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1、<p>  1、PLC design criteria </p><p>  A systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in the traditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ra

2、mifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of t

3、he system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired g</p><p>  In modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innova

4、tion, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems

5、in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice. </p><p>  Studies ha

6、ve shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLCs still relies on a conventional programming sty

7、le with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower alloc

8、ated for the PLC program design. Standards [IEC 60</p><p>  A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make l

9、arge-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as

10、 airport control, and public railroads. </p><p>  The software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software perfo

11、rmance in terms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates i

12、nto complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes</p><p>  Today, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or

13、 electrical products. One of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extending it to the field of engineering systems design. A system des

14、ign theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. Further</p>&l

15、t;p>  From a logical perspective, PLC software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated circuits. Modern VLSI designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3

16、years [Whitney, 1996]. The design process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. At component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. At system design stage, components

17、 are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is te</p><p>  2、SIEMENS PLC </p><p>  SIMATIC S7-300 series PLC applied to all walks of life and various occasions in the detect

18、ion, monitoring and control of automation, its power to both the independent operation of, or connected to a network able to achieve complex control. </p><p>  The photoelectric products with isolation, hig

19、h electromagnetic compatibility; have high industrial applicability, allowing the ambient temperature of 60 ℃; has strong anti-jamming and anti-vibration and impact resistance, so in a harsh working environment has been

20、widely Applications. </p><p>  I also mean freedom of communication S7-300 type PLC' s a very unique feature, which allows S7-300-PLC can deal openly with any other communications equipment, communicati

21、ons controller, or PLC S7-300 type can be defined by the user's own Communications protocol (of the agreement ASCII), the baud rate to 1.5 M bit / s (adjustable). So that can greatly increase the scope of communicati

22、ons so that the control system configuration more flexible and convenient. Of any kind with a serial interface pe</p><p>  When the PC offline, under the control of the next crew, the whole system can operat

23、e normally. </p><p>  PC that is by control centre, mainly by the PC and laser printer components, using SIMATIC WINCC software platform, the all-Chinese interface, friendly man-machine dialogue. Managers a

24、nd operators can be observed through a PC, shown in the various kinds of information to understand the present and past the ice-storage operation of the automatic control system and all the parameters, and through the mo

25、use to print equipment management and implementation tasks. </p><p>  WINCC software in the field of automation can be used for all the operators’ control and monitoring tasks. Can be controlled in the proc

26、ess of the events clearly show, and shows the current status and order records, the recorded data can show all or select summary form, or may be required for editing, printing and output statements and trends . </p&g

27、t;<p>  WINCC able to control the critical situation in the early stages of the report, and the signal can be displayed on the screen, can also use sound to be felt. It supported by online help and operational gui

28、delines to eliminate failure. WINCC a workstation can be devoted to the process control to the process so that important information not is shielded. Software-assisted operation strategy ensures that the process was not

29、 illegal to visit and to provide for non-industrial environment in the wron</p><p>  WINCC is MICRSOFT WINDOWS98 or WINDOWS NT4.0 operating system, running on a PC object-oriented class 32-bit application, O

30、LE through the window and ODBC standard mechanism, as an ideal partner to enter the communications world WINDOWS, it can be easily WINCC To integrate a company-wide data processing system. </p><p>  3、Commu

31、nications </p><p>  Communications are vital to an individual automation cell and to the automated factory as a whole. We've heard a lot about MAP in the last few years, and a lot of companies have jumpe

32、d on the band wagon. Many, however were disappointed when a fully-defined and completed MAP specification didn’t appear immediately. Says Larry Kumara:” Right now, MAP is still a moving target for the manufacturers spec

33、ification that is not final. Presently, for example, people are introducing products to meet the </p><p>  Because of this, many PLC vendors are holding off on full MAP implementations. Omron, for example, h

34、as an ongoing MAP-compatibility program, but Frank Newborn, vice president of Omron’s Industrial Division, reports that because of the lack of a firm definition, Omron's PLCs don't yet talk to MAP. </p>&l

35、t;p>  Since it’s unlikely that an individual PLC would talk to broadband MAP anyway, makers are concentrating n proprietary networks. According to Sal Provanzano, users fear that if they do get on board and vendors wi

36、thdraw from MAP, they all pulse width modulation control system be the ones left holding a communications structure that’s not supported.</p><p>  1、PLC的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) </p><p>  一個(gè)系統(tǒng)化的設(shè)計(jì) PLC程序的方法可以克服傳統(tǒng)程序生

37、產(chǎn)控制系統(tǒng)的缺點(diǎn),并且在一些工業(yè)應(yīng)用總有很大的不同。自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)是狀態(tài)模型用公式語言或等價(jià)的語言描述的。公式描述對(duì)被控制的系統(tǒng)的行為提供一個(gè)精確的描述??梢酝ㄟ^分析估計(jì)看狀態(tài)模型是否達(dá)到想要的目標(biāo)。第二,為狀態(tài)模型的描述提供結(jié)構(gòu)描述,這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)描述可以說明邏輯要求和如細(xì)節(jié)安全規(guī)則的限制。第三,好的控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)自動(dòng)控制代碼生成有益的——一種能夠產(chǎn)生可執(zhí)行的控制軟件的能力,不同的邏輯控制器可以減少程序掃描時(shí)間和執(zhí)行那個(gè)時(shí)間。特別的,這個(gè)主

38、題與隨后的部分的是有關(guān)的。 </p><p>  在現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)中,系統(tǒng)是用過程和結(jié)果的革新來描述的,并且因此不得不改變系統(tǒng)性能以快速做出反應(yīng)。因此,一個(gè)大的挑戰(zhàn)是提供技術(shù)以限制自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)對(duì)變化需要和新機(jī)會(huì)的反應(yīng),所以,設(shè)計(jì)和操作知識(shí)可以實(shí)時(shí)的被再次利用,在工業(yè)實(shí)踐中提供了一個(gè)重要的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)面。 </p><p>  研究表明,在自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)中,程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)的方法已經(jīng)與計(jì)算機(jī)資源應(yīng)用的急速增長(zhǎng)不能匹

39、配。例如,可編程邏輯控制器(PLC)程序仍然依靠一種方便的有邏輯梯形圖的程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)模式。結(jié)果,程序上的延遲和資源成了生產(chǎn)工業(yè)過程的主要絆腳石。在可編程邏輯控制器程序設(shè)計(jì)過程中,測(cè)試和調(diào)試可能會(huì)占用超過百分之五十的人力。在發(fā)展和傳播“STATE-OF-THE-ART”已經(jīng)形成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999],但是,基本上這些標(biāo)

40、準(zhǔn)都不能參與有效的程序和系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方面知識(shí)的革新。 </p><p>  系統(tǒng)的方法通過使用原有的軟件模塊,有助于增加設(shè)計(jì)自動(dòng)化的水平,同時(shí)也將提供一種可管理的大規(guī)模系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的方法。同樣的,它也將改善軟件的質(zhì)量的可靠性,以及關(guān)系到系統(tǒng)的較高安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn),尤其是這些對(duì)環(huán)境有危害影響的,比如:機(jī)場(chǎng)控制、公共鐵路運(yùn)輸。 </p><p>  軟件工業(yè)被認(rèn)為是系統(tǒng)性能的破壞者和系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜性的產(chǎn)生者。逐漸下

41、降的硬件價(jià)格,破壞了對(duì)通過優(yōu)化程序獲得的軟件性能的需要。其結(jié)果是,一方面造成了大量而低效率的程序代碼,另一方面并沒有獲得高的硬件性能。其次,軟件變得難以掌握其程度的復(fù)雜;在現(xiàn)代自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)中,軟件設(shè)計(jì)和保持系統(tǒng)本質(zhì)幾乎變得不可能。尤其是,可編程邏輯控制器(PLC)程序設(shè)計(jì)從二十五年前的兩條主線,發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在的成千上萬條?,F(xiàn)在安全性增加了,例如,關(guān)于防火的新措施,以及現(xiàn)代自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的柔韌性增加了程序設(shè)計(jì)過程的復(fù)雜性。因此,軟件的使用周期花費(fèi)是

42、總共花費(fèi)的一個(gè)固定不變的增長(zhǎng)部分。百分之八十到九十的花費(fèi)用于軟件維護(hù)、調(diào)試、優(yōu)化(改進(jìn))、和擴(kuò)展以滿足不斷變換的需求。 </p><p>  目前,大部分設(shè)計(jì)研究的主要焦點(diǎn)都集中在機(jī)械和電子產(chǎn)品上。這種有目的性的研究產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)副產(chǎn)品,就是通過推廣這中研究到系統(tǒng)工程設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域,從而加固了我們對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)理論和技巧的基本理解。針對(duì)大規(guī)模和復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)理論并沒有成熟。尤其是,對(duì)如何簡(jiǎn)化一個(gè)繁冗而復(fù)雜的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)這一問題,仍

43、然沒有被科學(xué)的處理。而且,正在設(shè)計(jì)理論和代表計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)及運(yùn)籌學(xué)研究的認(rèn)識(shí)論結(jié)果之間構(gòu)建一條橋梁,這樣的具體應(yīng)該是邏輯硬件電路設(shè)計(jì)。 </p><p>  從邏輯學(xué)的角度來看,可編程邏輯控制器(PLC)的軟件設(shè)計(jì)類似與集成電路的硬件設(shè)計(jì)?,F(xiàn)代超大規(guī)模集成電路設(shè)計(jì)(Very Large Scale </p><p>  Integration--VLSI)是及其復(fù)雜的,一個(gè)集成電路一般有幾百萬

44、個(gè)晶體管,而且產(chǎn)品開發(fā)周期大都三年左右。設(shè)計(jì)過程一般都分成局部功能塊設(shè)計(jì)和系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)兩個(gè)階段。在局部功能塊設(shè)計(jì)階段,單個(gè)功能將被設(shè)計(jì)出來,并予以驗(yàn)證。在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)階段,所有功能塊都將被整合起來,整個(gè)系統(tǒng)行為特性和功能將會(huì)通過仿真形式加以測(cè)試。一般來說,所有部分都完全的驗(yàn)證是不可能的。因此,統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)可以作為可編程邏輯控制器(PLC)設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)例子,并有可能影響邏輯硬件設(shè)計(jì)。 </p><p>  2、AK 1703 AC

45、P </p><p>  AK 1703 ACP 憑借著一貫創(chuàng)新的精神與穩(wěn)定的技術(shù),在以穩(wěn)定為基礎(chǔ)的產(chǎn)品平臺(tái)中,擁有高級(jí)的功能性和適應(yīng)性。 </p><p>  ACP(自動(dòng)化,控制和保護(hù))系統(tǒng)概念保證了 AK 1703 ACP 功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)。穩(wěn)定的功能性使得自動(dòng)化控制,遠(yuǎn)程控制和通信協(xié)議三者完美結(jié)合。可升級(jí)的性能與多種冗余結(jié)構(gòu),使得 AK1703 ACP 可以完美處理各種功能要求。 <

46、;/p><p>  AK 1703 ACP 擁有適合現(xiàn)代化自動(dòng)控制的綜合的遠(yuǎn)程控制技術(shù): </p><p>  * 水電站遠(yuǎn)程控制與中控設(shè)備 </p><p>  * 擁有自治功能的自動(dòng)控制單元 </p><p>  * 數(shù)據(jù)節(jié)點(diǎn), 設(shè)備控制站, 尖端科技 </p><p>  * 擁有現(xiàn)場(chǎng)或遠(yuǎn)程外圍設(shè)備 </p&g

47、t;<p>  * 為后面板安裝而設(shè)計(jì)的 19 英寸設(shè)備 </p><p>  * 專為多種現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用和高產(chǎn)品要求設(shè)計(jì)的中間產(chǎn)品 </p><p><b>  * 多種通信手段 </b></p><p><b>  * 簡(jiǎn)潔的編程 </b></p><p>  * 唯一的設(shè)備插座 <

48、;/p><p>  * 開放型系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu) </p><p><b>  * 可升級(jí)的冗余 </b></p><p>  * 智能終端- TM 1703 </p><p>  AK 1703 ACP 基本外部設(shè)備原件擁有兩個(gè)基本系統(tǒng)原件 CP-2010/CPC25(主控原件)和CP-2012/PCCE25(處理和通信原件),

49、一個(gè)總線最多可以連接 16個(gè)外圍設(shè)備原件。 </p><p>  CP-2010/CPC25 特征與功能 </p><p><b>  系統(tǒng)功能: </b></p><p>  * 核心元件,協(xié)調(diào)所有系統(tǒng)功能 </p><p>  連接所有基本功能原件的中心站點(diǎn) </p><p><b>

50、;  * 時(shí)間管理 </b></p><p>  自動(dòng)控制單元的中控時(shí)鐘 </p><p>  設(shè)定并保持自身時(shí)鐘的時(shí)間,分辨率為 10ms </p><p>  通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)或當(dāng)?shù)氐姆?wù)通信進(jìn)行同步 </p><p><b>  * 冗余 </b></p><p>  在處理與通信中為

51、自動(dòng)控制單元選擇并轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)哂鄦卧?</p><p>  通過SCA-RS 外部冗余開關(guān)支持選擇與轉(zhuǎn)變功能 </p><p>  通過外接系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)選擇與支持,例如控制系統(tǒng) </p><p>  * 與SAT TOLLBOX||連接 </p><p>  在閃存卡里存儲(chǔ)固件和參數(shù) </p><p><b>  通信

52、: </b></p><p>  * 通過相應(yīng)的協(xié)議原件與高級(jí)或附屬自動(dòng)控制單元進(jìn)行通信 </p><p>  * 為數(shù)據(jù)流自動(dòng)選擇路徑 </p><p>  * 優(yōu)先基本數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸(優(yōu)先級(jí)控制) </p><p>  * 為每個(gè)聯(lián)檢站設(shè)立自己的循環(huán)緩沖器和處理信息(數(shù)據(jù)保持) </p><p>  * 為

53、冗余通信提供路徑 </p><p>  與對(duì)方站的冗余進(jìn)行通信 </p><p>  * 通過撥號(hào)上網(wǎng)方式對(duì)特殊應(yīng)用實(shí)施特殊功能 </p><p>  為可進(jìn)行冗余的站點(diǎn)進(jìn)行測(cè)試 </p><p>  具有處理功能的外圍設(shè)備: </p><p>  * 通過Ax 1703 外圍設(shè)備串口總線自發(fā)地將信息傳輸?shù)酵鈬O(shè)備單元

54、 </p><p><b>  自動(dòng)控制功能: </b></p><p>  * 通過CAEX+按照IEC 61131-3協(xié)議創(chuàng)建的可自由定義的擁有開閉環(huán)控制功能的用戶程序 </p><p>  512KB 的用戶程序空間 </p><p>  大約50000 個(gè)可變信號(hào)源,2000 個(gè)常用信號(hào)源 </p>

55、<p>  10ms 的循環(huán)時(shí)間 </p><p><b>  網(wǎng)上測(cè)試 </b></p><p><b>  可隨時(shí)下載 </b></p><p>  * 冗余的開閉環(huán)功能控制 </p><p>  通過冗余線路進(jìn)行同步 </p><p>  通過Ax 170

56、3外圍設(shè)備串口總線在開閉環(huán)控制功能與外圍接口單元之間不斷傳輸處理信息。</p><p>  3、SIEMENS可編程序控制器 </p><p>  SIMATIC S7-300 系列PLC適用于各行各業(yè)、各種場(chǎng)合中的檢測(cè)、監(jiān)測(cè)及控制的自動(dòng)化,其強(qiáng)大功能使其無論在獨(dú)立運(yùn)行中,或相連成網(wǎng)絡(luò)皆能實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)雜控制功能。 </p><p>  該產(chǎn)品具有光電隔離,高電磁兼容;具有

57、很高的工業(yè)適用性,允許的環(huán)境溫度達(dá)60℃;具有很強(qiáng)的抗干擾、抗振動(dòng)與抗沖擊性能,因此在嚴(yán)酷的工作環(huán)境中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。 </p><p>  自由通訊口方式也是 S7-300 型PLC的一個(gè)很有特色的功能,它使 S7-300型PLC可以與任何通訊協(xié)議公開的其它設(shè)備、控制器進(jìn)行通訊,即 S7- 300 型PLC可以由用戶自己定義通訊協(xié)議(例 ASCII 協(xié)議),波特率為1。5Mbit/s(可調(diào)整)。因此使可通訊的

58、范圍大大增加,使控制系統(tǒng)配置更加靈活、方便。任何具有串行接口的外設(shè),例如:打印機(jī)或條形碼閱讀器、變頻器、調(diào)制解調(diào)器(Modem)、上位PC 機(jī)等都可連接使用。用戶可通過編程來編制通訊協(xié)議、交換數(shù)據(jù)(例如:ASCII碼字符),具有RS232接口的設(shè)備也可用PC/PPI 電纜連接起來進(jìn)行自由通訊方式通訊。 </p><p>  當(dāng)上位機(jī)脫機(jī)時(shí),在下位機(jī)控制下,整個(gè)系統(tǒng)能正常運(yùn)行。 </p><p&

59、gt;  上位機(jī)即圖文控制中心,主要由 PC機(jī)和激光打印機(jī)組成,采用 SIMATIC WINCC軟件平臺(tái),采用全中文操作界面,人機(jī)對(duì)話友好。管理人員和操作者,可以通過觀察PC機(jī)所顯示的各種信息來了解當(dāng)前和以往整個(gè)冰蓄冷自控系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行情況和所有參數(shù),并且通過鼠標(biāo)進(jìn)行設(shè)備管理和執(zhí)行打印任務(wù)。WINCC軟件在自動(dòng)化領(lǐng)域中可用于所有的操作員控制和監(jiān)控任務(wù)??蓪⑦^程控制中發(fā)生的事件清楚地顯示出來,可顯示當(dāng)前狀態(tài)并按順序記錄,所記錄的數(shù)據(jù)可以全部顯

60、示或選擇簡(jiǎn)要形式顯示,可連續(xù)或按要求編輯,并可輸出打印報(bào)表和趨勢(shì)圖。 </p><p>  WINCC 能夠在控制過程中危急情況的初發(fā)階段進(jìn)行報(bào)告,發(fā)出的信號(hào)既可以在屏幕上顯示出來,也可以用聲音表現(xiàn)出來。它支持用在線幫助和操作指南來消除故障。某一 WINCC 工作站可專門用于過程控制以使那些重要的過程信息不被屏蔽。軟件輔助操作策略保證過程不被非法訪問,并提供用于工業(yè)環(huán)境中的無錯(cuò)操作。 </p>&l

61、t;p>  WINCC 是MICRSOFT WINDOWS98 或WINDOWS NT4。0 操作系統(tǒng)下,在PC機(jī)上運(yùn)行的面向?qū)ο蟮囊涣?2 位應(yīng)用軟件,通過 OLE 和ODBC 視窗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)制,作為理想的通訊伙伴進(jìn)入WINDOWS 世界,因此WINCC 可容易地結(jié)合到全公司的數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)中。 </p><p><b>  4、通信 </b></p><p>  

62、通信對(duì)于個(gè)人自動(dòng)單元是很重要的。在過去的幾年里,我們聽到許多關(guān)于生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化協(xié)議的事情,并且許多公司已經(jīng)加入大有成功希望的事業(yè)。然而,當(dāng)一個(gè)完整的生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化協(xié)議說明書沒有及時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)許多公司都很失望。Larry Kotare 說:”現(xiàn)在,生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化協(xié)議仍然是生產(chǎn)中一個(gè)發(fā)展的對(duì)象,一個(gè)說明書并不是最終的結(jié)果。例如,雖然當(dāng)新的生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化協(xié)議 MAP3.0 版本使用之時(shí)以MAP2.1 版本為基礎(chǔ)的產(chǎn)品將會(huì)被汰,但是現(xiàn)在人們?nèi)匀粚a(chǎn)品用于 MAP2

63、.1版?!?</p><p>  由于這些原因,許多 PLC廠家緊盯著MAP 的最新結(jié)果。如歐姆龍公司正在進(jìn)行一個(gè)有關(guān)MAP 兼容性的項(xiàng)目。但是歐姆龍生產(chǎn)部門總經(jīng)理 Frank Newborn說由于缺少一個(gè)固定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),歐姆龍的產(chǎn)品并不涉及到 MAP。</p><p>  由于工業(yè)PLC無論何時(shí)不可能廣泛的涉及到 MAP,生產(chǎn)廠家正在考慮專用網(wǎng)絡(luò)。根據(jù)Sal Probanzano 說法,用戶

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