挖掘工作裝置設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b>　?。ㄍ馕姆g）</b></p><p>　　題 目 挖掘工作裝置設(shè)計(jì) </p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　作者：杰克·??考德威爾概要本文

2、介紹了全球定位系統(tǒng)（GPS）的使用，在挖掘，包括礦體勘探，開發(fā)，生產(chǎn)，關(guān)閉，填海工程，并在不列顛哥倫比亞州的煤礦標(biāo)題應(yīng)用。審查還審查和評(píng)估的網(wǎng)站，專門在煤礦的GPS應(yīng)用，GPS技術(shù)，GPS設(shè)備供應(yīng)商，與采礦相關(guān)的GPS應(yīng)用提供服務(wù)的顧問(wèn)。技術(shù)白皮書 通過(guò)GPS使用提高非公路卡車安全（Dagdelen和涅托 - 維加，科羅拉多礦業(yè)學(xué)院）</p><p>　　如果GPS技術(shù)融入他們的機(jī)器中，可以減少在露

3、天礦山中設(shè)備操作人員的死亡。目前，GPS已成為在卡車調(diào)度系統(tǒng)和實(shí)地測(cè)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組件。特別是在大型露天礦山，坑和轉(zhuǎn)儲(chǔ)地圖正在被使用時(shí)，可以直接傳送到卡車上的單板計(jì)算機(jī)中。與差分GPS車載設(shè)備相比，可以迅速確定一個(gè)給定精度小于一米的卡車的精確坐標(biāo)，并評(píng)估一個(gè)給定的卡車是否危險(xiǎn)接近傾銷邊緣的一個(gè)廢料堆和大量?jī)A銷的任務(wù)有關(guān)的致命交通意外發(fā)生。GPS鍬鏟挖掘機(jī)鏟斗的高精度制導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的挖掘機(jī)（西摩，C）的應(yīng)用，還列舉了以下優(yōu)點(diǎn)：1。準(zhǔn)確的選擇性開采

4、礦化視野2。準(zhǔn)確地找到煤剝離操作的矮墻面糊線，從而減少overdig，或失去煤3。如加載爆炸地區(qū)或危險(xiǎn)區(qū)域，準(zhǔn)確地表述舊地下運(yùn)作4。創(chuàng)造更長(zhǎng)椅，從而減少了卡車的周期時(shí)間和卡車上的磨損，減少長(zhǎng)凳上推土機(jī)及平地機(jī)時(shí)間一個(gè)典型的例子是科林斯維爾煤礦，在北昆士蘭的Thiess承包商擁有和經(jīng)營(yíng)斯特拉塔煤炭。</p><p>　　引入一種導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、三坑里裝有150萬(wàn)立方米的挖掘機(jī)翻土，表土顯示0.99%的平均over

5、dig和underdig 0.93%。安裝GPS指導(dǎo)的挖掘機(jī)挖的搬到12坑錢的表土達(dá)320萬(wàn)立方米,顯示平均3.86%的overdig和1.82%的underdig。 減少overdig足以支付系統(tǒng)在幾個(gè)月。隨后Thiess安裝指導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的其他三個(gè)挖掘機(jī)在網(wǎng)站中。 礦業(yè)（西摩和威廉姆斯，2003）GPS技術(shù)在高精度GPS機(jī)指導(dǎo)作用，現(xiàn)在可以定位在50毫米一桶一鏟或一個(gè)推土機(jī)的刀片。其他積極成果，包括精確的選擇性開采，甚至是視覺(jué)上區(qū)

6、分廢物的礦石時(shí)，跟蹤級(jí)，每通過(guò)煤礦礦包裹的噸位;生產(chǎn)力的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控;詳細(xì)的事故后的安全分析;和跟蹤每件裝備的變動(dòng)。 基于GPS的餓啊挖掘機(jī)在采礦業(yè)的指引（西摩，2003年）</p><p>　　賈揚(yáng)特·雷在一年處理30萬(wàn)立方米的礦井覆（采礦作業(yè)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的廢舊產(chǎn)品），約10億噸的煤炭色調(diào)。它有15個(gè)容量范圍從8到14立方米，85噸容量的50輛卡車和30 輛卡車120噸的卡車挖掘機(jī)的車隊(duì)。 OITD

7、S系統(tǒng)涵蓋整個(gè)挖掘機(jī)和卡車車隊(duì)。該系統(tǒng)的概念在1999年和2002年9月實(shí)施。最好是在這本書中擴(kuò)展。GPS推土機(jī)機(jī)指導(dǎo)（APS 2003年3月）的利益納入礦山機(jī)械GPS導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的主要好處有兩個(gè)：a）信息生成能夠幫助操作者礦體定位與機(jī)器或卸泥區(qū)的位置的位置。b）信息可以發(fā)回的實(shí)時(shí)控制中心，以評(píng)估機(jī)做什么，從而提高生產(chǎn)效率和質(zhì)量，以及實(shí)時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上。具體的GPS礦山設(shè)備的好處包括：A）推土機(jī)。沒(méi)有實(shí)地調(diào)查的需要完成土方工作可以做，可

8、以實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)雜的剝離設(shè)計(jì)，提供高效的材料為最佳運(yùn)動(dòng)GPS操作指導(dǎo)到哪里移動(dòng)的物質(zhì)和推多遠(yuǎn)。B）播種機(jī)。挖掘設(shè)備，從鉆井產(chǎn)生的信息，可以登錄到GPS系統(tǒng)。C）液壓挖掘機(jī)可以用挖掘機(jī)鏟斗的位置來(lái)確定的長(zhǎng)椅上設(shè)計(jì)的檔次。此外，該設(shè)備可以做選擇性開采，特別是在有沒(méi)有區(qū)別的視覺(jué)差異，特別是在氧化黃金業(yè)務(wù)，礦石和廢石。生產(chǎn)率的提高將來(lái)自除其他外，消除錯(cuò)誤和返工，</p><p>　　Authors: Jack Caldwe

9、ll</p><p><b>　　Summary</b></p><p>　　This review describes the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) in Mining including Mine and Ore Body Exploration, Development, Production, Closu

10、re, Reclamation, and Mine Title Application in British Columbia. The review also examines and evaluates web sites that specialize in GPS Technology, Mine Application of GPS, GPS Equipment Suppliers, and Consultants provi

11、ding services in mining-related GPS Applications. </p><p><b>　　PAPERS</b></p><p>　　Improving Safety of Off-Highway Trucks through GPS (Dagdelen and Nieto-Vega, Colorado School of Min

12、es) </p><p>　　Fatalities among equipment operators in open pit mines can be reduced if GPS technology is incorporated in their machines. Currently, GPS is becoming a standard component in truck dispatch syst

13、ems and field surveying. Especially in large open pit mines, pit and dump maps are being made in real time and can be transferred directly to the on-board computers of the trucks. With differential GPS equipment on board

14、, one can quickly determine exact coordinates of a given truck with accuracy of less th</p><p>　　Applications for GPS on Shovels and Excavators (Seymour, C.) With high precision guidance systems for shovel a

15、nd excavator buckets, the following benefits are also enumerated: </p><p>　　1. Accurate selective mining of mineralized horizons2. Accurately finding the low wall batter line in coal stripping operations, t

16、hus reducing overdig, or lost coal3. Accurate representation of hazardous areas, such as loaded blast areas or areas underlain by old underground workings4. Creating more even benches, thus reducing truck cycle times a

17、nd wear and tear on trucks and reducing dozer and grader time on benches</p><p>　　A case in point is the Collinsville Coal Mine, owned by Xstrata Coal and operated by Thiess Contractors in northern Queenslan

18、d. </p><p>　　Following the introduction of a guidance system, three pits containing 1.5 million cubic meters of excavator-dug overburden showed an average overdig of 0.99% and underdig of 0.93%. Overburden w

19、hich was moved in 12 pits dug prior to the installation of GPS guidance amounted to 3.2 million cubic meters and showed an average 3.86% of overdig and 1.82% of underdig. The reduction in overdig was sufficient to pay fo

20、r the systems within a few months. Thiess subsequently installed guidance systems on t</p><p>　　The Role of High Precision GPS Machine Guidance in Mining (Seymour and Williams, 2003) GPS technology can now l

21、ocate the bucket of a shovel or the blade of a dozer to within 50 mm. Other positive outcomes include precise selective mining, even when the ore is visually indistinguishable from waste; tracking grade and tonnage of ev

22、ery ore parcel through the mine; </p><p>　　real-time productivity monitoring; detailed post-accident safety analysis; and tracking the movements of every piece of equipment.</p><p>　　GPS-based M

23、achine Guidance in the Mining Industry (Seymour, 2003)</p><p>　　The Jayant mine handles 30 million cubic meters of mine overburden (the waste product generated during mining operations) and around 10 million

24、 tones of coal in a year. It has a fleet of 15 excavators with a capacity ranging from eight to 14 cubic meters, 50 trucks of 85-tonne capacity and 30 trucks of 120-tonne capacity. The OITDS system covers the entire flee

25、t of excavators and trucks. This system was conceptualized in 1999 and was implemented in September 2002. It is best expanded upon in thi</p><p>　　Benefits of GPS Machine Guidance on Dozers (APS, March 2003)

26、 There are two major benefits for incorporating GPS guidance systems on mining machines:</p><p>　　a) Information generated can help the operator to locate the orebody vs. the position of the machine or the l

27、ocation of dumping sites.</p><p>　　b) Information can be sent back to the control centre in real time to assess what the machine has done, which increases productivity and quality on a real-time basis as wel

28、l. </p><p>　　Specific GPS benefits for mine equipment include: </p><p>　　a) Dozers. Complete earth moving jobs can be done without the need for field survey pegging; sophisticated stripping desi

29、gn can be implemented that provides for the optimal efficient movement of material, with GPS guiding the operator as to where to move the material and how far to push it.</p><p>　　b) Drills. Information gene

30、rated from drilling can be logged onto GPS systems on excavation equipment.</p><p>　　c) Hydraulic Excavators can be used to design grades on benches to determining the position of the excavator bucket. Also,

31、 the equipment can do selective mining especially where there is no distinguishing visual difference between ore and waste, especially in oxide gold operations. </p><p>　　Productivity gains will come from, a

32、mong other things, elimination of mistakes and rework, elimination of field survey, high recovery and lower dilution of the valuable mineral, and added operators' confidence.</p><p><b>　　譯文</b&g

33、t;</p><p>　　電子一液壓集成控制的調(diào)整控制單元是根據(jù)通用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)的，其功能及完成的具體任務(wù)由控制中心的微處理器決定并控制。通常微處理機(jī)中可存儲(chǔ)多套功能控制方案，以適應(yīng)不同結(jié)構(gòu)功能的控制要求，變換機(jī)器的功能只需調(diào)換相應(yīng)的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，選擇相應(yīng)的控制形式即可。</p><p>　　挖掘機(jī)工作裝置液壓系統(tǒng)屬于一種典型的工程機(jī)械復(fù)雜機(jī)電液系統(tǒng)，其機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的多變性，液壓系統(tǒng)的高度非線性，

34、以及整個(gè)系統(tǒng)存在大量不確定量(不確定參數(shù)及不確定的非線性模型)，都使得液壓挖掘機(jī)工作裝置的運(yùn)動(dòng)控制成為一比較困難的工作。液壓挖掘機(jī)工作裝置的動(dòng)臂、斗桿和鏟斗3個(gè)液壓缸為對(duì)稱的液壓缸，而用來(lái)控制它的比例閥或伺服閥多為節(jié)流口面積梯度相等的對(duì)閥。因此，用對(duì)稱閥來(lái)控制非對(duì)稱的液壓缸，導(dǎo)致液壓缸活塞在兩個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)方向特性的不一致性。這直接影響著軌跡控制的方法和精度；另外，液壓缸本身的摩擦力在對(duì)鏟斗的軌跡控制中也是不容忽視的，而精確地得到該摩擦力也有一

35、定難度。外一些學(xué)者采用了非線性方法建模，并取得了不錯(cuò)的效果，但無(wú)論是控制系統(tǒng)本身還是其控制器設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程，普遍比較復(fù)雜，很大一部分工作量都集中在控制算法本身的理論推導(dǎo)上，而且實(shí)現(xiàn)起來(lái)有較大的難度，成本很高，而且影響系統(tǒng)的可靠性，所以需要對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行合理的建模。</p><p>　　近十年來(lái)，液壓挖掘機(jī)總的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)是提高可靠性和效率、降低成本，繼續(xù)向大型化發(fā)展的同時(shí)向微型化發(fā)展；著眼于動(dòng)力、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的改進(jìn)以達(dá)到高效節(jié)能，

36、應(yīng)用范圍不斷擴(kuò)大，實(shí)現(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、組件化以提高零部件和整機(jī)的可靠性；由于微電子技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，使其自動(dòng)化、機(jī)電一體化和智能化的進(jìn)程加快；為適應(yīng)不同工作條件，不僅可以用柴油機(jī)提供動(dòng)力也可以提供電力動(dòng)力；延長(zhǎng)維修周期、加快維修進(jìn)度和降低維修費(fèi)用；提高機(jī)械作業(yè)性能，降低振動(dòng)和噪聲，消除公害，更好地設(shè)計(jì)和裝備駕駛室。</p><p>　　液壓挖掘機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)是對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、液壓泵、多路換向閥和執(zhí)行元件(液壓缸、液壓馬達(dá)等所構(gòu)成的動(dòng)力系

37、統(tǒng)進(jìn)行控制的系統(tǒng)。挖掘機(jī)液壓控制系統(tǒng)主要有正流量控制、負(fù)流量控制和負(fù)載敏感系統(tǒng)．負(fù)載敏感系統(tǒng)因其節(jié)能、效率高和壽命長(zhǎng)的顯著優(yōu)點(diǎn)在20世紀(jì)80年代的歐洲真正發(fā)展起來(lái)，在現(xiàn)代工程機(jī)械中獲得了廣泛的應(yīng)用。負(fù)載敏感系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)具有壓差反饋，在流量指令條件下實(shí)現(xiàn)泵對(duì)負(fù)載壓力隨動(dòng)控制的閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)。負(fù)載敏感系統(tǒng)按控制類型可分為泵控負(fù)載敏感系統(tǒng)和閥控負(fù)載敏感系統(tǒng)；按反饋控制信號(hào)類型可分為液壓機(jī)械負(fù)載敏感系統(tǒng)和電液負(fù)載敏感系統(tǒng)；按系統(tǒng)的主控制閥中位的機(jī)能類型

38、可分為開中心式負(fù)載敏感系統(tǒng)(opened center load sensing system，OLSS)和閉中心式負(fù)載敏感系統(tǒng)(closed center load sensing system，CLSS)，不同的中位機(jī)能(開式、閉式)導(dǎo)致相應(yīng)的不同形式的負(fù)載敏感控制系統(tǒng)。多執(zhí)行器負(fù)載敏感系統(tǒng)的分流控制方法16 J包括：</p><p>　　(1)基于優(yōu)先式壓力補(bǔ)償?shù)姆至骺刂?lt;/p><p&

39、gt;　　優(yōu)先式壓力補(bǔ)償?shù)母拍钤? 969年由J．D．A11 ell提出，其具體方法是：對(duì)于一些即使在原動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速很低或者負(fù)載很大的情況下，仍須達(dá)到最高速度的執(zhí)行器(如液壓動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向等)，為了確保其流量，需要給它較高的優(yōu)先級(jí)，并允許在泵排量不足時(shí)各執(zhí)行器按優(yōu)先級(jí)由低到高的順序依次降低速度。這種具有優(yōu)先式壓力補(bǔ)償作用的閥，稱為優(yōu)先閥。但是在對(duì)具有優(yōu)先式壓力補(bǔ)償?shù)南到y(tǒng)進(jìn)行復(fù)合操作時(shí)，有可能產(chǎn)生優(yōu)先級(jí)低的執(zhí)行器停止工作的情況。為了使優(yōu)先級(jí)低的執(zhí)行

40、器即使在泵的輸出流量嚴(yán)重足的情況下也不會(huì)停止運(yùn)動(dòng)，有時(shí)還需要弱化這種壓力補(bǔ)償?shù)膬?yōu)先級(jí)。這就需要采用可變節(jié)流口兩端壓差的壓力補(bǔ)償。</p><p>　　(2)基于分流比調(diào)節(jié)式壓力補(bǔ)償?shù)姆至鞣椒?lt;/p><p>　　在一些像液壓挖掘機(jī)那樣需要使各執(zhí)行器速度保持一定的比例以保證各執(zhí)行器協(xié)調(diào)動(dòng)作的機(jī)械，不能在執(zhí)行器中附加優(yōu)先級(jí)。當(dāng)液壓泵的輸出流量不足時(shí)必須使各操作閥的輸出流量按比例地下降，即保持對(duì)

41、各操作閥的操作量之間的比例(分流比)不變。這種節(jié)流口兩端壓差的給定值不要求為定值，而只需要相等的壓力補(bǔ)償，稱為分流調(diào)節(jié)式壓力補(bǔ)償。</p><p>　　The adjustment control of the electronic integrated hydraulic control unit is designed according to common standards, their function

42、s and specific tasks determined by the microprocessor control center and control. Usually microprocessor can store multiple sets of functions in the control scheme to adapt to the different structure and function of the

43、control requirements, and transform the functions of the machine just swap the appropriate enforcement agency, select the appropriate form of contro</p><p><b>　　撤消修改</b></p><p>　　【1

44、9】Lee S U，Chang P H．Control of a heavy—duty robotic excavator using</p><p>　　time delay Control with integral sliding surface[J】．Control Engineering</p><p>　　Practice，2002，10：697·71 1．</