機械設計外文文獻翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文文獻翻譯

1、<p><b>　　外文原文</b></p><p>　　Mechanical Design</p><p><b>　　Abstract:</b></p><p>　　A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which tran

2、sforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured a

3、rticles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for rete

4、ntion an</p><p>　　Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design Process</p><p>　　The Design Process</p><p>　　Designing starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvemen

5、ts in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously</p><p>　　done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly

6、 or partly</p><p>　　In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the

7、design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the

8、 comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used cer</p><p>　　When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begi

9、n in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for ea

10、ch critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives </p><p>　　Product liability sui

11、ts designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best

12、information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in

13、litigation, the use of products and hurt th</p><p>　　Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid th

14、ese questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the

15、personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsu</p><p>　　May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to

16、 the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.</p><p>　　Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests a

17、re satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo ch

18、anges as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.</p><p>　　Some Rules for Design</p><p>　　In this section it is suggeste

19、d that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,</p><p>　　and durable products. &l

20、t;/p><p>　　To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.</p><p>　　1. A creative use

21、 of need of physical properties and control process.</p><p>　　2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.</p><p>　　3. Anticipate unintentional loads.</p><p>　　4. Devise mo

22、re favorable loading conditions.</p><p>　　5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.</p><p>　　6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.&l

23、t;/p><p>　　7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.</p><p>　　8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.</p><p>　　9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufactu

24、ring process and reduce cost.</p><p>　　10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.</p><p>　　Machinery design covers the following contents.</p><p>　　

25、1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.</p><p>　　2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,</p><p>　　Including

26、beam , vibration and impact loading.</p><p>　　3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.</p><p>　　4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approac

27、hes to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.</p><p>　　5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.

28、</p><p>　　6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.</p><p>　　7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application</p><p>　　8. Gives a

29、 thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.</p><p>　　9. Discusses spring design including compression ,

30、extension and torsion springs.</p><p>　　10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.</p><p>　　11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clu

31、tches and brakes.</p><p>　　Machine Design</p><p>　　The complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativit

32、y in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.</p><p>　　One of

33、 the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost

34、 of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.</p><p>　　Careful calculations

35、are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions

36、) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. </p><p>　　The computer is a tool helpful

37、 to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CA

38、D) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes t

39、he machine to adapt the people. This c</p><p>　　If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certa

40、inly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first

41、determine whether the people do need this kind of product</p><p>　　Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis

42、and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is

43、insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all op</p><p>　　A good design personnel should dare to propose the new id

44、ea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the ende

45、avor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainl

46、y i</p><p><b>　　外文資料翻譯譯文</b></p><p><b>　　機械設計</b></p><p>　　摘要： 機器是由機械裝置和其它組件組成的。它是一種用來轉換或傳遞能量的裝置，例如：發(fā)動機、渦輪機、車輛、起重機、印刷機、洗衣機、照相機和攝影機等。許多原則和設計方法不但適用于機器的設計，也適用于非

47、機器的設計。術語中的“機械裝置設計” 的含義要比“機械設計”的含義更為廣泛一些，機械裝置設計包括機械設計。在分析運動及設計結構時，要把產品外型以及以后的保養(yǎng)也要考慮在機械設計中。在機械工程領域中，以及其它工程領域中，所有這些都需要機械設備，比如：開關、凸輪、閥門、船舶以及攪拌機等。</p><p>　　關鍵詞： 設計流程 設計規(guī)則 機械設計</p><p><b>　　設計流

48、程</b></p><p>　　設計開始之前就要想到機器的實際性，現(xiàn)存的機器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的機器必需具有以前機器所能執(zhí)行的功能。</p><p>　　在設計的初始階段，應該允許設計人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不要受到任何約束。即使產生了許多不切實際的想法，也會在設計的早期，即在繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于阻斷創(chuàng)新的思路。通常,還要提出

49、幾套設計方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在這個計劃最后決定中,使用了某些不在計劃之內的一些設想。</p><p>　　一般的當外型特點和組件部分的尺寸特點分析得透徹時，就可以全面的設計和分析。接著還要客觀的分析機器性能的優(yōu)越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且競爭力的成本也要考慮在分析結果之內。每一個至關重要的部分要優(yōu)化它的比例和尺寸，同時也要保持與其它組成部分相協(xié)調。</p><p>　　也

50、要選擇原材料和處理原材料的方法。通過力學原理來分析和實現(xiàn)這些重要的特性，如那些靜態(tài)反應的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像動力慣性、加速動力和能量；包括彈性材料的強度、應力和剛度等材料的物理特性，以及流體潤滑和驅動器的流體力學。設計的過程是重復和合作的過程，無論是正式或非正式的進行，對設計者來說每個階段都很重要。</p><p>　　最后，以圖樣為設計的標準，并建立將來的模型。如果它的測試是符合事先要求的，則再將對初步設

51、計進行某些修改，使它能夠在制造成本上有所降低。產品的設計需要不斷探索和發(fā)展。許多方案必須被研究、試驗、完善，然后決定使用還是放棄。雖然每個工程學問題的內容是獨特的，但是設計師可以按照類似的步驟來解決問題。</p><p>　　產品的責任訴訟迫使設計人員和公司在選擇材料時，采用最好的程序。在材料過程中，五個最常見的問題為：（a）不了解或者不會使用關于材料應用方面的最新最好的信息資料；(b)未能預見和考慮材料的合理用

52、途（如有可能，設計人員還應進一步預測和考慮由于產品使用方法不當造成的后果。在近年來的許多產品責任訴訟案件中，由于錯誤地使用產品而受到傷害的原告控告生產廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數據不全或是有些數據不確定，尤其是當其性能數據長期不更新；(d)質量控制方法不適當和未經驗證；(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。</p><p>　　通過對上述五個問題的分析，可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由而存在的結論。

53、對這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)而指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產品責任訴訟，設計人員和工業(yè)界按照適當的程序進行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數量。</p><p>　　從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應該對材料的性質，特點和加工方法有一個全面而基本的了解。</p><p>　　在隨后生產和售后服務的幾年中，要接受新觀念的變化，或者由試驗和經驗為基礎，進一

54、步分析并改進。</p><p><b>　　一些設計規(guī)則</b></p><p>　　在本節(jié)中，建議要運用創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度來替代和改進。也許會創(chuàng)造出更實用、更經濟、更耐用的產品。</p><p>　　為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維，下列是設計和分析的建議規(guī)則。前六個規(guī)則對設計者來說特別適用。</p><p>　　要有創(chuàng)造性的利用所需要的

55、物理性質和控制過程。</p><p>　　認識負載產生的影響及其意義。</p><p>　　預測沒有想到的負載。</p><p>　　創(chuàng)造出對載荷更為有利的條件。</p><p>　　提供良好的應力分布和最小的剛度條件。</p><p>　　運用最簡單的方程來優(yōu)化體積和面積。</p><p>&

56、lt;b>　　選擇組合材料。</b></p><p>　　仔細選擇所備的原料和不可缺少的組件。</p><p>　　調整有效的設計方案，以適應生產過程和降低成本。</p><p>　　規(guī)定好準確的位置條件為了使組件安裝時不干涉。</p><p>　　機械設計包括一下內容：</p><p>　　對設計過

57、程、設計所需要公式以及安全系數進行介紹。</p><p>　　回顧材料特性、靜態(tài)和動態(tài)載荷分析，包括梁、振動和沖擊載荷。</p><p>　　回顧應力的基本規(guī)律和失效分析。</p><p>　　介紹靜態(tài)失效理論和靜態(tài)載荷下機械斷裂分析。</p><p>　　介紹疲勞失效理論并強調在壓力條件下接近高循環(huán)的疲勞設計，這通常用在旋轉機械的設計中。&

58、lt;/p><p>　　深入探討機械磨損機理、表面接觸應力和表面疲勞現(xiàn)象。</p><p>　　使用疲勞分析技術校核軸的設計。</p><p>　　討論潤滑油膜與滾動軸承的理論和應用。</p><p>　　深入介紹直齒圓柱齒輪的動力學、設計和應力分析，并簡單介紹斜齒輪、錐齒輪和渦輪有關方面的問題。</p><p>　　討論

59、彈簧設計、螺桿等緊固件的設計，包括傳動螺桿和預緊固件。</p><p>　　介紹盤式和鼓式離合器以及制動器的設計和技術說明。</p><p><b>　　機械設計</b></p><p>　　一臺完整機器的設計是一個復雜的過程。機械設計是一項創(chuàng)造性的工作。設計工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機械制圖、運動學、工程材料、材料力學和機械制造工

60、藝學等方面具有深厚的基礎知識。</p><p>　　任何產品在設計時第一步就是選擇產品每個部分的構成材料。許多的材料被今天的設計師所使用。對產品的功能，它的外觀、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的選擇是十分重要的。對材料的特性必須事先作出仔細的評估。</p><p>　　仔細精確的計算是必要的，以確保設計的有效性。在任何失敗的情況下，最好知道在最初設計中有有缺陷的部件。計算（圖紙尺寸）檢查是

61、非常重要的。一個小數點的位置放錯，就可以導致一個本可以完成的項目失敗。設計工作的各個方面都應該檢查和復查。</p><p>　　計算機是一種工具，它能夠幫助機械設計師減輕繁瑣的計算，并對現(xiàn)有數據提供進一步的分析?；酉到y(tǒng)基于計算機的能力，已經使計算機輔助設計（CAD）和計算機輔助制造（CAM）成為了可能。心理學家經常談論如何使人們適應他們所操作的機器。設計人員的基本職責是努力使機器來適應人們。這并不是一項容易的工

62、作，因為實際上并不存在著一個對所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。另一個重要問題，設計工程師必須能夠同其他有關人員進行交流和磋商。在開始階段，設計人員必須就初步設計同管理人員進行交流和磋商，并得到批準。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進行的。</p><p>　　如前所訴，機械設計的目的是生產能夠滿足人類需求的產品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當它們被應用在產品上才能產生效益。因

63、而，應該認識到在一個特定的產品進行設計之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產品。</p><p>　　應當把機械設計看成是機械設計人員運用創(chuàng)造性的才能進行產品設計、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產品的制造工藝學的一個良機。掌握工程基礎知識要比熟記一些數據和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數據和公式是不足以在一個好的設計中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應該認真精確的進行所有運算。例如，即使將一個小數點的位置放錯，也會使正確的設計變成錯誤的。&

64、lt;/p><p>　　一個好的設計人員應該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔一定的風險，當新的方法不適用時，就使用原來的方法。因此，設計人員必須要有耐心，因為 所花費的時間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個全新的設計，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機械設計師應該不斷地探索改進現(xiàn)有的產品的方法，在此過程中應該認真選擇原有的、經過驗證的設計原理，將其與未經過驗證的新觀