簡介：CHINESEJOURNALOFAERONAUTICSCHINESEJOURNALOFAERONAUTICS212008247251WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/CJAHEADPURSUITVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAWFORTHREEDIMENSIONALSPACEINTERCEPTIONGELIANZHENG,SHENYI,GAOYUNFENG,ZHAOLIJUNDEPARTMENTOFCONTROLSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,HARBININSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,HARBIN150001,CHINARECEIVED21SEPTEMBER2007ACCEPTED25DECEMBER2007ABSTRACTTHISARTICLEAIMSTODEVELOPAHEADPURSUITHPGUIDANCELAWFORTHREEDIMENSIONALHYPERVELOCITYINTERCEPTION,SOTHATTHEEFFECTOFTHEPERTURBATIONINDUCEDBYSEEKERDETECTIONCANBEREDUCEDONTHEBASISOFANOVELHPTHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEMODEL,ANONLINEARVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAWISPRESENTEDBYUSINGLYAPUNOVSTABILITYTHEORYTHEGUIDANCELAWPOSITIONSTHEINTERCEPTORAHEADOFTHETARGETONITSFLIGHTTRAJECTORY,ANDTHESPEEDOFTHEINTERCEPTORISREQUIREDTOBELOWERTHANTHATOFTHETARGETANUMERICALEXAMPLEOFMANEUVERINGBALLISTICTARGETINTERCEPTIONVERIFIESTHERIGHTNESSOFTHEGUIDANCEMODELANDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEPROPOSEDMETHODKEYWORDSHEADPURSUITTHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEMODELNONLINEARVARIABLESTRUCTURELYAPUNOVSTABILITYTHEORYGUIDANCELAW1INTRODUCTION1INTACTICALBALLISTICMISSILEINTERCEPTION,MANYINTERCEPTORSEMPLOYANINFRAREDSEEKERTODETECTTHETARGETHOWEVER,THEDETECTIONPRECISIONISOFTENDEGRADEDBYAERODYNAMICHEATING1TOSOLVETHEAERODYNAMICABLATIONPROBLEM,AHEADPURSUITHPGUIDANCELAW,WHICHPOSITIONSTHEINTERCEPTORMISSILEAHEADOFTHETARGETONITSFLIGHTTRAJECTORYTODESTROYTHETARGET,HASBEENDEVELOPEDRECENTLY2USINGTHISGUIDANCELAW,THEINTERCEPTORCANFLYINTHESAMEDIRECTIONWITHTHETARGETATALOWERSPEEDTHANTHATOFTHETARGETCOMPAREDTOAHEADONENGAGEMENT,THELOWCLOSINGSPEEDISACHIEVEDWITHREDUCEDENERGYREQUIREMENTSTHEHPGUIDANCEMETHODISFURTHERIMPROVEDINREFS34,WHERETHERELATIVEMOTIONMODELISSEPARATEDINTOTWOPERPENDICULARCHANNELSANDTHEGUIDANCEPROBLEMCANBETREATEDASAPLANARPROBLEMINEACHOFTHOSECORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL8645186418285EMAILADDRESSGELZHITEDUCNCHANNELSBASEDUPONTHEPLANARMODEL,AHPVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAWISTHENDEVELOPEDHOWEVER,ASTHEACTUALMISSILEINTERCEPTIONOCCURSINTHREEDIMENSIONALSPACE,ATHREEDIMENSIONALHPGUIDANCEMETHODISMOREUSEFULINPRACTICALAPPLICATIONSVARIOUSCLASSICGUIDANCEMETHODSHAVEBEENEXAMINEDFORIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEINTERCEPTIONSINCETHEORIGINATIONOFTHETHREEDIMENSIONALPUREPROPORTIONALNAVIGATIONGUIDANCELAWPROPOSEDBYADLER5REFS611HAVEDEVELOPEDTHETHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEMODELANDGIVENAGUIDANCELAWBASEDONLYAPUNOVSTABILITYTHEORYTHESEGUIDANCELAWSAREONLYSUITABLEFORHEADONINTERCEPTION,THEIRINTERCEPTIONSTYLESANDKINEMATICSMODELSAREDIFFERENTFROMTHEHPGUIDANCEMETHODASANINTUITIVEANDROBUSTCONTROLTECHNIQUE,THESLIDINGMODEVARIABLESTRUCTURECONTROL1215HASBEENUTILIZEDINVARIOUSGUIDANCEAPPLICATIONSTOADDRESSHIGHLYNONLINEARSYSTEMSGELIANZHENGETAL/CHINESEJOURNALOFAERONAUTICS212008247251249MT00LIM0,LIM0RRΘΘ→→8MT00LIM0,LIM0RRΦΦ→→9THEOBJECTIVEOFTHEHPGUIDANCELAWISTOBRINGTHEINTERCEPTORTOTHEPOINT,WHICHISCONFINEDBYEQS89HENCE,THEINTERCEPTOR’SLEADANGLESMΘANDMΦA(chǔ)REREQUIREDTOBEPROPORTIONALTOTHETARGET’SLEADANGLESRELATIVETOLOSM1TM2T,NNΦΦΘΘ10WHEREN1ANDN2ARETHEGUIDANCECONSTANTSTHUS,THERELATIONSMENTIONEDEARLIERCANGUARANTEETHATΘMVANISHESWITHΘT,ANDΦMVANISHESWITHΦTITISTHENNECESSARYTOFINDOUTTHERELATIONBETWEENTHEANGULARCONDITIONDEFINEDBYEQ10ANDTHEINTERCEPTORACCELERATION3HPVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAW31VARIABLESTRUCTURECONTROLLAWCONSIDERINGTHENONLINEARMULTIPLEINPUTMULTIPLEOUTPUTMIMOUNCERTAINSYSTEM12,,,TTTTTXFXGXUGXW?11WHEREN∈RXISTHESTATEVARIABLE,PT∈RUTHECONTROLVARIABLE,AND,TFXTHEUNCERTAINNONLINEARITEM1,TGXAND2,TGXAREVECTORFUNCTIONS,WHICHHAVESUITABLEDIMENSIONST∈WSRISTHEACCELERATIONDISTURBANCEOFTHETARGETANDLIMITEDBY0TB?00VV?ITISEASILYCHECKEDTHAT?00VXHENCE,THESYSTEMISASYMPTOTICALLYSTABLE,ANDTHECONDITIONSOFTHESLIDINGMODEVARIABLESTRUCTURECONTROLTHEORYARESATISFIED,THUSLEMMA1HOLDS32THEDESIGNOFNONLINEARGUIDANCELAWITFOLLOWSTHATTOREALIZETHECONTROLLAWONEONLYNEEDSTOKNOWTHESCOPEOFACCELERATIONOFTHETARGET,ANDITCANBEAPPLIEDINTHECOURSEOFINTERCEPTINGTHEUNKNOWNACCELERATIONTARGETUSUALLYNOCONTROLISTAKENINTHELOSDIRECTION,ASLONGASOTHERPARAMETERSAREKEPTSLIDINGONTHESLIDINGSURFACEWHENTHETARGETCATCHESTHEINTERCEPTOR,THEGUIDANCECONTROLISCOMPLETEDTHEOTHERCOUPLINGPARAMETERSCANBETREATEDASDISTURBANCES,SOONECANDESIGNTHEGUIDANCELAWBYUSINGTHEDESIGNMETHOD16OFSINGLECHANNELTHEAUTHORSHAVEDESIGNTHENONLINEARVARIABLECONTROLGUIDANCELAWBYUSINGTHEYAWCHANNELASANEXAMPLETHEAIMISTOBRINGTHESYSTEMINTOTHESLIDINGSURFACEANDKEEPTHEDYNAMICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESYSTEMACCORDINGTOEQS11,1314,THEVARIABLESAREDEFINEDASUTMZAISTHECONTROLVARIABLETTZWAISTHEACCELERATIONOFTHETARGET,WHICHISASYSTEMDISTURBANCE,12XXX

簡介：EXPERIMENTALSTUDYONTHEPACKINGOFUNIFORMSPHERESUNDERTHREEDIMENSIONALVIBRATIONCXLIA,XZANA,?,RYYANGB,RPZOUB,ABYUBASCHOOLOFMATERIALSANDMETALLURGY,NORTHEASTERNUNIVERSITY,SHENYANG110004,PRCHINABLABORATORYFORSIMULATIONANDMODELINGOFPARTICULATESYSTEM,SCHOOLOFMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFNEWSOUTHWALES,SYDNEY2052,AUSTRALIAABSTRACTARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED27AUGUST2010RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM8DECEMBER2010ACCEPTED31DECEMBER2010AVAILABLEONLINE15JANUARY2011KEYWORDSPARTICLEPACKINGDENSIFICATION3DVIBRATIONPACKINGDENSITYBATCHWISEFEEDINGDENSIFICATIONOFMONOSIZEDSPHEREPACKINGSUNDERTHREEDIMENSIONAL3DVIBRATIONISEXPERIMENTALLYSTUDIEDTHEEFFECTSOFANOPERATIONALCONDITION,SUCHASVIBRATIONAMPLITUDEANDFREQUENCYANDFEEDINGMETHOD,ONPACKINGDENSITYARESYSTEMATICALLYINVESTIGATEDTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHEDENSEPACKINGSCANBEACHIEVEDBYPROPERCONTROLOFBOTHVIBRATIONAMPLITUDEANDFREQUENCYTHEFEEDINGMETHODPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINDENSIFICATIONHIGHERPACKINGDENSITIESCANBEOBTAINEDWHENTHENUMBEROFPARTICLESFEDPERBATCHISLESSTHANONELAYERPACKINGDENSITYDECREASESWITHINCREASINGNUMBEROFPARTICLESFEDPERBATCH,BUTKEEPSCONSTANTWHENTHENUMBEROFPARTICLESPERBATCHISLARGERTHANTHREELAYERSTHROUGHTHEEXTRAPOLATIONONPACKINGDENSITYOBTAINEDFROMDIFFERENTSIZEDCONTAINERS,THEMAXIMUMPACKINGDENSITYIS069FORTHETOTALFEEDINGMETHODAND074FORTHEBATCHWISEFEEDINGUNDERTHEPRESENTEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONTHEFORMATIONOFORDEREDSTRUCTUREISDISCUSSEDBASEDONTHEPARTICLEINTERLAYERDIFFUSION?2011ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONPARTICLEPACKINGISANIMPORTANTSUBJECTINSCIENTIFICRESEARCHANDINDUSTRIALAPPLICATIONS1–7THREEREPRODUCIBLESTATESCANBEIDENTIFIEDINTERMSOFPACKINGDENSITY2,9–12RANDOMLOOSEPACKINGRLP,Ρ≤060,RANDOMCLOSEPACKINGRCP,Ρ064ANDORDEREDFCCFACECENTEREDCUBICORHCPHEXAGONALCLOSEDPACKEDPACKINGSΡ07405THESESTATESANDTHEIRCORRELATIONTRANSITION,ASINDICATEDINAPHASEDIAGRAM13,ATTRACTINCREASINGINTERESTSVIBRATIONISACOMMONMETHODTOACHIEVETHETRANSITIONFROMLOOSETODENSEPACKINGS,ANDMANYEFFORTSHAVEBEENSPENTINTHISAREA2,8–11,14–24WERECENTLYCARRIEDOUTASYSTEMATICSTUDYOFTHEDENSIFICATIONOFMONOSIZEDSPHERESUNDERVIBRATIONINTHEVERTICALDIRECTIONTHEEFFECTSOFVIBRATIONCONDITIONANDFEEDINGMETHODWEREINVESTIGATEDTHEMAXIMUMPACKINGDENSITYCANREACH0636INTHETOTALFEEDINGMETHODAND0663USINGTHEBATCHWISEFEEDINGMETHOD,INDICATINGDIFFERENTDENSIFICATIONMECHANISMSPREVIOUSSTUDIES,HOWEVER,LARGELYFOCUSEDONONEDIMENSIONAL1DVIBRATION,ANDTHEMAXIMUMPACKINGDENSITYOBTAINEDISSTILLRELATIVELYLOW064–066DEPENDINGONTHEFEEDINGMETHODHOWTOACHIEVEPHYSICALLYTHETRANSITIONFROMADISORDEREDRANDOMTOANORDEREDREGULARSTRUCTUREISSTILLANOPENQUESTION25,26EARLIERWORKCONDUCTEDBYOWEBERGETAL15ONPACKINGSOFMONOSIZEDSTEELBALLBEARINGSINDICATEDTHAT3DVIBRATIONSCANPRODUCEANEARLYPERFECTHCPSTRUCTUREWHILETHEIRVIBRATIONCONDITIONSARENOTQUITECLEAR,THEIRRESULTSINDICATEDTHAT3DMECHANICALVIBRATIONISANEFFECTIVEWAYTOOBTAINMUCHHIGHERPACKINGDENSITYSOMESTUDIESHAVEALSOCLAIMEDTOACHIEVEORDEREDPACKINGS12,15,27–33NEARLYALLOFTHEMWEREONTHENUMERICALBASISORUNDERSPECIALPACKINGCONDITIONSINPHYSICALEXPERIMENTSEG,PACKINGSPHERESMANUALLYSYSTEMATICANALYSISOFVIBRATEDDENSIFICATIONOFEQUALSPHERESUNDER3DVIBRATIONINPHYSICALEXPERIMENTSHASNOTBEENCARRIEDOUTTHISPAPERISTOSYSTEMATICALLYSTUDYTHEDENSIFICATIONOFSPHEREPACKINGUNDER3DVIBRATIONTHEROLESOFVIBRATIONPARAMETERSSUCHASAMPLITUDEAANDFREQUENCYΩ,CONTAINERSIZEANDFEEDINGMETHODWILLBEINVESTIGATEDTHEFOCUSESOFTHISWORKARETOREPRODUCEPHYSICALLYTHETRANSITIONFROMADISORDEREDTOANORDEREDSTATEANDTOIDENTIFYTHEFORMEDORDEREDSTRUCTUREANDDENSIFICATIONMECHANISM2EXPERIMENTALMETHODANDCONDITIONSTHEPHYSICALEXPERIMENTSWERECARRIEDOUTUSINGA3DVIBRATIONDEVICEASSHOWNINFIG1THISSETUPISABLETOVIBRATEINDEPENDENTLYINTHREEDIRECTIONSWITHDIFFERENTAMPLITUDESANDFREQUENCIESTHEVIBRATIONSINTHREEDIRECTIONSAREDRIVENBYTHREEMOTORSWHOSEAMPLITUDESANDFREQUENCIESCANBECONTROLLEDINDEPENDENTLYBYCAMSANDTRANSDUCERSINTHISWORK,WEEMPLOYEDTHESAMEAANDΩINTHETHREEVIBRATIONDIRECTIONS,SOTHEPHASEDIFFERENCEISZEROINTHREECOMPONENTSANDTHEMOVEMENTISINASTRAIGHTLINEUNDERTHISCONDITION,ITISCONSIDEREDTHATTHEPHASEANGLEOFVIBRATIONHASNOEFFECTTHEEXPERIMENTALPROCEDUREWASASFOLLOWSFIRST,GLASSBEADSOFDIAMETERD502MM±0065ANDCONTAINERSMADEOFPMMAMATERIALWERECLEANEDUSINGDISTILLEDWATERANDDRIEDINANOVENAT60°CTHENPOWDERTECHNOLOGY2082011617–622?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORROOM202,METALLURGYBUILDING,SCHOOLOFMATERIALSANDMETALLURGY,NORTHEASTERNUNIVERSITY,SHENYANG110004,LIAONING,PRCHINATEL862483686465FAX862423906316EMAILADDRESSANXZMAILNEUEDUCNXZAN00325910/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2011ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JPOWTEC201012029CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTPOWDERTECHNOLOGYJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/POWTECΩTOHAVETHEDENSEPACKINGSIMILAREFFECTSOFAONΡHAVEALSOBEENIDENTIFIEDINOURPREVIOUSNUMERICALANDPHYSICALWORK10,11,33THEREFORE,PROPERCHOICEOFAANDΩISTHEKEYTOACHIEVINGTHEDENSESTPACKINGTHECOMBINEDINFLUENCEOFAANDΩONΡISSHOWNINFIG5,INDICATINGTHATAHIGHERPACKINGDENSITYCANBEOBTAINEDWITHRELATIVELYSMALLERAANDLARGERΩORVICEVERSAITISKNOWNTHATTHECOMBINEDEFFECTOFAANDΩCANBEASCRIBEDTOVIBRATIONINTENSITYANINDICATIONOFTHEPEAKACCELERATIONDEFINEDASΓAΩ2VARIATIONSINEITHERAORΩGIVEDIFFERENTVIBRATIONINTENSITIESΓ,WHICHCREATESEFFECTSONVIBRATEDCOMPACTIONALARGERΓNOTONLYACCELERATESTHEREARRANGEMENTOFPARTICLESDURINGDENSIFICATION,BUTALSOELIMINATESTHE“BRIDGE”O(jiān)R“ARCH”STRUCTUREFORMEDINTHEINITIALPACKINGHOWEVER,IFΓISTOOHIGH,THERESULTEDHIGHVIBRATIONINTENSITYWILLOVEREXCITEPARTICLES,WHICHHASNEGATIVEEFFECTSONTHEFORMATIONOFADENSESTRUCTURETHEVARIATIONOFPACKINGDENSITYWITHΓINFIG6INDICATESTHATDENSEPACKINGCANBEFORMEDWHENΓISBETWEEN08GAND15G,WHICHISNARROWERTHANTHATINTHECASEOF1DVIBRATEDPACKING11ALSODIFFERENTPACKINGDENSITIESCANBEOBTAINEDEVENIFΓHASTHESAMEVALUE,WHICHCONFIRMEDOURPREVIOUSFINDINGSTHATΓCANNOTBEUSEDTOCHARACTERIZEPACKINGDENSIFICATION,INSTEADAANDΩORΓANDAORΩSHOULDBESEPARATELYCONSIDERED10,11312EFFECTOFCONTAINERSIZEINADDITIONTOTHEEFFECTOFVIBRATIONCONDITION,CONTAINERSIZECANALSOCREATEASIGNIFICANTEFFECTONΡFIG7SHOWSTHEFINALPACKINGDENSITYOBTAINEDWITHDIFFERENTSIZEDCONTAINERSITCANBESEENTHATTHEEXTRAPOLATEDPACKINGDENSITIESFORINFINITESIZEDCONTAINERAREHIGHERTHANTHEPACKINGDENSITYOFRCPAROUND064,INDICATINGTHAT3DVIBRATIONISASIMPLEWAYTOREALIZEAMUCHDENSERPACKINGCOMPAREDWITH1DVIBRATIONFROMTHECONTAINERWALL,WECOULDOBSERVETHEPARTIALLYORDEREDSTRUCTUREINTHEFINALPACKINGS,WHICHINDICATESTHATTHEPACKINGSARENOLONGERCOMPLETELYRANDOM32VIBRATIONWITHBATCHWISEFEEDING321EFFECTOFNUMBEROFPARTICLESPERBATCHINTHEBATCHWISEFEEDING,THENUMBEROFPARTICLESINABATCHNBPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEDENSIFICATIONFIG8INDICATESTHATPACKINGDENSITYΡDECREASESWITHNBFORDIFFERENTVIBRATIONFREQUENCIESTHEREIS020304050607080910057205850598061106240637065006630676PACKINGDENSITYAMPLITUDE,DΩ30RAD/SΩ50RAD/SΩ55RAD/SΩ60RAD/SΩ65RAD/SΩ80RAD/SFIG4AMPLITUDEEFFECTSONPACKINGDENSITYWITHDIFFERENTFREQUENCIES,WHERED22970MMFIG5COMBINEDINFLUENCEOFAMPLITUDEANDFREQUENCYONPACKINGDENSITY,WHERED22970MM000306091215182124060061062063064065066067068A02DA04DA06DA08DA10DPACKINGDENSITYVIBRATIONINTENSITY,GFIG6VIBRATIONINTENSITYEFFECTSONPACKINGDENSITYWITHDIFFERENTAMPLITUDESANDFREQUENCIES,WHERED22970MM00100200300400500600706440651065806650672067906860693Ρ05545X06890Ρ04871X06842Ρ05913X06826Ρ05238X06777Ρ04673X06730PACKINGDENSITYD/DFIG7EXTRAPOLATIONOFPACKINGDENSITYTOAVOIDCONTAINERWALLEFFECTSINTOTALFEEDING,WHERE□,A02D,Ω120RAD/S●,A04D,Ω70RAD/S△,A06D,Ω55RAD/S○,A08D,Ω50RAD/SANDA10D,Ω45RAD/SEACHEQUATIONINSIDEISTHELINEARFITFORPACKINGUNDERVIBRATIONS,WHEREXD/D619CXLIETAL/POWDERTECHNOLOGY2082011617–622

簡介：DETERMINATIONOFLIFTERDESIGN,SPEEDANDFILLINGEFFECTSINAGMILLSBY3DDEMNDJORDJEVIC,FNSHI,RMORRISONJULIUSKRUTTSCHNITTMINERALRESEARCHCENTRE,THEUNIVERSITYOFQUEENSLAND,BRISBANE4068,AUSTRALIARECEIVED28APRIL2004ACCEPTED1JUNE2004ABSTRACTTHEPOWERREQUIREDTOOPERATELARGEGYRATORYMILLSOFTENEXCEEDS10MWHENCE,OPTIMISATIONOFTHEPOWERCONSUMPTIONWILLHAVEASIGNIFICANTIMPACTONTHEOVERALLECONOMICPERFORMANCEANDENVIRONMENTALIMPACTOFTHEMINERALPROCESSINGPLANTINMOSTOFTHEPUBLISHEDMODELSOFTUMBLINGMILLSEGMORRELL,S,1996POWERDRAWOFWETTUMBLINGMILLSANDITSRELATIONSHIPTOCHARGEDYNAMICS,PART2ANEMPIRICALAPPROACHTOMODELLINGOFMILLPOWERDRAWTRANSINSTMININGMETALLSECTIONCMINERALPROCESSINGEXTMETALL105,C54–C62AUSTIN,LG,1990AMILLPOWEREQUATIONFORSAGMILLSMINERMETALLPROCESS57–62,THEEFFECTOFLIFTERDESIGNANDITSINTERACTIONWITHMILLSPEEDANDFILLINGARENOTINCORPORATEDRECENTEXPERIENCESUGGESTSTHATTHEREISANOPPORTUNITYFORIMPROVINGGRINDINGEFFICIENCYBYCHOOSINGTHEAPPROPRIATECOMBINATIONOFTHESEVARIABLESHOWEVER,ITISDIFFICULTTOEXPERIMENTALLYDETERMINETHEINTERACTIONSOFTHESEVARIABLESINAFULLSCALEMILLALTHOUGHSOMEWORKHASRECENTLYBEENPUBLISHEDUSINGDEMSIMULATIONS,ITWASBASICALLYLIMITEDTO2DTHEDISCRETEELEMENTCODE,PARTICLEFLOWCODE3DPFC3D,HASBEENUSEDINTHISWORKTOMODELTHEEFFECTSOFLIFTERHEIGHT5–25CMANDMILLSPEED50–90OFCRITICALONTHEPOWERDRAWANDFREQUENCYDISTRIBUTIONOFSPECIFICENERGYJ/KGOFNORMALIMPACTSINA5MDIAMETERAUTOGENOUSAGMILLITWASFOUNDTHATTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEIMPACTENERGYISAFFECTEDBYTHENUMBEROFLIFTERS,LIFTERHEIGHT,MILLSPEEDANDMILLFILLINGINTERACTIONSOFLIFTERDESIGN,MILLSPEEDANDMILLFILLINGAREDEMONSTRATEDTHROUGHTHREEDIMENSIONALDISTINCTELEMENTMETHODS3DDEMMODELLINGTHEINTENSITYOFTHEINDUCEDSTRESSESSHEARANDNORMALONLIFTERS,ANDHENCETHELIFTERWEAR,ISALSOSIMULATED?2004ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSCOMMINUTIONGRINDINGMODELLINGDEM1INTRODUCTIONTHEPOWERREQUIREDTOOPERATELARGEMILLSOFTENEXCEEDS10MWTHEREFORE,OPTIMISATIONOFTHEPOWERUTILISATIONWILLHAVEASIGNIFICANTIMPACTONTHEOVERALLECONOMICPERFORMANCEANDENVIRONMENTALIMPACTOFTHEMINERALPROCESSINGPLANTRECENTEXPERIENCESUGGESTSTHATTHEREISANOPPORTUNITYFORIMPROVINGGRINDINGEFFICIENCYBYCHOOSINGTHEAPPROPRIATECOMBINATIONOFMILLSPEED,FILLINGANDLIFTERDESIGNHOWEVER,ITISDIFFICULTTOEXPERIMENTALLYDETERMINETHEINTERACTIONSOFTHESEVARIABLESINAFULLSCALEMILLTHEDISCRETEELEMENTMETHODDEMHASBEENPROVEDTOBEAUSEFULTOOLINMILLINGSIMULATIONANDOPTIMISATIONANUMBEROFPAPERSHAVEBEENPUBLISHEDINTHELITERATUREBYUSINGDEMINMODELLINGANDSIMULATIONOFCOMMINUTIONDEVICES,MAJORITYOFTHEMBEINGLIMITEDIN2DHLUNGWANIETAL2003USEDA2DLABORATORYBALLMILLTOVALIDATETHEDEMMODELLINGOFLINERPROFILEANDMILLSPEEDEFFECTSCLEARY1998,2001USEDDEMTOINVESTIGATECHARGEBEHAVIOURANDPOWERCONSUMPTION08926875/SEEFRONTMATTER?2004ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JMINENG200406033CORRESPONDINGAUTHORPRESENTADDRESSJKMRC,ISLESROAD,INDOOROOPILLY4096,AUSTRALIATEL61733655888FAX61733655999EMAILADDRESSNDJORDJEVICUQEDUAUNDJORDJEVICTHISARTICLEISALSOAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/MINENGMINERALSENGINEERING1720041135–1142OFTHELIFTERSVARIEDBETWEEN5AND25CMFOREACHLIFTERGEOMETRY,THEROTATIONALVELOCITYOFTHEMILLWASVARIEDINTHERANGE50–90OFCRITICALSPEEDINORDERTODETERMINETHEEFFECTOFLIFTERSANDMILLSPEEDONTHEEFFECTIVEPOWERDRAWOFTHEMILLITISNECESSARYTODETERMINETHEPOWERDRAWWITHOUTANYLIFTINGACTIONFIRSTTHISCANBEACHIEVEDBYCALCULATIONOFTHENOLIFTERSPOWERWITHACOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONBEINGSETTONILITISPOSSIBLETHATINSUCHACASE,POWERDRAWWILLBEMINIMALORNIL,DUETOTHESYMMETRICSHAPEOFTHECHARGEAROUNDTHEVERTICALAXISOFTHEMILL,FIG1THESECONDPHASEINCLUDESINTRODUCTIONOFTHEMILLFRICTIONTHETHIRDPHASEINCLUDESINTRODUCTIONOFLIFTERSOFCONSTANTWIDTHANDNUMBER,BUTOFDIFFERENTHEIGHTFOREACHLIFTERHEIGHTPOWERDRAWSATDIFFERENTMILLSPEEDSWEREDETERMINEDBYCOMPARINGMODELLEDPOWERDRAWSWITHTHOSEOFTHENOLIFTERMILL,THEEFFECTOFEACHNEWVARIABLEOFMILLDESIGNANDOPERATINGCONDITIONSCANBEDETERMINEDINTHESIMULATIONSNORMALANDSHEARSTIFFNESSOFTHEPARTICLESWERESET1105N/MANDDENSITY2650KG/M3THEPOWERDRAWOFTHEMILLCOMPRISESTHEPOWERCONSUMEDINROTATINGTHEEMPTYMILLNOLOADPOWER,TOABRADETHECHARGEWITHOUTLIFTINGTHEPARTICLES,ANDTOLIFTTHECHARGEWHICHMAYEVENTUALLYRESULTINIMPACTBREAKAGENOTETHATTHISISNOTTHESAMEASTHENOLOADPOWERINAREALMILLWHICHREQUIRESENERGYTOOVERCOMEFRICTIONINBEARINGANDLOSSESWITHINMILLMOTORINTHECASEOFMILLWITHOUTLIFTERSANDINWHICHTHECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONISSETTOZERO,THEPOWERDRAWOFTHEREALMILLISONLYAFORMOFNOLOADPOWERTHEREISNOPOWERBEINGTRANSFERREDTOTHECHARGETHEESSENTIALROLEOFLIFTERSISHIGHLIGHTEDBYTHEFACTTHATWITHOUTTHEMTHEREWOULDBEESSENTIALLYNONETPOWERDRAWASSUMINGFIG2CHARGESHAPESFORTHEMILLWITHLIFTERSOFVARIOUSHEIGHTS,ALLWITHACOEFFICIENTOFFRICTION03ANOLIFTER,B5CMLIFTERS,C10CMLIFTERS,D15CMLIFTERS,E20CMLIFTERS,ANDF25CMLIFTERSTABLE1PARTICLESIZEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEMODELLEDMILLCHARGEPARTICLEDIAMETERMMNUMBEROFPARTICLES?1509096?9075164?7553290?53375684?375281336?28202378TOTAL4948NDJORDJEVICETAL/MINERALSENGINEERING1720041135–11421137

簡介：3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHSPREPAREDBYULTRASONICIRRADIATIONNATTAPORNTONANONA,,ADISAKSIYASUKHA,YUNYONGWAREENINA,TAWATCHAICHARINPANITKULA,WIWUTTANTHAPANICHAKOONB,HIROTOMONISHIHARAC,SHINRMUKAIC,HAJIMETAMONCADEPARTMENTOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,FACULTYOFENGINEERING,CHULALONGKORNUNIVERSITY,BANGKOK10330,THAILANDBNATIONALNANOTECHNOLOGYCENTER,111THAILANDSCIENCEPARK,KLONGLUANG,PATHUMTHANI12120,THAILANDCDEPARTMENTOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,GRADUATESCHOOLOFENGINEERING,KYOTOUNIVERSITY,KATSURA,KYOTO6158510,JAPANRECEIVED4FEBRUARY2005ACCEPTED26MAY2005AVAILABLEONLINE11JULY2005ABSTRACTANEWMETHODINPREPARATIONOF3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHHASBEENINTRODUCEDULTRASONICIRRADIATIONULTRASONICINTENSITY78W/CM2ANDLOWCATALYSTCONCENTRATIONC/W10MOL/M3OFRFSOLUTIONAREUSEDASANINTERESTINGANDUNIQUEPREPARATIONMETHODFOR3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSSONOGELGELIRRADIATEDBYULTRASOUNDATGELATIONSTAGEAND/OR3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHWITHOUTUSINGTEMPLATES?2005ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSPOROUSCARBONPYROLYSISADSORPTIONSCANNINGELECTRONMICROSCOPYPOROSITYMACROPOROUSMONOLITHISANINTERESTINGSTRUCTURETHATHASINTERCONNECTEDSKELETONSINASINGLECOLUMN,ANDTHISUNIQUESTRUCTUREALLOWSFLOWPATHSTHROUGHPORESTHROUGHTHEMONOLITHICCOLUMNS1,2CARBONMONOLITHHASHIGHPOTENTIALTOBEGOODCANDIDATESFORAPPLICATIONSSUCHASCOLUMNSFORCHROMATOGRAPHY,CATALYSTSUPPORTS,ADSORBENTSANDPOROUSELECTRODESUNDERCONTINUOUSFLOWCONDITIONSMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHSAREMOSTLYPREPAREDBYUSINGCARBONPRECURSORSANDMACROSCOPICSHAPETEMPLATES3–7INGENERAL,MACROSCOPICSHAPETEMPLATESAREINTERCONNECTEDSKELETONSUCHASSILICATEMPLATE,ZEOLITE,STABLEEMULSIONS,POLYMERLATEXANDTHEINTERSTITIALVOLUMEOFOTHERPOROUSSTRUCTURESCARBONPRECURSORSAREPOLYMERICMATERIALSORPRECURSOROFPOLYMERICMATERIALSSUCHASSUCROSE,SOMETHERMOPLASTICS,PHENOLICRESIN,COPOLYMERIZATIONOFRESORCINOLFEIICOMPLEX2ANDOTHERTHERMOSETTINGSTHEREARESOMEREPORTSONMACROPOROUSCARBONAEROGELSPREPAREDBYUSINGMETALCATALYST8ORACIDCATALYST9INTHISWORK,ANEWMETHODINPREPARATIONOF3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHHASBEENINTRODUCEDINGENERAL,ULTRASONICIRRADIATIONHASOUTSTANDINGEFFECTSINMANYCHEMICALREACTIONSSUCHASINCREASINGREACTIONRATESANDYIELDSOFPRODUCTS,SHORTENINGREACTIONTIME,ALTERINGTHEREACTIONPATHANDMAKINGMILDERREACTIONCONDITIONSPOSSIBLE10,11ANINTERESTINGROLEOFULTRASONICIRRADIATIONONMESOPOROUSPROPERTIESOFRFCARBONGELWHENTHERATIOOFCATALYSTTOWATERC/WORPHISHIGHWASALSOREPORTED10TOTHEBESTOFOURKNOWLEDGE,THISSTUDYISTHEFIRSTTOREPORTONTHEWORKOFULTRASONICIRRADIATIONULTRASONICINTENSITY78W/CM2TOGETHERWITHLOWCATALYSTCONCENTRATIONC/W10MOL/M3OFRFSOLUTIONASANINTERESTINGCARBON4320052808–2811WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/CARBON00086223/SEEFRONTMATTER?2005ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCARBON200505026CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL6622186865FAX6622186877EMAILADDRESSNATTAPORNTCHULAACTHNTONANONSHRINKAGEPERCENTAGE,NOTEMPLATEPREPARATIONANDTEMPLATEREMOVALINADDITIONTOTHISPRELIMINARYWORK,THEEFFECTOFR/CONTHESTRUCTUREOF3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHMICROWAVEDRYINGAT200WAFTERSOLVENTEXCHANGEWITHTBUTANOLHASBEENINVESTIGATEDINFIGS4AND5,R/C1200MOL/MOLGIVES3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHWITHSMALLERPOREDIAMETERSTHANR/C800MOL/MOL3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHFROMBOTHR/C800AND1200MOL/MOLSHOWNARROWPORESIZEDISTRIBUTIONSASSHOWNINFIG5ITISOBVIOUSLYSEENTHATR/CHASEFFECTSONTHESTRUCTUREOFINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHTHESERESULTSSUGGESTTHATTHEREISAPOSSIBILITYTOTAILORPORESTRUCTUREOF3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSSONOGELMONOLITHPRECURSOROF3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHDIRECTLYANDEFFECTIVELYATGELATIONSTAGEWITHSUITABLEREACTANTRATIOSOFRFSOLUTIONANDULTRASONICINTENSITYACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTHISRESEARCHWASPARTIALLYSUPPORTEDBYTHETHAIGOVERNMENTMATCHINGFUND,THETHAILANDRESEARCHFUNDSENIORRESEARCHERSCHOLARSHIP,THAIJAPANTECHNOLOGYTRANSFERPROJECTTJTTP/CHULALONGKORNUNIVERSITY,SILVERJUBILEERESEARCHFUND/CHULALONGKORNUNIVERSITY,NATIONALMETALANDMATERIALSTECHNOLOGYCENTERMTEC/THAILAND?SNATIONALSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTAGENCYNSTDAANDTHETHAILANDGRADUATEINSTITUTEOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYTGIST/NSTDAREFERENCES1TANAKAN,KOBAYASHIH,NAKANISHIK,MINAKUCHIH,ISHIZUKANANEWTYPEOFCHROMATOGRAPHICSUPPORTCOULDLEADTOHIGHERSEPARATIONEFFICIENCIESANALCHEM2001421A–9A00102030405060010110100POREDIAMETERMINCREMENTALVOLUMECM3/G1ΜF(xiàn)IG3MACROPORESIZEDISTRIBUTIONOFRFCARBONMONOLITHFIG4SEMMICROGRAPHCROSSSECTIONAT5000OFRFCARBONMONOLITHC/W10MOL/M3,MICROWAVEDRYING00102030405060010110100R/C800MOL/MOLR/C1200MOL/MOLPOREDIAMETERINCREMENTALVOLUMECM3/G1FIG5MACROPORESIZEDISTRIBUTIONOFRFCARBONMONOLITHC/W10MOL/M3,MICROWAVEDRYING2810NTONANONETAL/CARBON4320052808–2811

簡介：ZYYUEMAILZYUUNLSERVEUNLEDUKPRAJURKARATANDONDEPARTMENTOFINDUSTRIALREVISEDSEPTEMBER2,2004ASSOCIATEEDITORKDOHDAJOURNALOFMANUFACTURINGSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGNOVEMBER2004,VOL126?727ENLARGESTHEWORKINGAREAANDMOREABRASIVEGRAINSGETINVOLVEDINTHEMATERIALREMOVALTHETOOLISALSOIMPACTEDBYTHEABRASIVEGRAIN,WHICHCAUSESTHELOCALDEFORMATIONATTHETOOLWORKINGAREA,FOLLOWEDBYTHECRACKGENERATIONANDMATERIALREMOVALFROMTHETOOL,LEADINGTOTHETOOLWEARWHENTHESTATICLOADINCREASES,THEFORCEACTINGONTHETOOLINCREASES,RESULTINGINTHEINCREASEOFTHETOOLWEARASSHOWNINFIGS6AND7THEGENERATEDCRACKSATTHESHARPEDGEPORTIONOFATOOLLEADTOTOOLFRACTUREATTHEEDGEPORTIONMOREEASILYTHANTHECENTERPARTOFTHETOOLTHEPROPORTIONOFTHEWEARONTHEEDGEPARTINASMALLERSIZETOOLISHIGHERTHANALARGESIZETOOLTHEREFORE,THETOOLWEARINCREASESWITHTHEDECREASEINTOOLSIZEASSHOWNINFIGS6AND7ITISOBSERVEDTHATTHEGAPDECREASESWITHTHEINCREASEOFSTATICLOAD?FIG8?THESTATICLOADMAYALSOSUPPRESSTHELATERALVIBRATIONOFTHETOOLWHENTHESTATICLOADINCREASESTHEABOVEMENTIONEDEXPERIMENTALRESULTSINDICATETHEEXTENTOFTOOLWEARDURINGMICROUSMWHENA3DMICROSHAPEISMACHINED,ATOOLWITHMICROFEATURESISNEEDEDTOGENERATECORRESPONDINGMICROFEATURESHOWEVER,THEPREPARATIONOFACOMPLEXSHAPEDMICROTOOLISADIFFICULTTASKADDITIONALLY,ITISNECESSARYTOFABRICATESEVERALCOMPLEXSHAPEDMICROTOOLSTOREALIZETHEACCURACYREQUIREMENTSOFADESIGNPARTBECAUSEOFTHETOOLWEARDURINGMACHINING?20,21?THEUSEOFMULTIPLETOOLSLEADSTOTOOLALIGNMENTPROBLEMSTHEREFORE,ITISDIFFICULTANDUNECONOMICALTOFABRICATEANDUSEMULTIPLEMICROTOOLSTOSOLVETHESEPROBLEMS,ASIMPLESHAPEDTOOL,SUCHASACYLINDERORSQUARE,CANBEUSEDTOMOVEALONGADESIGNEDTOOLPATHTOGENERATE3DMICROSHAPESTHEWIREELECTRICALDISCHARGEGRINDING?WEDG?METHODISUSEDTOOBTAINSIMPLESHAPEDTOOLSWITHVARIOUSCROSSSECTIONS?22?AHIGHTOOLWEAROCCURRINGDURINGMACHININGPROHIBITSTHEUSEOFASINGLESIMPLESHAPEDTOOLTRAVELINGALONGTHECNCGENERATEDPATHTOMACHINECOMPLEX3DMICROCAVITIESTHEREFORE,ANAPPROACHOFINTEGRATINGTHEUNIFORMWEARMETHODWITHCAD/CAMSOFTWARE,WHICHCOMPENSATESTOOLWEARANDGENERATESDESIREDTOOLPATHS,ISUSEDINTHEFOLLOWINGATTEMPTTOGENERATE3DMICROCAVITIESBYUSMTHISAPPROACHHASBEENSUCCESSFULLYDEMONSTRATEDFORMICROEDM?23,24?3DMICROCAVITIESBYUSMTOGENERATECOMPLEX3DCAVITIESWITHDESIREDACCURACY,ITISNECESSARYTOCOMPENSATETHETOOLWEARANDGENERATETHETOOLPATHACCORDINGLYANINTRODUCTIONTOTHEUNIFORMWEARMETHODANDITSINTEGRATIONWITHACOMMERCIALCAD/CAMSOFTWAREISPRESENTEDBELOW?FROM?23,24??UNIFORMWEARMETHODTHESTATICLOADUSEDTOREMOVEMATERIALFROMWORKPIECEALSOCAUSESWEAROFTHEMICROTOOL,RESULTINGINLOCALDEFORMATIONANDCRACKSONTHEMICROTOOLSURFACETOGENERATEACCURATE3DMICROSHAPESITISNECESSARYTOCOMPENSATETHETOOLWEARINMICROUSMTHEBASICPRINCIPLEOFUNIFORMWEARMETHODISTHATUNDERCERTAINCONDITIONS,THESHAPEOFTHETOOLISREGAINEDDUETOTHETOOLWEARAFTERMACHININGONELAYERTHUS,ITMAYBECOMESHORTERINLENGTHBUTISABLETOREGAINTHESHAPETOENHANCETHISPHENOMENON,THETOOLPATHDESIGNMUSTINCLUDEFOLLOWINGRULESLAYERBYLAYERMACHININGTHE3DMICROSHAPESAREMACHINEDLAYERBYLAYERINTHEZAXISUSINGSIMPLESHAPEDTOOLSWITHASMALLTOOLFEEDTOEACHLAYER,THESHAPEOFTOOLTIPCANEASILYBERECOVEREDAFTERONELAYERMACHININGWITHOUTADETERIORATINGEFFECTONTHEMACHININGSURFACETOANDFROMSCANNINGINONELAYERMACHINING,THEMACHINEDSURFACEINCLINESFROMTHESTARTPOINTOFTOOLPATHSTOTHEENDPOINTOFTOOLPATHSBECAUSETHETOOLLENGTHBECOMESSHORTERDUETOTHEWEARINMACHININGREVERSINGTHETOOLPATHS,IE,TOANDFROMSCANNING,ISHELPFULINREDUCINGTHEINCLINATIONOFGENERATEDSURFACETHISCANBEVERIFIEDUSINGTHETOOLWEARMODELTOFURTHERIMPROVETHEMACHININGACCURACY,THECUTTINGANGLE,IE,THEDIRECTIONOFMAINPATHSISALSOCHANGEDTOOLPATHSOVERLAPPINGTHEEDGESANDCORNERSOFATOOLTIPAREWORNMOREEASILYTHANTHECENTERPARTUNDERTHEIMPACTOFULTRASONICVIBRATIONTHEROUNDEDEDGESANDCORNERSWILLBEREFLECTEDONTHEMACHINEDSURFACEWHENTHETOOLMOVESALONGTHEFIG5MRRVERSUSAVERAGESTATICLOADFIG6TOOLWEARLENGTHVERSUSAVERAGESTATICLOADFIG7TOOLWEARRATIOVERSUSAVERAGESTATICLOADFIG8GAPVERSUSAVERAGESTATICLOADJOURNALOFMANUFACTURINGSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGNOVEMBER2004,VOL126?729

簡介：MEASUREMENTOFTHETHREEDIMENSIONALTHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTSOFBERYLLIUMUSINGFIBERBRAGGGRATINGSENSORSXIUJUANYU1,2,YOULONGYU1,3,BAOJINPENG2,4,MINZHANG2,YANBIAOLIAO2,SHURONGLAI21RESEARCHINSTITUTEOFFIBEROPTICS,HEILONGJIANGUNIVERSITY,HARBIN,PRCHINA2DEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICSENGINEERING,TSINGHUAUNIVERSITY,BEIJING,PRCHINA3INSTITUTEOFOPTOELECTRONICALENGINEERING,JINANUNIVERSITY,GUANGZHOU,PRCHINA4INSTITUTEOFOPTICALINFORMATION,ZHEJIANGNORMALUNIVERSITY,ZHEJIANG,PRCHINAABSTRACTFIBERBRAGGGRATINGISSIMPLE,INTRINSICSENSINGELEMENTSWHICHCANBEPHOTOINSCRIBEDINTOASILICAFIBERITHASMANYADVANTAGESANDBEUSEFULFORAVARIETYOFAPPLICATIONINTHISPAPER,WEREPORTEDTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSOFMEASURINGTHETHREEDIMENSIONALTHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTSOFBERYLLIUMBYUSINGFIBERBRAGGGRATINGFBGSENSORSWITHINALARGETEMPERATURERANGEBETWEEN50AND150THREEFBGSENSORSWEREBONDEDONTHESURFACEOFTHEMATERIALINTHE℃℃DIRECTIONSOFX,Y,ZTOMEASURETHETHREEDIMENSIONALTHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTSANDAREFERENCEFBGSENSORWASUSEDTOCOMPENSATETHETEMPERATUREVARIATIONTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSSHOWTHATITCANBEUSEDINHARSHENVIRONMENTKEYWORDSFIBERBRAGGGRATINGSENSOR,THERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENT,THREEDIMENSIONAL,TEMPERATURE1INTRODUCTIONTHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTISONEOFTHEIMPORTANTPARAMETERSOFMATERIALSANUMBEROFCONVENTIONALELECTRICALMETHODSFORMEASURINGTHETHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTHAVEBEENREPORTED1,2,3,SUCHASTHEUSEOFELECTRICRESISTANCESTAINGAUGE,CHARGECOUPLEDDEVICECCDMETHOD,STRINGWIREETCHOWEVER,SUCHMETHODSARENOTSUITABLEFORMEASURINGTHEONEDIMENSIONALTHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTINHARSHENVIRONMENTWHENTHETEMPERATUREISULTRALOWANDTHESENSORSAREEASILYINFLUENCEDBYTHETEMPERATUREANDNOTIMMUNETOELECTROMAGNETICINTERFERENCEANDCORROSIONFBGSENSORSPOSSESSMANYADVANTAGESWHENCOMPAREDWITHCONVENTIONALELECTRICALTRANSDUCERS,SUCHASTHELIGHTWEIGHT,SENSITIVETOSTRAINANDTEMPERATUREVARIATIONS,LOWPOWERCONSUMPTION,RESISTANTTOCORROSIONANDFATIGUE,ANDIMMUNITYTOELECTROMAGNETICINTERFERENCEFBGSENSORSCANALSOBEEASILYBONDEDONTHESURFACEOFTHEMATERIALOREMBEDEDINTHESTRUCTURETOMEASURETHETHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENT,WITHOUTAFFECTINGTHESTRUCTURALINTEGRITYOFTHESTRUCTUREITSELFINADDITION,FBGSENSORSCANBEEASILYMULTIPLEXEDALONGASINGLEFIBERFORDISTRIBUTEDSENSINGINLARGEAREATHISPAPERPRESENTSTHEPRINCIPLEANDEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONOFMEASURINGTHETHREEDIMENSIONALTHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTSOFBERYLLIUMBYUSINGFBGSENSORSWITHINTHETEMPERATURERANGEFROM50TO140℃℃2PRINCIPLEAFIBEROPTICBRAGGGRATINGFBGISAPERMANENT,PERIODICPERTURBATIONOFTHEREFRACTIVEINDEXWHICHISLATERALLYEXPOSEDINTOTHECOREOFANOPTICALFIBER,EXTENDINGOVERALIMITEDLENGTHOFTHEFIBERTHEGRATINGISCHARACTERIZEDBYITSPERIOD,REFRACTIVEINDEXAMPLITUDEANDLENGTHSUCHAPERIODICSTRUCTUREACTSASAFILTERFORLIGHTTRAVELINGALONGTHEFIBERLINEITHASTHEPROPERTYOFREFLECTINGLIGHTINAPREDETERMINEDRANGEOFWAVELENGTHCENTEREDAROUNDAPEAKWAVELENGTHVALUETHISVALUE,THEBRAGGWAVELENGTHBΛ,ISGIVENASFOLLOWS42BEFFNΛΛ1WHEREISTHEMEANEFFECTIVEREFRACTIVEINDEXINTHEGRATINGREGIONANDEFFNΛI(xiàn)STHEGRATINGPERIODTHEINDEXMODULATIONTHESHIFTOFBRAGGWAVELENGTHCAUSEDBYSTRAINANDTEMPERATUREISGIVENASFOLLOWS1BEBPTΛΕΑΖΛ???2FIGURE1THEINTERROGATIONSCHEMEOFFBGSENSORS3YYZ54X21FIGURE2THEEXPERIMENTSETUPFORMEASURINGTHETHREEDIMENSIONALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENT1THEMEASUREDMATERIAL2STAGE3FBGINTHEDIRECTIONOFXAXIS4FBGINTHEDIRECTIONOFYAXIS5FBGINTHEDIRECTIONOFZAXISFIG3SHOWSTHEBRAGGWAVELENGTHRESPONSEOFTHEREFERENCEFBGWHENTHETEMPERATUREWASINCREASEDANDDROPPEDTWICETHESLOPEOFTHECURVEINFIGURE3IS001071BYLINEARFITTINGANDTHEFITTINGCORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTIS099907,THESTANDARDERRORIS001415ITISOBVIOUSLYTHATTHELINEARITYOFTHEBRAGGWAVELENGTHASAFUNCTIONOFTHETEMPERATUREISGOOD,WHICHMAKETHEFBGSUITABLEFORTEMPERATURESENSINGFIGURE4SHOWSTHEBRAGGWAVELENGTHOFTHETHREEFBGSBONDEDONTHESURFACESOFTHEMATERIALINTHEDIRECTIONSOFX,Y,Z,INTHEFUNCTIONOFTEMPERATURETHEWAVELENGTHSHIFTISCAUSEDBYBOTHTHESTRAINVARIATIONINDUCEDBYTHETHERMALEXPANSIONOFTHEMATERIALANDTHETEMPERATUREVARIATIONTHENCONSIDERINGTHETEMPERATURECOMPENSATING,THETHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTSINTHETHREEDIRECTIONOFX,Y,ZAREDIFFERENTANDCANBEOBTAINEDBYUSINGEQUATION5

簡介：RAPIDFABRICATIONOFTERAHERTZLENSVIATHREEDIMENSIONALPRINTINGTECHNOLOGYZHONGQIZHANG1,XULIWEI1,CHANGMINGLIU1,KEJIAWANG1,,JINSONGLIU1,ANDZHENGANGYANG21WUHANNATIONALLABORATORYFOROPTOELECTRONICS,HUAZHONGUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,WUHAN430074,CHINA2SCHOOLOFOPTICALANDELECTRONICINFORMATION,HUAZHONGUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,WUHAN430074,CHINACORRESPONDINGAUTHORWKJTODESINACOMRECEIVEDNOVEMBER9,2014ACCEPTEDDECEMBER22,2014POSTEDONLINEFEBRUARY23,2015WEDESIGNAPLANOCONVEXLENSWORKINGINTHETERAHERTZTHZFREQUENCYRANGEANDFABRICATEITUSINGTHREEDIMENSIONAL3DPRINTINGTECHNOLOGYA3DFIELDSCANNERISUSEDTOMEASUREITSFOCALPROPERTIES,ANDTHERESULTSAGREEWELLWITHTHENUMERICALSIMULATIONSTHEREFRACTIVEINDEXANDABSORPTIONCOEFFICIENTMEASUREMENTSVIATHZTIMEDOMAINSPECTROSCOPYTHZTDSREVEALTHATTHELENSMATERIALISHIGHLYTRANSPARENTATTHZFREQUENCIESITISEXPECTEDTHATTHISINEXPENSIVEANDRAPID3DPRINTINGTECHNOLOGYHOLDSPROMISEFORMAKINGVARIOUSTHZOPTICALELEMENTSOCISCODES2203630,0506875,3006495DOI103788/COL201513022201TERAHERTZTHZRADIATIONSAREELECTROMAGNETICWAVESTHATARELOCATEDINTHEFREQUENCYRANGEOF01–10THZDUETOTHEIRNONIONIZINGPROPERTIES,THZWAVESHAVEBEENAPPLIEDTOSECURITYSCANNING,ANDTONONINVASIVETESTING,SENSING,ANDCOMMUNICATION1–5TOEXTENDTHEAPPLICATIONSOFTHZTECHNOLOGY,OPTICALDEVICESWORKINGINTHETHZREGIMETOMANIPULATETHZWAVES,SUCHASWAVEPLATES,SPLITTERS,LENSES,ANDWAVEGUIDES,AREINGREATDEMAND6,7AMONGALLTHESECOMPONENTS,THELENSESCANFOCUSANDCOLLIMATETHETHZBEAM,SERVINGASTHEBASICOPTICALELEMENTINTHZIMAGINGSYSTEMSORDINARYGLASSESCOMMONLYUSEDATOPTICALFREQUENCIESAREUSELESSFORTHZAPPLICATIONS,OWINGTOTHEIRHIGHEXTRINSICDIELECTRICLOSSESINTHETHZRANGEFORTUNATELY,POLYMERSSHOWEXCELLENTTRANSPARENCYINTHETHZREGIMETYPICALPOLYMERS,SUCHASPOLYMETHYLPENTENE,HIGHDENSITYPOLYETHYLENE,ANDTSURUPIKA,HAVEBEENWIDELYUSEDTOCOMMERCIALLYFABRICATETHZLENSESANDWINDOWS8–11RECENTLY,AGREATAMOUNTOFRESEARCHEFFORTSHAVEBEENMADETOSEEKEASILYACCESSIBLEMATERIALSSUITABLEFORTHZAPPLICATIONSSIEMIONETALDEMONSTRATEDTHEABERRATIONCORRECTIONDIFFRACTIVEPAPERLENSFORLOWFREQUENCYTHZRADIATION12HANETALSUGGESTEDTHEPOSSIBILITYOFUSINGNATURALSTONESASTHZCOMPONENTS13UNLIKETRADITIONALREFRACTIVEBULKDEVICES,WHICHACHIEVEPHASEDELAYSASLIGHTPROPAGATESTHROUGHTHETHICKNESSOFTHEMATERIAL,NOVELFLATLENSESCANCREATEANABRUPTPHASESHIFTOFTHEOPTICALRESONATORSRIGHTATTHESURFACEOFTHELENSES14–16RECENTLY,ANULTRATHINTHZPLANARLENSHASBEENREPORTED,BUTLOWENERGYCONVERSIONEFFICIENCYHASRESTRICTEDITSPRACTICALAPPLICATIONS17RECENTADVANCESINARTIFICIALLYENGINEEREDMETAMATERIALS,WHICHSHOWRESONANCEPROPERTIESINTHETHZFREQUENCY,MAKEITPOSSIBLETOFABRICATEFUNCTIONALTHZDEVICES,SUCHASFILTERSANDTUBES18,19ASWEKNOW,COMMERCIALLENSESAREGENERALLYPOLISHEDVIACOMPUTERNUMERICALCONTROLMACHINING,WHICHISCOMPLICATEDANDTIMECONSUMINGINRECENTYEARS,THREEDIMENSIONAL3DPRINTINGCAMETOTHEFOREGROUNDASAVERYCOMPETITIVEPROCESSINTERMSOFCOSTANDSPEEDMANYWORKSHAVEREPORTEDONTHEAPPLICATIONSOF3DPRINTEDTHZDEVICES,INCLUDINGWAVEGUIDES,WOODPILESTRUCTURES,ANDCOMPUTERGENERATEDVOLUMEHOLOGRAMS7,20,21INOUREARLIERWORK,3DPRINTINGTECHNOLOGYWASEMPLOYEDTOMAKESPIRALPHASEPLATESTOGENERATEATHZVORTEXBEAM22,23INTHISLETTER,WEDESIGN,FABRICATE,ANDCHARACTERIZEAPLANOCONVEXTHZLENSFIG1THETHZTIMEDOMAINSPECTROSCOPYTHZTDSMEASUREMENTMETHODISUSEDTODETERMINETHEOPTICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHELENSMATERIALITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATTHISPRINTINGMATERIALISHIGHLYTRANSPARENTINTHETHZREGIME,INDICATINGTHATITISANIDEALMATERIALTOCOMPOSETHZCOMPONENTSTHEDESIGNOFTHELENSISIMPLEMENTEDUSINGTHELENSMAKER’SFORMULA,ANDISASSISTEDBYTHEOPTICALDESIGNSOFTWAREZEMAX24THEFOCUSINGPERFORMANCEOFTHISLENSISCHARACTERIZEDWITHATHZPOINTSCANNINGSYSTEMEXPERIMENTALMEASUREMENTSCOINCIDEWITHTHEFINITEDIFFERENCETIMEDOMAINFDTDSIMULATIONSMOREOVER,THIS3DFIG1ATOPVIEWOFTHEPRINTEDLENSBSIDEVIEWOFTHEPRINTEDLENSCOL132,0222012015CHINESEOPTICSLETTERSFEBRUARY10,201516717694/2015/02220140222011?2015CHINESEOPTICSLETTERSLOCATEDATY≈100MMTOFURTHERINVESTIGATEITSFOCALPROPERTIES,THEONAXISINTENSITYDISTRIBUTIONBEHINDTHELENSCUTTINGALONGTHEHORIZONTALDOTTEDLINEINFIG4AISDEPICTEDINFIG4BTHEONAXISINTENSITYINCREASESGRADUALLY,REACHESITSMAXIMUMVALUE,ANDTHENDECREASESASTHEPROPAGATIONDISTANCEINCREASESTHEMAXIMALAXIALINTENSITYISLOCATEDATY?103MMSINCETHEMAINSURFACEOFTHEPLANOCONVEXLENSISLOCATEDATTHESPHERICALVERTEXY?645MM,ITCANBECONCLUDEDTHATTHEFOCALLENGTHWITHTHEFDTDSIMULATIONIS103–645?9655MM,CLOSETOTHEVALUEOF977MMOBTAINEDINTHETHEORETICALRESULTSTHERADIALINTENSITYDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEFOCALSPOTISSHOWNINFIG4CCUTTINGALONGTHEVERTICALDOTTEDLINEINFIG4ATHELATERALINTENSITYDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEFOCALSPOTACCORDSWITHTHEGAUSSIANFUNCTION,ANDTHESPOTSIZEISAROUND5MMAPOINTSCANNINGTESTISCONDUCTEDTOMEASURETHEFOCALPROPERTIESOFTHEPRINTEDLENS,WITHTHEEXPERIMENTALSETUPSHOWNINFIG5A100GHZGUNNDIODESPACEKLABSMODELGW102PCOUPLEDTOAFREQUENCYTRIPLERISUSEDASTHELIGHTSOURCEITDELIVERSAGAUSSIANBEAMAT300GHZTHEBEAMISCOLLIMATEDBYASPHERICALLENS,THENDIRECTEDTOOUR3DPRINTEDLENSANDFOCUSEDBEHINDTHELENSTHESCHOTTKYDIODEVIRGINIADIODES,INC,MOUNTEDONAMOTORIZEDX–Y–ZTRANSLATIONSTAGE,ISEMPLOYEDTODETECTTHEINTENSITYDISTRIBUTIONOFTHETHZBEAMBEHINDTHEPRINTEDLENSANOPTICALCHOPPERAT300HZ,WHICHISCONNECTEDTOALOCKINAMPLIFIERSTANFORDRESEARCHSYSTEMSR830,ISUSEDTOREDUCENOISEANDEXTRACTARELIABLESIGNALTHELATERALINTENSITYDISTRIBUTIONISDIRECTLYOBTAINEDTHROUGHPOINTSCANNING90MM90MMONTHEX–YPLANEBYVARYINGTHEDISTANCEBETWEENTHEDETECTORANDTHESURFACEOFTHEPRINTEDLENSINSTEPSOF12MMOVERARANGEOF47–155MM,TENSPECIFICPOSITIONSALONGTHEZDIRECTIONARECHOSENFINALLY,TENINTENSITYPROFILESAREMEASUREDTHE2DPROFILESOFTHEGAUSSIANBEAMATFIVEDIFFERENTPOSITIONSAROUNDTHEFOCUSARESHOWNINFIG6AITCANBESEENTHATTHESPOTSIZEALONGTHEPROPAGATIONDIRECTIONREACHESITSMINIMUMVALUEATTWOPLACES,BUTATTHEDISTANCEOF95MM,THESPOTENERGYISMORECONCENTRATEDTHENORMALIZEDCROSSSECTIONPLOTOFTHE2DPROFILEATTHISMINIMUMSPOTSIZEISILLUSTRATEDINFIG6BASCANBESEENFROMFIG6B,THEMAXIMALINTENSITYISNOTEXACTLYATX?0MMWETHINKTHISDISTORTIONPROBABLYCOMESFROMTHESLIGHTMISALIGNMENTBETWEENTHECENTEROFTHETRANSLATIONSTAGESCANNINGRANGEANDTHESPOTCENTER,BUTITHASNOCRUCIALINFLUENCEONTHESCANNEDPROFILERESULTSTHERADIALINTENSITYDISTRIBUTIONSHOWSAGAUSSIANSHAPEDPROFILE,INACCORDANCEWITHFIG4CTHEN,WEFITITWITHTHEGAUSSIANFUNCTIONANDFINDTHEFULLWIDTHATHALFMAXIMUMFWHMISABOUT35MMITISDEPICTEDASTHEREDLINEINFIG6BFURTHERMORE,WITHTHISGAUSSIANFUNCTIONFITTINGMETHOD,WEANALYZEHOWTHEFWHMCHANGESWITHTHEVARYINGDISTANCETHEPLOTOFTHEBEAMDIAMETERASAFUNCTIONOFTHEPROPAGATIONDISTANCEISSHOWNASTHEREDCURVEINFIG6CWEALSOANALYZETHEAXIALINTENSITYDISTRIBUTIONTHEMAXIMALINTENSITYVALUESATEACHPROPAGATIONDISTANCEAREDEPICTEDASTHEBLUELINEINFIG6CASCANBESEEN,THEGAUSSIANBEAMHASTHEMAXIMALINTENSITYVALUEASWELLASTHEMINIMALFWHMATTHEDISTANCEOF95MMTHESEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAGREEWELLWITHTHEEXPECTEDRESULTSINCONCLUSION,WEDEMONSTRATETHEDESIGN,FABRICATION,SIMULATION,ANDEXPERIMENTALTESTINGOFA3DPRINTEDTHZLENSTHEPRINTINGMATERIALEXHIBITSALOWABSORPTIONCOEFFICIENTANDASTABLEREFRACTIVEINDEXOVERABROADFREQUENCYOURMEASUREDFOCUSEDBEAMPROFILESAREWELLEXPLAINEDBYTHENUMERICALSIMULATIONTHIS3DPRINTEDLENSHASSEVERALOBVIOUSADVANTAGESITISEASILYFABRICATED,EFFECTIVEOVERABROADTHZFREQUENCYRANGE,ANDCOMPATIBLEWITHMORECOMPLICATEDGEOMETRIESITSUGGESTSTHATTHE3DPRINTINGTECHNOLOGYPROVIDESANEWINSIGHTINTOTHZOPTICALELEMENTSTHISWORKWASSUPPORTEDBYTHEWUHANAPPLIEDBASICRESEARCHPROJECTUNDERGRANTNO20140101010009,THENATIONALNATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFCHINAUNDERGRANTNOS61177095,61475054,AND61405063,THEHUBEINATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONUNDERGRANTNO2013BAA002,ANDTHEFUNDAMENTALRESEARCHFUNDSFORTHECENTRALUNIVERSITIESUNDERGRANTNOS2013KXYQ004,2014ZZGH021,AND2014QN023FIG5EXPERIMENTALSETUPTRANSMITTER,GUNNDIODECOLLIMATOR,SPHERICALLENSDETECTOR,SCHOTTKYDIODE201510505101520000204060810BCNORMALIZEDINTENSITYGAUSSIANFITNORMALIZEDINTENSITYXMMFWHM35MM4060801001201401601803456789101112FWHMDISTANCEMMFWHMMM000204060810NORMALIZEDINTENSITYNORMALIZEDINTENSITYAFIG6A2DGAUSSIANBEAMINTENSITYPROFILEIMAGESOBTAINEDBYTHEPOINTSCANNINGMETHODBCURVEFITTINGTHEREDLINEOFTHEMEASUREDRADIALINTENSITYDISTRIBUTIONATD?95MMCFWHMTHEREDLINEANDTHEAXIALMAXIMALINTENSITYDISTRIBUTIONTHEBLUELINEOVERTHEPROPAGATIONDISTANCECOL132,0222012015CHINESEOPTICSLETTERSFEBRUARY10,20150222013

簡介：ZHANG,DRW,TUOHY,J1COPYRIGHT?2002BYASMEPROCEEDINGSOFOMAE’0221STINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONOFFSHOREMECHANICSANDARCTICENGINEERINGJUNE2328,2002,OSLO,NORWAYOMAE200228568ATHREEDIMENSIONALFINITEELEMENTANALYSISOFUNBURIEDFLEXIBLEFLOWLINE–ACASESTUDYDRWENCHAOZHANG,JUSTINTUOHYHALLIBURTONWELLSTREAMNEWCASTLEUPONTYNEGREATBRITAINABSTRACTPIPELINESINTHESERVICEOFCONVEYINGHOTFLUIDWILLTENDTOEXPANDDUETOPRESSUREANDDIFFERENTIALTEMPERATUREHOWEVER,SINCETHEFLOWLINEISGENERALLYFIXEDATTHEENDTERMINATIONSTORIGIDSTRUCTURESOREQUIPMENT,SUCHANEXPANSIONWILLBERESTRICTEDINLONGITUDINALDIRECTIONTHISISPARTICULARLYTHECASEFORTHESECTIONREMOTEFROMTHEPIPEENDS,ANDRESULTSINANAXIALCOMPRESSIONINTHEPIPESECTIONINMANYCASES,ASUBSEAFLOWLINEHASTOBETRENCHEDORBURIEDFORTHEPURPOSESOFPROTECTIONANDTHERMALINSULATIONCONSEQUENTLY,THELATERALMOVEMENTOFAFLEXIBLEFLOWLINEISGREATLYLIMITED,ANDANUPWARDDISPLACEMENTISENCOURAGEDTHATMAYBECOMEEXCESSIVEEVENTUALLY,THEFLOWLINEMAYLIFTOUTOFTHETRENCHWHENTHEUPLIFTRESISTANCEPROVIDEDBYTHEBACKFILLCOVERANDSELFWEIGHTOFTHEFLOWLINEISGRADUALLYOVERCOMEBYTHESTRAINENERGYBUILTUPINTHEFLOWLINEFORFLEXIBLEPIPE,ITISTHISEXCESSIVEUPWARDDEFORMATIONBEINGTERMEDASTHEUPHEAVALBUCKLING,WHICHCANBEPREVENTEDBYEMPLOYINGADEQUATEDOWNWARDRESTRAINT,SUCHASSANDBAG/ROCKDUMPORBYDESIGNINGASUBSEAPIPEROUTETOOVERCOMETHISPHENOMENONINTHISPAPERACASESTUDYOFTHEFULLTHREEDIMENSIONALFINITEELEMENTANALYSISOFATRENCHEDBUTUNBURIED60INCHPRODUCTIONFLOWLINEISPRESENTEDFOLLOWINGADESCRIPTIONOFWELLSTREAMFINITEELEMENTMETHODFEMBASEDMETHODOLOGYFORUPHEAVALBUCKLINGANALYSISOFFLEXIBLEPIPESTHEEFFECTBENDINGSTIFFNESSHYSTERESISANDUPHEAVALCREEP–UNIQUETOFLEXIBLEPIPECHARACTERISTICS,ISCONSIDEREDINADDITIONTOTHEGENERALLOADSSUCHASTHEFLOWLINESELFWEIGHTANDBACKFILL,PRETENSION,PRESSURE,TEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTIONANDPRESCRIBEDFORCESEITHERCONCENTRATEDORDISTRIBUTEDANDDISPLACEMENTSTHEEFFECTSOFENVIRONMENTALLOADS,SUCHASTHEACTIONOFCURRENTSTHATWOULDRESULTINSCOURINGOFFTHEBACKFILL,CANALSOBEADDRESSEDTHEFINITEELEMENTANALYSISPROGRAMPACKAGEANSYSWASCHOSENFORTHISCASESTUDYDUETOITSSPECIALFEATUREOFANSYSPARAMETRICDESIGNLANGUAGEAPDLANDCONTACT/TARGETELEMENTSANDTHEGENERALTHREEDIMENSIONALSHELLANDSOLIDELEMENTSWEREUSEDTOREPRESENTTHEFLEXIBLEPIPEANDTRENCHSOILRESPECTIVELYINTRODUCTIONWHENAFLEXIBLEFLOWLINEISINSERVICECONVEYINGHOTTERFLUIDCONTENT,ITWILLTENDTOEXPANDDUETOPRESSUREANDDIFFERENTIALTEMPERATUREHOWEVER,SINCETHEFLOWLINEISFIXEDATITSENDSTOTHESUBSEATERMINATIONEQUIPMENT,SUCHANEXPANSIONWILLBERESTRICTEDINLONGITUDINALDIRECTIONTHISISPARTICULARLYTHECASEFORTHESECTIONREMOTEFROMTHEPIPEENDS,ANDRESULTSINANAXIALCOMPRESSIONINTHEPIPESECTIONIFTHEPIPEISLYINGONTHESEABEDTHISCOMPRESSIONWILLCAUSETHEPIPETOMOVESIDEWAYSTORELIEVEITSSTRAINENERGYANDRESULTINA“SNAKED“BUTSTABLECONFIGURATIONIFTHEPIPEISTRENCHEDWITHASUFFICIENTTRENCHWIDTHBUTUNCOVEREDTHECOMPRESSIONMAYSUBJECTTHEPIPETODEFORMACROSSTHETRENCHANDRESULTINA“NARROWLYSNAKED“CONFIGURATIONWITHALIMITEDUPWARDDISPLACEMENTINTHETRENCHWALLAGAIN,THISISSTILLASTABLECONDITIONHOWEVER,ONTHEONEHAND,IFTHETRENCHWIDTHISTOO1COPYRIGHT?2002BYASME???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????5681COPYRIGHT?2002BYASMEDOWNLOADEDFROMHTTP//PROCEEDINGSASMEDIGITALCOLLECTIONASMEORG/ON04/22/2015TERMSOFUSEHTTP//ASMEORG/TERMSZHANG,DRW,TUOHY,J3COPYRIGHT?2002BYASMEANDAGRADUALUPLIFTINGOFTHEFLOWLINE–APHENOMENONTHATMAYBETERMEDASUPHEAVALCREEPANALYSISSCOPEFOLLOWINGTHEPREVIOUSDISCUSSION,THEUPHEAVALBUCKLINGANALYSISATWELLSTREAMGENERALLYINVOLVESTHEFOURTYPESOFANALYSESDEPENDINGUPONTHEPROJECTREQUIREMENTSANDTHEAVAILABILITYOFINPUTDATAANDSERVICECONDITIONINFORMATION????PRELIMINARYUPHEAVALBUCKLINGANALYSISTOASSESSTHEUPHEAVALBUCKLINGPOTENTIALOFAFLOWLINESYSTEMANDTORECOMMENDTHEAPPROPRIATEMITIGATIONMEASURES,SUCHASTHEDEPLOYMENTOFBACKFILLCOVERINTHEANALYSISONLYAREPRESENTATIVEPIPEOFPARTIALLENGTHISCONSIDEREDFORANASSUMEDPROFILEOFGEOMETRYIMPERFECTIONDUETOGREATUNCERTAINTIESASSOCIATEDWITHTHEAVAILABILITYOFTHEREQUIREDINPUTINFORMATIONTHEMOSTIMPORTANTASSUMPTIONMADEATTHISSTAGEOFANALYSISISTHEIMPERFECTIONPROFILEOFTHEFLOWLINE,IETHEOUTOFSTRAIGHTNESSOOSPROFILE????DETAILEDUPHEAVALBUCKLINGANALYSISTHISISTOVERIFYTHEADEQUACYOFTHEBACKFILLCOVERESTIMATEDFROMTHEPRELIMINARYUPHEAVALBUCKLINGANALYSISBYANALYSING“ACTUAL“UPHEAVALBEHAVIOUROFTHEFLOWLINEANDTODETERMINEIFADDITIONALCOVER,SUCHASROCKDUMPINGISREQUIREDATTHISSTAGETHEFULLLENGTHFLOWLINEISANALYSEDBASEDONTHEASBUILTSURVEYEDDATAOFTHEFLOWLINEANDTHESEABED/TRENCHNOTETHAT,TOENSUREAMOREEFFECTIVEANALYSIS,THEOOSANALYSISOFTHEASBUILTFLOWLINEISUSUALLYCARRIEDOUTFIRSTTHERAWSURVEYDATAHAS,INEVITABLY,VARIOUSANOMALIESREGARDLESSTHETYPEOFTHESURVEYEQUIPMENTUSEDDUETOTHEACCURACYTOLERANCEOFEQUIPMENTITISTHEREFORENECESSARYANDIMPORTANTTOREMOVETHESEANOMALIESBYUSINGANALYTICALTOOLSOFDATAFILTERINGORSMOOTHING????UPHEAVALCREEPANALYSISTHISAPPLICATIONOFWHERETHEFLOWLINEWOULDEXPERIENCEFREQUENTOPERATIONALSHUTDOWNCYCLESISTOOPTIMISETHEAMOUNTOFBACKFILLCOVERREQUIREDTHEDEPTHOFBACKFILLCOVERDETERMINESTHEMAXIMUMNUMBEROFSHUTDOWNCYCLESPERMITTEDTHROUGHOUTTHEDESIGNLIFEALTERNATIVELY,THEREQUIREDMINIMUMDEPTHOFBACKFILLCOVERISDERIVEDFORTHENUMBEROFSHUTDOWNCYCLESANTICIPATEDTHROUGHOUTTHEDESIGNLIFENOTETHATTHEPRETENSIONRESULTSFROMFLOWLINEPRESSURISATIONDURINGTRENCHINGORPOSTLAYINGISCONSIDEREDINTHEUPHEAVALCREEPANALYSISTHEPURPOSEOFPRESSURISINGTHEPIPEDURINGTRENCHING/POSTLAYINGISTOPRESTRETCHTHEPIPESOASTOMINIMISETHESUBSEQUENTEXPANSIONUPLIFTINPARTICULARDUETOOPERATIONALPRESSURE/TEMPERATUREINCREASEIDEALLY,THEENTIREPRETENSIONPRESSUREWOULDRESULTINTHEPIPEBEING“LOCKEDIN”BYTHETRENCH/BACKFILLSOILFOLLOWINGITSRELEASEIE100EFFECTIVENESSOFPRESSURISATIONISACHIEVEDHOWEVERTOVARIOUSEXTENTSTHESURROUNDINGSOILFAILSTOLOCKINTHEPIPEFULLYANDTHENONLINEARITYOFTHEFLEXIBLEPIPEALSOREDUCESTHISEFFECTIVENESSFURTHERTHEREFORE,THECONCEPTOFEFFECTIVEPRETENSIONPRESSUREISINTRODUCEDINTHEUPHEAVALCREEPANALYSISTOCOMPENSATETHELOSSOFEFFECTIVENESSONRETAININGPRETENSIONINTHEFLEXIBLEFLOWLINE????UPHEAVALBUCKLINGANALYSISOFFLEXIBLEFLOWLINECONNECTEDATSUBSEATERMINATIONTHEINTERFACEBETWEENTHEFLEXIBLEFLOWLINEANDSUBSEASTRUCTURECANALSOBESENSITIVETOUPHEAVALBUCKLINGTHISTYPEOFANALYSISINVOLVESMODELLINGASUFFICIENTLENGTHOFFLEXIBLEFLOWLINECONNECTEDTOSUBSEATERMINATIONSTRUCTURETHEAIMOFTHEANALYSISISTHEOPTIMISATIONOFTHEREQUIREMENTSTOMITIGATEANYUPHEAVALBUCKLINGRISKSTOTHEPARTOFTHEFLOWLINETHATISCONNECTEDTOTHESUBSEASTRUCTUREFINITEELEMENTMODELLINGTHEFLEXIBLEFLOWLINEISMODELLEDBYEITHERAPIPEORSHELLELEMENT,DEPENDINGUPONTHELEVELOFANALYSISREQUIREDBOTHTHEPIPEANDSHELLELEMENTSHAVETHEGEOMETRY,NONLINEARITYANDLARGEDEFLECTIONCAPABILITYTHEEFFECTSOFSURROUNDINGMEDIATOTHEFLEXIBLEPIPE,SUCHASTRENCHSOIL,TRENCHGEOMETRYANDBACKFILLSOIL,ARETAKENINTOACCOUNTBYUSINGEITHERNONLINEARSPRINGELEMENTSORCONTACTELEMENTSTHESEELEMENTSHAVETHEGENERALISEDNONLINEARFORCEDEFLECTIONCAPABILITYTOSIMULATETHEINTERACTIONBETWEENTHEFLEXIBLEPIPEANDSURROUNDINGMEDIANOTETHATONLYINTHECASEOFTHEASBUILTUPHEAVALBUCKLINGANALYSES,ISTHETHREEDIMENSIONALSOLIDELEMENTCONSIDEREDFORMODELLINGTHESEABED/TRENCHINTHEANALYSISTHEENDSOFTHEMODELLEDFLEXIBLEPIPEAREGENERALLYCONSIDEREDFIXEDTHISISCONSERVATIVEBECAUSEALLTHEELONGATIONDUETOLOADINGHASTOTAKEPLACEINTHEINTERVALBETWEENTHESEFIXEDENDPOINTSTHUS,THECALCULATEDUPLIFTWILLBEGREATERTHANTHATDERIVEDFROMMORERELAXEDENDCONDITIONSUPHEAVALCREEPANALYSISTHEFIRSTSTEPINTHESIMULATIONOFUPHEAVALCREEPISTOESTABLISHTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEFLEXIBLEPIPEUPLIFTANDTHEBACKFILLCOVERDEPTHTHISINVOLVESANUMBEROFUPHEAVALBUCKLINGANALYSESFORAREALISTICRANGEOFBACKFILLCOVERDEPTHSTHEREQUIREDNUMBEROFUPHEAVALANALYSESDEPENDSUPONTHENUMBEROFTHEPARAMETERSTHATDEFINEANUPLIFTBACKFILLCOVERDEPTHRELATIONSHIPWITHTHEUPLIFTBACKFILLCOVERDEPTHRELATIONSHIPESTABLISHED,THEUPHEAVALCREEPCALCULATIONCANTHENBECARRIEDOUTTOEVALUATETHEMINIMUMBACKFILLCOVERDEPTHORTHEMAXIMUMNUMBEROFLOADING/UNLOADINGSHUTSOWNCYCLESFORAGIVENSERVICELIFECOPYRIGHT?2002BYASME3COPYRIGHT?2002BYASMEDOWNLOADEDFROMHTTP//PROCEEDINGSASMEDIGITALCOLLECTIONASMEORG/ON04/22/2015TERMSOFUSEHTTP//ASMEORG/TERMS

簡介：點(diǎn)擊查看更多（節(jié)選）外文翻譯--基于gpu的三維超聲手術(shù)導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)光學(xué)定位追蹤的定位誤差評估精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：點(diǎn)擊查看更多龍門式火焰切割機(jī)的機(jī)構(gòu)及三維設(shè)計(jì)(論文說明書17000字，cad圖紙9張，三維圖35)精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：點(diǎn)擊查看更多采礦外文翻譯---長壁采煤法回采巷道三向交叉點(diǎn)的三維有限元分析精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：中文中文3750字，字，2400英文單詞，英文單詞，12500英文字符英文字符文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處ISLAMMT,ABDULLAHAB,ZIHADMREVERSEENGINEERINGOFBPILLARWITH3DOPTICALSCANNINGFORMANUFACTURINGOFNONUNIFORMTHICKNESSPARTC//MATECWEBCONF2017使用三維激光掃描技術(shù)對使用三維激光掃描技術(shù)對B柱進(jìn)行逆向工程設(shè)計(jì)以制造厚柱進(jìn)行逆向工程設(shè)計(jì)以制造厚度不均勻的零件度不均勻的零件MDTASBIRULISLAM,ABABDULLAH,ANDMOHAMADZIHADMAHMUD摘要本文介紹了一種復(fù)雜的汽車結(jié)構(gòu)件B柱的逆向工程。作為汽車車身的主要部分，BIW由于其各部分的可變厚度而具有大量減重的機(jī)會。為了充分利用這種潛能，可以通過對現(xiàn)有的B柱采用3D光學(xué)掃描儀掃描和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）來進(jìn)行逆向工程設(shè)計(jì)。首先，通過掃描儀獲得B柱的點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)，然后將這些數(shù)據(jù)信息用于開發(fā)完整的3D（CAD）模型。CATIAV5被用于建模中，其中一些重要的工作臺是“形狀數(shù)字化編輯器”，“表面快速重建”，“線框和表面設(shè)計(jì)”，“自由式”，“形狀生成設(shè)計(jì)”和“零件設(shè)計(jì)”。在最終的CAD設(shè)計(jì)中，成功引入了五種不同的厚度以獲得具有不均勻截面的B柱。這項(xiàng)研究為實(shí)時(shí)制造中的厚度優(yōu)化和模具設(shè)計(jì)提供了可能。1介紹大部分汽車制造商一直致力于生產(chǎn)輕型車輛，以持續(xù)遵守嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定減少溫室氣體排放和提高燃料效率。在車輛的各種系統(tǒng)中，BIW被認(rèn)為是最重要的部分，占車輛重量的大約30％，并且具有減輕整車重量的巨大潛力。圖1顯示了系統(tǒng)和組件對車輛重量的細(xì)分。由于BIW具有這樣的功能，并且對結(jié)構(gòu)完整性高度敏感，因此它是唯一一個(gè)在汽車減重技術(shù)研究中被廣泛研究、設(shè)計(jì)和分析的系統(tǒng)。BIW系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分是客車車架、橫梁、側(cè)梁、車頂結(jié)構(gòu)、前端結(jié)構(gòu)、車身底板結(jié)構(gòu)和面板。圖1系統(tǒng)和部件的車輛重量損失BIW主要由薄壁結(jié)構(gòu)部件組成，這些部件通過沖壓厚度均勻的傳統(tǒng)金屬板材來制造。另一方面，厚度不均勻部分被認(rèn)為是減少汽車零件重量的最有效方法之一。在車輛中所有結(jié)構(gòu)中最復(fù)雜的B柱位于BIW系統(tǒng)中前門和后門的隔間之間。息。在軟件、電子元件、汽車零部件等快速原型制造的所有領(lǐng)域，逆向工程被廣泛用于縮短產(chǎn)品開發(fā)時(shí)間并優(yōu)化產(chǎn)品成本。該方法被廣泛使用，它包括從3D光學(xué)掃描儀捕獲虛擬模型到CAD軟件3D模型開發(fā)的許多步驟。掃描儀將物理對象轉(zhuǎn)換為點(diǎn)或網(wǎng)格，這種逆向工程通常是在這種被記錄的3D對象的訪問被保密并被確定為潛在的專利侵權(quán)的情況下使用的?？紤]到這是一個(gè)重要的事實(shí)，為了部署快速原型，本研究提出了B柱外部的RE過程。本文分為以下幾個(gè)部分（1）第2節(jié)描述了通過3D光學(xué)掃描將物理對象的信息轉(zhuǎn)移到網(wǎng)格的實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)置。（2）第3節(jié)強(qiáng)調(diào)了研究的結(jié)果和討論。（3）第4部分包括了發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)狀、局限性和發(fā)展前景。2實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置本研究中使用的B柱具有復(fù)雜的幾何形狀和一些自由流動的表面。由于B柱部件的尺寸相對較大，所以對部件的掃描在三個(gè)不同的突起中進(jìn)行，然后對齊整個(gè)網(wǎng)格。該零件必須提供定位點(diǎn)，這些定位點(diǎn)能確保正確的網(wǎng)格模型。原始部分涂有黑色顯影劑噴霧以避免掃描期間的任何反射，以這種方式找到正確的網(wǎng)格。掃描的部分是使用安裝在馬來西亞理工大學(xué)工程學(xué)院制造實(shí)驗(yàn)室的NEXTENGINE3D光學(xué)高分辨率掃描儀進(jìn)行。圖3顯示了從原始部分到網(wǎng)格采集過程的流程圖。掃描是在黑暗的空間進(jìn)行的，這是避免網(wǎng)狀物損壞的先決條件。最后，使用掃描軟件為三個(gè)不同的面找到并定向網(wǎng)格。圖3使用3D光學(xué)掃描儀進(jìn)行網(wǎng)格采集的流程圖3結(jié)果與討論31網(wǎng)格修復(fù)在3D光學(xué)掃描之后，掃描儀軟件會生成一個(gè)由B柱網(wǎng)格組成的（STL）文件擴(kuò)展名。最初，獲得的網(wǎng)格具有不連續(xù)性和大孔，網(wǎng)格中的孔用CATIAV5中“數(shù)字化形狀編輯器”工作臺下的填充孔、網(wǎng)格平滑和網(wǎng)格清理命令進(jìn)行修復(fù)。圖4顯示了修復(fù)后的網(wǎng)格。最后，修復(fù)的網(wǎng)格被用于開發(fā)一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的CAD

簡介：REVERSEENGINEERINGOFBPILLARWITH3DOPTICALSCANNINGFORMANUFACTURINGOFNONUNIFORMTHICKNESSPARTMDTASBIRULISLAM1,ABABDULLAH1,,ANDMOHAMADZIHADMAHMUD21SCHOOLOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITISAINSMALAYSIAUSM,ENGINEERINGCAMPUS,14300NIBONGTEBALPENANG,MALAYSIA2SCHOOLOFAEROSPACEENGINEERING,UNIVERSITISAINSMALAYSIAUSM,ENGINEERINGCAMPUS,14300NIBONGTEBAL,PENANG,MALAYSIAABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSREVERSEENGINEERINGREOFACOMPLEXAUTOMOBILESTRUCTURALPART,BPILLARASAMAJORPARTOFTHEAUTOMOBILEBODYINWHITEBIW,BPILLARHASSUBSTANTIALOPPORTUNITYFORWEIGHTREDUCTIONBYINTRODUCINGVARIABLETHICKNESSACROSSITSSECTIONSTOLEVERAGESUCHPOTENTIAL,ANEXISTINGBPILLARWASREVERSEENGINEEREDWITHA3DOPTICALSCANNERANDCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNCADAPPLICATIONFIRST,DIGITALDATAIEINMESHESOFEXITINGBPILLARWASOBTAINEDBYTHESCANNER,ANDSUBSEQUENTLY,THISINFORMATIONWASUTILIZEDINDEVELOPINGACOMPLETE3DCADMODELCATIAV5WASUSEDINTHEMODELINGWHERESOMEOFTHEESSENTIALWORKBENCHESWERE‘’DIGITIZEDSHAPEEDITOR’’,‘’QUICKSURFACERECONSTRUCTION’’,‘’WIREFRAMEANDSURFACEDESIGN’’,‘’FREESTYLE’’,‘’GENERATIONSHAPEDESIGN’’AND“PARTDESIGN”INTHEFINALCADDESIGN,FIVEDIFFERENTTHICKNESSESWEREINCORPORATEDSUCCESSFULLYINORDERTOGETABPILLARWITHNONUNIFORMSECTIONSTHISRESEARCHOPENEDOPPORTUNITIESFORTHICKNESSOPTIMIZATIONANDMOLDTOOLINGDESIGNINREALTIMEMANUFACTURING1INTRODUCTIONMAJORAUTOMOTIVEMANUFACTURERSHAVEBEENWORKINGTOPRODUCELIGHTWEIGHTVEHICLESINORDERTOADHEREWITHCONTINUOUSSTRICTREGULATIONSTHATDEMANDFORLESSGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONANDINCREASEDFUELEFFICIENCY1AMONGVARIOUSSYSTEMSOFAVEHICLE,BODYINWHITEBIWISFOUNDASTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTPORTIONREPRESENTINGABOUT30OFTHEWEIGHTOFAVEHICLE,ANDHASTREMENDOUSPOTENTIALINREDUCINGWEIGHTOFTHEWHOLEVEHICLE2FIGURE1SHOWSTHEBREAKDOWNOFVEHICLEWEIGHTBYSYSTEMSANDCOMPONENTSASBIWPOSSESSESSUCHOPPORTUNITY,ANDHASHIGHSENSITIVITYTOSTRUCTURALINTEGRITY,ITISTHEONLYSYSTEMTHATISRESEARCHED,DESIGNEDANDANALYZEDEXTENSIVELYINTHESTUDIESOFWEIGHTREDUCTIONTECHNOLOGYFORAUTOMOBILE3IMPORTANTCOMPONENTSINTHEBIWSYSTEMAREPASSENGERCOMPARTMENTFRAME,CROSSANDSIDEBEAMS,ROOFSTRUCTURE,FRONTENDSTRUCTURE,UNDERBODYFLOORSTRUCTUREANDPANELS4CORRESPONDINGAUTHORMEBAHAUSMMYDOI101051/,201779001007AIGEV201690MATECCONF/201MATECWEBOFCONFERENCES01007?THEAUTHORS,PUBLISHEDBYEDPSCIENCESTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEDISTRIBUTEDUNDERTHETERMSOFTHECREATIVECOMMONSATTRIBUTIONLICENSE40HTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BY/40/DIFFERENTTHICKNESSESINTHEBPILLAROFANEWBMWX5CAR11ANOTHERRESEARCHBY8FOUNDTHATWEIGHTOFABPILLARMADEBYTRBTECHNOLOGYWITHEIGHTDIFFERENTTHICKNESSESREACHEDJUSTOVER7KGATOTALWEIGHTSAVINGOF13KGWHENITISCOMPAREDTOCONVENTIONALBPILLARDESIGNWITHUNIFORMTHICKNESSITISCLEARTHATTHICKNESSVARIATIONINDIFFERENTBIWSYSTEM,PARTICULARLYINBPILLARCANSIGNIFICANTLYCONTRIBUTETOOVERALLWEIGHTREDUCTIONOFAVEHICLEDESPITEHAVINGSUCHCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGES,THESETECHNOLOGIESHAVETOFOLLOWTWOSTEPPROCESSESWHERESUBSTANTIALEFFORTANDTIMEISREQUIREDTOMANUFACTURETHEPART12FORINSTANCE,TRBINFUSEDBPILLARMANUFACTURINGFIRSTLY,THETRBSAREMADEUPWITHTHEROLLINGPROCESSBYCONTROLLINGROLLGAPTHUSCREATINGTHEVARYINGTHICKNESSAFTERTHATDIRECTHOTSTAMPINGANDRAPIDCOOLINGISDONEONTHETRBS,FOLLOWEDBYLASERANDTOOLTRIMMINGFORTHEFINALPARTTHEREFORE,TOREDUCETHEMANUFACTURINGTIMEANDEFFORT,ITISPROPOSEDINTHISRESEARCHTHATDEVELOPMENTOFABPILLARCANBEMADETHROUGHASINGLEPROCESSBYCOLDFORMINGOPERATIONWHERENONUNIFORMTHICKNESSESOFTHEBPILLARSECTIONSWILLBEINCORPORATEDINTHETOOLINGDESIGNOFTHEFORMINGOPERATIONITISASSUMEDTOMINIMIZETHEEFFORTSOFTHESUBSEQUENTMANUFACTURINGPROCESSESHOWEVER,TOIMPLEMENTSUCHIDEA,ATFIRST,ABPILLARWITHUNIFORMTHICKNESSSHOULDBECONSIDEREDASAEXPERIMENTALOBJECTANDTHENAREVERSEENGINEERINGREPROCESSCANBEDONEINTHISWAY,THEACTUALPHYSICALOBJECTISTRANSFERREDTOACOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNCADSYSTEM,ANDFURTHERDESIGNMODIFICATIONCANBEMADEINORDERTOACHIEVEWEIGHTREDUCTIONCOMPAREDWITHTHEEXISTINGONETHEFINALMODIFIEDBPILLARPARTWILLHAVEVARIABLETHICKNESSESACROSSITSSECTIONSREISTHEBRANCHOFENGINEERINGWHICHTAKESADVANTAGEOFANOBJECTTHATHASALREADYBEENCREATEDTHEFINALPURPOSEOFREISTOCREATESIMILARKINDOFIDENTICALOBJECTTOTHEEXISTINGOBJECTCONSIDERINGRAPIDPROTOTYPINGCONCEPT13HOWEVER,ONEOFTHEESSENTIALPREREQUISITEOFTHISPROCESSISTOGETINFORMATIONABOUTTHEPHYSICALNATUREOFTHEOBJECTINALLAREASINRAPIDPROTOTYPING,SUCHASSOFTWARE,ELECTRONICCOMPONENTS,AUTOMOBILECOMPONENTS,REISWIDELYBEINGUSEDFORSHORTERPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTTIMEWITHOPTIMIZEDCOSTOFTHEPRODUCT14THEMETHODISWIDELYUSEDANDITCONSISTSANUMBEROFSTEPSSTARTINGFROMCAPTURINGVIRTUALMODELWITHA3DOPTICALSCANNERTO3DMODELDEVELOPMENTINCADSOFTWARE14THESCANNERCOVERTSTHEPHYSICALOBJECTINTOPOINTCOULDORMESHESTHISKINDOFREVERSEENGINEERINGISGENERALLYBEINGEMPLOYEDWHEREACCESSOFSUCHRECORDED3DOBJECTSARECONFIDENTIALANDIDENTIFIEDASPOTENTIALPATENTINFRINGEMENT15CONSIDERINGTHISASANIMPORTANTFACTANDTODEPLOYRAPIDPROTOTYPING,REPROCESSOFTHEBPILLAROUTERPARTISPRESENTEDINTHISRESEARCHTHISPAPERISORGANIZEDINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONS,SECTION2DESCRIBESTHEEXPERIMENTALSETUPWHERETHEINFORMATIONOFTHEPHYSICALOBJECTWASTRANSFERREDTOMESHESBY3DOPTICALSCANNING,SECTION3HIGHLIGHTEDTHERESULTANDDISCUSSIONOFTHERESEARCHANDFINALLY,SECTION4CONCLUDESWITHACHIEVEMENT,LIMITATIONSANDFUTUREWORK2EXPERIMENTALSETUP21SCANNINGOFBPILLARPARTTHEBPILLARUSEDINTHISRESEARCHHADCOMPLICATEDGEOMETRYANDSOMEFREEFLOWINGSURFACESDUETORELATIVELYLARGESIZEOFBPILLARPART,THESCANNINGOFTHEPARTWASCONDUCTEDINTHREEDIFFERENTPROJECTIONSANDTHENALIGNEDFORTHECOMPLETEMESHTHEPARTHADTOPROVIDEWITHALIGNMENTPOINTSWHICHWERESITUATEDSTRATEGICALLYFORENSURINGCORRECTMESHTHEORIGINALPARTWASPAINTEDWITHABLACKCOLOURDEVELOPERSPRAYTOAVOIDANYREFLECTIONDURINGSCANNINGINTHISMANNER,THERIGHTMESHESWEREFOUNDTHESCANNINGOFTHEPARTWASDOI101051/,201779001007AIGEV201690MATECCONF/201MATECWEBOFCONFERENCES010073

簡介：點(diǎn)擊查看更多注射器塞桿注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)【優(yōu)秀一模二十腔課程畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)含proe三維3d建模及14張cad圖紙+帶外文翻譯+25頁加正文0.95萬字】-zsmj01精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：點(diǎn)擊查看更多注塑模具外文翻譯--windows自帶的三維塑料注射模具設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)精彩內(nèi)容。