITISAPROBLEMWHENITISUSEDINTHEMEDICALDEVICEWITHHIGHACCURACYREQUIREMENTSSUCHASHEMODIALYSISMACHINETOOVERCOMESUCHAPROBLEM,THETRANSPORTOFFLUIDNEEDTOBECONTROLLEDTHEAIMOFTHISWORKWASTODESIGNANDIMPLEMENTOFANEMBEDDEDMICROCONTROLLERFORCONTROLLINGANDMONITORINGFLUIDTRANSPORTINTHEPERISTALTICPUMPANELECTRONICHARDWAREWHICHCONSISTSOFSTM32F4DEVELOPMENTBOARD,STEPPERMOTORDRIVERCIRCUIT,CURRENTSENSOR,MAGNETICSENSORANDARTERIALPRESURESENSORCIRCUITSWASDEVELOPEDINPARALLELWITHEMBEDDEDSOFTWAREDEVELOPMENTTHEEMBEDDEDSOFWARECONSISTSOFROUTINESFORMONITORINGCURRENTSENSOR,PRESSURESENSOR,ANDMAGNETICSENSOR,ASWELLASROUTINESFORPUMPSPEEDCONTROLLERTHESTM32F4BOARDWHICHCONSITSOFARMCORTEXM4FMICROCONTROLLERWASCHOSENBECAUSEOFTHETRADEOFFBETWEENPRICE,PERFORMANCE,ANDLOWPOWERCONSUMPTIONTHEPERISTALTICPUMPSYSTEMWASTESTEDWITHTHEMIXTUREOFWATERANDGLYCERINWITHCERTAINCOMPOSISITIONANDHAVINGVISCOSITYSIMULARTOHUMANBLOODTHEVALIDATIONWASALSOBEPERFORMEDBYCOMPARINGTHERESULTSWITHTHEMEASUREMENTCONDUCTEDUSINGTURBINEFLOWMETERTHERESULTSSHOWSTHATTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHECONTROLLERISWORKINGASEXPECTEDKEYWORDBLOODPUMPCONTROLLER,STEPPERMOTOR,MICROCONTROLLER,EMBEDDEDSYSTEM1INTRODUCTIONEMBEDDEDSYSTEMISPLAYINGANIMPORTANTROLEINOURLIFEITISATECHNOLOGYWHICHMAKESOURLIFEMORECOMFORTABLEANDSAFEMOSTEQUIPMENTSUSEDINOURDAILYACTIVITY,RANGINGFROMMEDICALTOCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMSAREBUILTSUPONEMBEDDEDSYSTEMTHEREFORE,TODAYECONOMYANDSOCIETYWOULDHEAVILYDEPENDONTHEMEMBEDDEDSYSTEMSHAVEDRIVENTHEPRODUCTINNOVATIONANDDIVERSIFICATIONINTERMSOFFUNCTIONALITY,EFFICIENCY,ANDQUALITY1UNLIKEGENERALPURPOSECOMPUTER,EMBEDDEDSYSTEMSAREBUILTFORSPECIFICAPPLICATIONSTHEAPPLICATIONOFEMBEDDEDSYSTEMSINMEDICALAREAFOREXAMPLEISBECOMINGGREATINTERESTSINCEITALLOWSTHECONSTRUCTIONOFCOMPACTDEVICESTHATHELPTHEPHYSICIANINTREATINGTHEPATIENTSWITHTHEINCREASINGPOWEROFPROCESSINGDEVICEASWELLASTHECOMPLEXITYOFCONTROLSYSTEM,WITHTHECURRENTPROCESSINGSYSTEM,ITISPOSSIBLETOINTEGRATENOTONLYTHECONTROLANDMONITORINGACTIVITIES,BUTALSOTOTAKETHEDECISIONTASKSINTOEMBEDDEDSYSTEMSINADDITION,WITHTHEAVAIBILITYOFAGENERALPURPOSERECONFIGURABLEPLATFORM,ITISPOSSIBLETODEVELOPSUCHACOMPLEXSYSTEMWITHREDUCEDTIMEDEVELOPMENTANDGIVERESULTSHAVINGSIMILARCHARACTERISTICSTOOTHERSIMILAREMBEDDEDSYSTEMSTHISSYSTEMISALSOROBUSTANDFULLYRELIABLE,CAPABLEOFWORKINGFOREXTENDEDPERIODSOFTIMEWITHOUTFAILURETHEPERFORMANCEOFEMBEDDEDCONTROLSYSTEMSCANAFFECTEDBYMANYFACTORSITDEPENDSNOTPERISTALTICPUMPINGSYSTEMTHESYSTEMASSHOWNINFIG1CONSISTSOFPERISTALTICPUMPHEAD,STEPPERMOTORWITHGEARBOX,MOTORDRIVERANDCONTROLLERTHEPUMPHEADWASCONSTRUCTEDBYHOUSINGBODYANDAROTORWITHTWOROLLERSATTACHEDONITANELASTICTUBEISFITTEDTOASEMICIRCULARCHAMBERTHATPARTLYSURROUNDSTHEROTORANDTHETRANSFERREDFLUIDGETSINCONTACTONLYWITHTHEINSIDEOFTHETUBINGANDHENCELOWERINGTHERISKOFCONTAMINATION2THETUBESETISCHANGEDBETWEENEACHPATIENTWHENTHEPUMPISINOPERATION,ONEROLLERWILLPRESSTHEELASTICTUBESEGMENTTOTHEHOUSINGANDFORCETHEBLOODTOMOVEFORWARDBEFORETHEFIRSTROLLERREACHESTHEENDOFTHEHOUSINGANDRELEASETHEMANIFOLD,THESECONDROLLERWILLCLOSETUBESEGMENTPREVENTINGTHEBACKFLOW3,4THECOMPRESSIONOFTHEPLASTICTUBEINDUCESARESISTANCEONTHEPUMPMOTORWHICHWILLCREATEARELATIVELYLARGEPRESSUREDISTURBANCEINTHEFLUIDFLOWINORDERTOGETTHEACCURATEBLOODVOLUMETOBETRANSFERRED,CONTROLLINGTHEPUMPSPEEDISIMPORTANTINHEMODIALYSISTHEPUMPSPEEDCANBESETBYCONTROLLINGTHEAMOUNTOFCURRENTSINJECTEDBYTHEELECTRONICMOTORDRIVERSUCHCURRENTSARECONVERTEDTOPWMDUTYCYCLEFORPOWERINGTHEPHASECOILS,ANDHENCECHANGINGTHEMOTORSPEEDSINTHECASEOFPERISTALTICBLOODPUMP,THEPWMDUTYCYCLESARENOTCONSTANTSINCETHELOADISDYNAMICS,DEPENDINGONTHEAMOUNTTRANSFEREDFLUIDVOLUMEFIGURE2SCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFSTEPPERMOTORDRIVER521ELECTRICALMODELSCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFSTEPPERMOTORDRIVERISSHOWNINFIG2IFTWOPHASESTEPPERMOTORUSEDFORDRIVINGTHEPUMP,EACHOFTHETWOELECTRICALPHASESOFTHESTEPPERMOTORCANBEMODELLEDASRLCIRCUITANDBACKELECTROMOTIVEFORCEASFOLLOW5,THEPHASECURRENTIJCANBEMEASUREBYCURRENTSENSORPLACEDCLOSETOTHECOIL22MECHANICALMODELTHEMECHANICALPARTOFTHEMOTORCANBEMODELLEDASARIGIDBODYSUBJECTTOVARIOUSTORQUES5,
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簡(jiǎn)介:PROCEDIACOMPUTERSCIENCE722015217–224AVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOM18770509?2015PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/40/PEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFORGANIZINGCOMMITTEEOFINFORMATIONSYSTEMSINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEISICO2015DOI101016/JPROCS201512134SCIENCEDIRECTTHETHIRDINFORMATIONSYSTEMSINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEDESIGNOFEMBEDDEDMICROCONTROLLERFORCONTROLLINGANDMONITORINGBLOODPUMPPRATONDOBUSONOA,ANDIISWAHYUDIB,MAKBARAULIARAHMANB,ARIOFITRIANTOAACENTERFORINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGY,BPPT,KAWASANPUSPIPTEKSERPONG,TANGERANG,INDONESIABDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALENGINNERING,UNIVERSITYOFALAZHARINDONESIA,JAKARTA,INDONESIAABSTRACTTHEPERISTALTICPUMPHASAVITALROLEFORTRANSPORTINGTHEBLOODINTHEEXTRACORPOREALCIRCUITOFHEMODIALYSISMACHINESUCHAPUMPCONSITSOFASTEPPERMOTOR,GEARBOXANDROTORSHAFTWITHTWOROLLERATTACHEDONITTHETRANSPORTEDVOLUMEOFTHEPUMPDEPENDSONTHETUBESEGMENTPRESSEDBYROLLERTHEREFORE,THEDEVIATIONINTHEAMOUNTOFDELIVEREDFLUIDMAYOCCURSITISAPROBLEMWHENITISUSEDINTHEMEDICALDEVICEWITHHIGHACCURACYREQUIREMENTSSUCHASHEMODIALYSISMACHINETOOVERCOMESUCHAPROBLEM,THETRANSPORTOFFLUIDNEEDTOBECONTROLLEDTHEAIMOFTHISWORKWASTODESIGNANDIMPLEMENTOFANEMBEDDEDMICROCONTROLLERFORCONTROLLINGANDMONITORINGFLUIDTRANSPORTINTHEPERISTALTICPUMPANELECTRONICHARDWAREWHICHCONSISTSOFSTM32F4DEVELOPMENTBOARD,STEPPERMOTORDRIVERCIRCUIT,CURRENTSENSOR,MAGNETICSENSORANDARTERIALPRESURESENSORCIRCUITSWASDEVELOPEDINPARALLELWITHEMBEDDEDSOFTWAREDEVELOPMENTTHEEMBEDDEDSOFWARECONSISTSOFROUTINESFORMONITORINGCURRENTSENSOR,PRESSURESENSOR,ANDMAGNETICSENSOR,ASWELLASROUTINESFORPUMPSPEEDCONTROLLERTHESTM32F4BOARDWHICHCONSITSOFARMCORTEXM4FMICROCONTROLLERWASCHOSENBECAUSEOFTHETRADEOFFBETWEENPRICE,PERFORMANCE,ANDLOWPOWERCONSUMPTIONTHEPERISTALTICPUMPSYSTEMWASTESTEDWITHTHEMIXTUREOFWATERANDGLYCERINWITHCERTAINCOMPOSISITIONANDHAVINGVISCOSITYSIMULARTOHUMANBLOODTHEVALIDATIONWASALSOBEPERFORMEDBYCOMPARINGTHERESULTSWITHTHEMEASUREMENTCONDUCTEDUSINGTURBINEFLOWMETERTHERESULTSSHOWSTHATTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHECONTROLLERISWORKINGASEXPECTED?2015PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDSELECTIONAND/ORPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESCIENTIFICCOMMITTEEOFTHETHIRDINFORMATIONSYSTEMSINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEISICO2015KEYWORDBLOODPUMPCONTROLLER,STEPPERMOTOR,MICROCONTROLLER,EMBEDDEDSYSTEM?2015PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/40/PEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFORGANIZINGCOMMITTEEOFINFORMATIONSYSTEMSINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEISICO2015219PRATONDOBUSONOETAL/PROCEDIACOMPUTERSCIENCE722015217–2242PERISTALTICBLOODPUMPSYSTEMINTHEEXTRACORPOREALCIRCUITOFHEMODIALYSISMACHINES,THEBLOODFLOWISTRANSPORTEDBYAPERISTALTICPUMPINGSYSTEMTHESYSTEMASSHOWNINFIG1CONSISTSOFPERISTALTICPUMPHEAD,STEPPERMOTORWITHGEARBOX,MOTORDRIVERANDCONTROLLERTHEPUMPHEADWASCONSTRUCTEDBYHOUSINGBODYANDAROTORWITHTWOROLLERSATTACHEDONITANELASTICTUBEISFITTEDTOASEMICIRCULARCHAMBERTHATPARTLYSURROUNDSTHEROTORANDTHETRANSFERREDFLUIDGETSINCONTACTONLYWITHTHEINSIDEOFTHETUBINGANDHENCELOWERINGTHERISKOFCONTAMINATION2THETUBESETISCHANGEDBETWEENEACHPATIENTWHENTHEPUMPISINOPERATION,ONEROLLERWILLPRESSTHEELASTICTUBESEGMENTTOTHEHOUSINGANDFORCETHEBLOODTOMOVEFORWARDBEFORETHEFIRSTROLLERREACHESTHEENDOFTHEHOUSINGANDRELEASETHEMANIFOLD,THESECONDROLLERWILLCLOSETUBESEGMENTPREVENTINGTHEBACKFLOW3,4THECOMPRESSIONOFTHEPLASTICTUBEINDUCESARESISTANCEONTHEPUMPMOTORWHICHWILLCREATEARELATIVELYLARGEPRESSUREDISTURBANCEINTHEFLUIDFLOWFIGURE1PERISTALTICBLOODPUMPSYSTEMINORDERTOGETTHEACCURATEBLOODVOLUMETOBETRANSFERRED,CONTROLLINGTHEPUMPSPEEDISIMPORTANTINHEMODIALYSISTHEPUMPSPEEDCANBESETBYCONTROLLINGTHEAMOUNTOFCURRENTSINJECTEDBYTHEELECTRONICMOTORDRIVERSUCHCURRENTSARECONVERTEDTOPWMDUTYCYCLEFORPOWERINGTHEPHASECOILS,ANDHENCECHANGINGTHEMOTORSPEEDSINTHECASEOFPERISTALTICBLOODPUMP,THEPWMDUTYCYCLESARENOTCONSTANTSINCETHELOADISDYNAMICS,DEPENDINGONTHEAMOUNTTRANSFEREDFLUIDVOLUME21ELECTRICALMODELSCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFSTEPPERMOTORDRIVERISSHOWNINFIG2IFTWOPHASESTEPPERMOTORUSEDFORDRIVINGTHEPUMP,EACHOFTHETWOELECTRICALPHASESOFTHESTEPPERMOTORCANBEMODELLEDASRLCIRCUITANDBACKELECTROMOTIVEFORCEASFOLLOW5,TUTETIRDTTDILJJJWJW????FORJA,B1WHEREMMMAPKTE??SIN??2MMMBPKTE??SIN?3CONTROLLERPERISTALTICPUMPSTEPPERMOTORMOTORDRIVER
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