plc外文翻譯--plc和電氣工程技術(shù)概述

1、<p>　　附錄1：外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　A1.1：PLC和電氣工程技術(shù)概述（譯文）</p><p>　　可編程邏輯控制器（PLC）或可編程控制器是一種數(shù)字化的計(jì)算機(jī)，應(yīng)用于機(jī)電自動化過程的控制，如工廠流水線機(jī)械，游戲機(jī)，或照明裝置。可編程控制器可用于許多工業(yè)和機(jī)器。不同于通用計(jì)算機(jī)，可編程控制器是專為多輸入多輸出控制要求而設(shè)計(jì)的裝置，PLC能適應(yīng)更大的工作溫度范圍

2、，更高的抗電氣噪音干擾能力，以及更好的抗震抗沖擊能力?？刂茩C(jī)器操作的程序通常存儲于備用電池或非揮發(fā)性內(nèi)存中。PLC是一個(gè)實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)實(shí)例，因?yàn)椋漭敵鼋Y(jié)果必須在輸入條件下滿足響應(yīng)時(shí)間范圍才能產(chǎn)生。否則將會導(dǎo)致誤操作。plc 與其他控制系統(tǒng)的比較 。PLC 廣泛的適用于自動化類任務(wù)處理。在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中，自動化系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)和維護(hù)成本占系統(tǒng)總成本較大比例，并且在使用壽命期內(nèi)系統(tǒng)的變化是可預(yù)期的。Plc 包含的輸入輸出設(shè)備和工業(yè)試驗(yàn)裝置和控制元件相

3、兼容，小型電氣設(shè)計(jì)中的需求和設(shè)計(jì)問題集中在如何表達(dá)所需的操作程序。PLC 應(yīng)用是典型的高度定制系統(tǒng)，因此一個(gè)成套的PLC價(jià)格相較一個(gè)具體定制的控制器設(shè)計(jì)要低。另一方面，就大批量生產(chǎn)商品而言，用戶定制控制系統(tǒng)更經(jīng)濟(jì)，這歸因于該控制系統(tǒng)部件的成本更低，它是替代“泛型”解決方案的更好選擇，并且一次性成本</p><p>　　基于微控制器的設(shè)計(jì)適用于數(shù)百或數(shù)千個(gè)器件的生產(chǎn)，由此可令開發(fā)成本（電源設(shè)計(jì)，輸入/輸出硬件和必要

4、的測試和認(rèn)證）消化在更多的銷售量中，并且終端用戶無需改變其控制結(jié)構(gòu)。汽車自動化應(yīng)用就是例證；每年產(chǎn)出數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的元件，且很少終端用戶會修改這些控制器的程序。但是，一些特殊的汽車，例如運(yùn)輸車使用PLC代替定制型控制器更經(jīng)濟(jì)，因?yàn)槠淙萘啃〔⑶议_發(fā)成本會不經(jīng)濟(jì)。應(yīng)用在一些非常復(fù)雜的過程控制，例如化學(xué)工業(yè)時(shí)，可能需要使用較高等的算法和執(zhí)行能力，甚至超過了高性能PLC的性能所及，高速和高精度控制可能同樣需要用戶定制的解決方案；例如航天器飛行控制器

5、。</p><p>　　可編程控制器廣泛的應(yīng)用于運(yùn)動控制，定位控制和轉(zhuǎn)矩控制。一些制造商生產(chǎn)的運(yùn)動控制單元，將與PLC的集成，使plc（包括一臺數(shù)控機(jī)），可用于指導(dǎo)機(jī)器動作。{{引文摘要|July 2009}}</p><p>　　PLC的可以包含單變量反饋邏輯模擬控制回路，一個(gè)“比例積分微分控制器”或“PID控制器?！崩纾粋€(gè)PID回路可以用在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中的溫度控制上。早期的PLC配

6、置通常只有幾個(gè)模擬控制回路；當(dāng)過程控制需要成百上千的回路時(shí)，便使用一種分布式控制系統(tǒng)DCS來替代。但隨著PLC越來越強(qiáng)大，DCS和PLC應(yīng)用的分界線已經(jīng)越來越模糊</p><p>　　PLC具有RTU 遠(yuǎn)程終端單元的類似的功能，但是，RTU通常不支持控制算法或控制回路。由于硬件迅速變得更強(qiáng)大和更便宜，遠(yuǎn)程終端單元|RTU，PLC和[[分布式控制系統(tǒng)| DCS系統(tǒng)]]開始越來越多地重疊部分職責(zé)，并且許多廠商銷售與P

7、LC具有相似的功能的RTUs，反之亦然。該行業(yè)的IEC 61131-3創(chuàng)建方案，運(yùn)行在電大和PLC功能塊語言規(guī)范，雖然幾乎所有的廠商還提供專有的替代品和相關(guān)的開發(fā)環(huán)境。該行業(yè)出臺了[IEC 61131-3]將運(yùn)行RTU和PLC的功能塊編程語言規(guī)范化，雖然幾乎所有的廠商還提供專有的備選方案和兼容的開發(fā)環(huán)境。</p><p>　　電氣工程，通常被稱為電氣和電子工程（電器和電子設(shè)備），是指一般涉及電力，電子，電磁學(xué)的研

8、究和應(yīng)用的工程學(xué)領(lǐng)域。這是一個(gè)非常廣泛的領(lǐng)域，包含了各種電氣和電子系統(tǒng)的研究，如電子電路，發(fā)電機(jī)，電動機(jī)，變壓器，磁性元件及材料，電磁和機(jī)電設(shè)備，電子器件，電子電路，電子材料的設(shè)計(jì)和，光纖，光電器件，計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，廣播，電視，電話，電信，無線，微波系統(tǒng)，移動電話，雷達(dá)，數(shù)據(jù)通信，計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，納米技術(shù)，光子學(xué)，微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)等電氣工程可能會或可能不包括電子工程。其作了這樣的區(qū)分，通常在美國境外，電氣工程被認(rèn)為是處理與諸如動力傳動和電機(jī)控制的大型

9、電力系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的問題，然而對于小規(guī)模的電子系統(tǒng)，包括計(jì)算機(jī)和集成電路，進(jìn)行研究被認(rèn)為是電子工程。此外，電氣工程師通常關(guān)心的是使用電力傳輸能量，而電子工程師關(guān)心的是使用電力傳輸信息。最近，這種區(qū)分已被電力電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展模糊化了</p><p>　　19世紀(jì)末期，在電報(bào)和電力供應(yīng)商品化后，該領(lǐng)域首次成為一種獨(dú)立的行業(yè)?，F(xiàn)代電氣工程學(xué)科可以涵蓋一系列小學(xué)科，包括電力，微電子，超大規(guī)模集成電路，納米技術(shù)，控制系統(tǒng)，機(jī)電一體

10、化，機(jī)器人，非線性系統(tǒng)，計(jì)算機(jī)工程，系統(tǒng)的分析，信號處理，電信，數(shù)據(jù)通信，通信系統(tǒng)，信息理論。</p><p>　　電氣工程師通常擁有一個(gè)主修電氣工程的學(xué)位。修完這個(gè)學(xué)位通常是4到5年，完成后獲得學(xué)位是根據(jù)不同大學(xué)決定的，凡工程學(xué)士，理科學(xué)士，工程技術(shù)學(xué)士或應(yīng)用科學(xué)學(xué)士。一般該學(xué)位涵蓋的學(xué)科有物理，數(shù)學(xué)，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)，工程管理和電氣工程中特定學(xué)科。首先這些課題涵蓋了大部分，也許不是全部，的電氣工程學(xué)科，然后學(xué)生選擇

11、一個(gè)或多個(gè)專門學(xué)科完成對電氣工程學(xué)科學(xué)位的攻讀。 一些電器工程師也可以選擇攻讀一個(gè)碩士學(xué)位，如工程碩士/理學(xué)碩士（MEng/MSc），一個(gè)工程管理碩士，一個(gè)工程哲學(xué)博士學(xué)位（PhD），或一個(gè)工程學(xué)博士（EngD），或一個(gè)工程師的學(xué)位。碩士和工程師的學(xué)位包含研究或課程，或二者兼而有之。哲學(xué)博士和工程博士學(xué)位參與重大科技研究，常被看做是進(jìn)入學(xué)術(shù)界的敲門磚。在英國和其他歐洲國家不同，工程碩士通常被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)稍長一點(diǎn)時(shí)間的工程學(xué)士學(xué)位的本科

12、學(xué)位。</p><p>　　本文來自wikipedia.com。</p><p>　　A1.2: PLC and Electrical Engineering (原文)</p><p>　　A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer u

13、sed for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or lighting fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general-purpose comp

14、uters, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control m</p><p>　　PLC c

15、ompared with other control systems</p><p>　　PLCs are well-adapted to a range of automation tasks. </p><p>　　These are typically industrial processes in manufacturing where the cost of developing

16、 and maintaining the automation system is high relative to the total cost of the automation, and where changes to the system would be expected during its operational life. PLCs contain input and output devices compatible

17、 with industrial pilot devices and controls; little electrical design is required, and the design problem centers on expressing the desired sequence of operations. </p><p>　　PLC applications are typically hi

18、ghly customized systems so the cost of a packaged PLC is low compared to the cost of a specific custom-built controller design. On the other hand, in the case of mass-produced goods, customized control systems are econom

19、ic due to the lower cost of the components, which can be optimally chosen instead of a "generic" solution, and where the non-recurring engineering charges are spread over thousands or millions of units.</p&g

20、t;<p>　　For high volume or very simple fixed automation tasks, different techniques are used. For example, a consumer dishwasher would be controlled by an electromechanical cam timer costing only a few dollars in

21、production quantities.</p><p>　　A microcontroller-based design would be appropriate where hundreds or thousands of units will be produced and so the development cost (design of power supplies, input/output h

22、ardware and necessary testing and certification) can be spread over many sales, and where the end-user would not need to alter the control. </p><p>　　Automotive applications are an example; millions of units

23、 are built each year, and very few end-users alter the programming of these controllers. However, some specialty vehicles such as transit busses economically use PLCs instead of custom-designed controls, because the volu

24、mes are low and the development cost would be uneconomic.</p><p>　　Very complex process control, such as used in the chemical industry, may require algorithms and performance beyond the capability of even h

25、igh-performance PLCs. Very high-speed or precision controls may also require customized solutions; for example, aircraft flight controls</p><p>　　Programmable controllers are widely used in motion control, p

26、ositioning control and torque control. Some manufacturers produce motion control units to be integrated with PLC so that plc (involving a CNC machine) can be used to instruct machine movements.{{Citation needed|date=July

27、 2009}}</p><p>　　PLCs may include logic for single-variable feedback analog control loop, a "Proportion Integration Differentiation" or "PID controller." A PID loop could be used to contr

28、ol the temperature of a manufacturing process, for example. Historically PLCs were usually configured with only a few analog control loops; where processes required hundreds or thousands of loops, a distributed control s

29、ystem (DCS) would instead be used. As PLCs have become more powerful, the boundary between DCS and PLC applica</p><p>　　PLCs have similar functionality as Remote Terminal Units. An RTU, however, usually does

30、 not support control algorithms or control loops. As hardware rapidly becomes more powerful and cheaper,Remote Terminal Unit|RTUs, PLCs and Distributed Control System|DCSs are increasingly beginning to overlap in respons

31、ibilities, and many vendors sell RTUs with PLC-like features and vice versa..The industry has standardized on the IEC 61131-3 functional block language for creating programs to run on RTUs and </p><p>　　Elec

32、trical engineering, often referred to as the electrical and electronic engineering (EEE), is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. It

33、 is a very broad area that encompasses the design and study of various electrical & electronic systems, such as electrical circuits, electrical generators, electric motors, transformers, magnetic devices & materi

34、als, electromagnetic and electromechanical devices, electronic d</p><p>　　Electrical engineering may or may not include electronic engineering. Where a distinction is made, usually outside of the United Stat

35、es, electrical engineering is considered to deal with the problems associated with large-scale electrical systems such as power transmission and motor control, whereas electronic engineering deals with the study of small

36、-scale electronic systems including computers and integrated circuits.Alternatively, electrical engineers are usually concerned with using electric</p><p>　　The field first became an identifiable occupation

37、in the late nineteenth century after commercialization of the electric telegraph and electrical power supply. The modern Electrical Engineering subject may cover a range of subtopics including power, microelectronics, VL

38、SI, nanotechnology, control systems, mechatronics, robotics, nonlinear systems, computer engineering, systems analysis, signal processing, telecommunications, data communications, communication systems, information theor

39、y.</p><p>　　Electrical engineers typically possess an academic degree with a major in electrical engineering. The length of study for such a degree is usually four or five years and the completed degree may

40、 be designated as a Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Technology or Bachelor of Applied Science depending upon the university. The degree generally includes units covering physics, mathematics, co

41、mputer science, project management and specific topics in electrical engineering. Ini</p><p>　　Some electrical engineers also choose to pursue a postgraduate degree such as a Master of Engineering/Master of

42、Science (MEng/MSc), a Master of Engineering Management, a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Engineering, an Engineering Doctorate (EngD), or an Engineer's degree. The Master and Engineer's degree may consist of eithe