外文翻譯---高速研磨技術(shù)的應(yīng)用與展望

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　英文原文:</b></p><p>　　High-speed grinding ---applications and future technology</p><p><b>　　Abstract<

2、;/b></p><p>　　The basic mechanisms and the applications for the technology of high-speed grinding with CBN grinding wheels are presented. In addition to developments in process technology associated with

3、high-speed machining, the grinding machine, coolant system, and the grinding tool also need to adapt to high-speed machining. Work piece-related factors inurning the results of machining are also discussed. The paper con

4、cludes with a presentation of current research and future developments in the area of high</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　More than 25 years of high-speed grinding have expanded the field of

5、application for grinding from classical finish machining to high-performance machining. High-speed grinding offers excellent potential for good component quality combined with high productivity. One factor behind the inn

6、ovative process has been the need to increase productivity for conventional finishing processes. In the course of process development it has become evident that high-speed grinding in combination with preliminar</p>

7、;<p>　　2. Theoretical basis of high-speed grinding</p><p>　　In view of the random distribution of cutting edges and cutting-edge shapes, statistical methods are applied to analyses the cutting mechani

8、sm in grinding. The mean unreformed chip thickness, hcu, and the mean chip length, lcu, are employed as variables to describe the shape of the chip. The unreformed chip thickness is dependent on the static density of cut

9、ting edges, Cstat, and on the geometric and kinematics variables [1,2]:</p><p><b>　　(1)</b></p><p>　　where Vw is the work piece speed, VS the grinding wheel speed, ae the depth of cu

10、t, deq the equivalent grinding wheel diameter, and α，β，γ are greater than zero. On the basis of this relationship, it can be established that an increase in the cutting speed, assuming all other conditions are constant,

11、will result in a reduction in the unreformed chip thickness. The work piece material is machined with a larger number of abrasive grain contacts. At the same time, the number of cutting edges involve</p><p>

12、　　of the work piece to be machined.</p><p>　　As the cutting speed increases, the quantity of thermal energy that is introduced into the work piece also increases. An increase in cutting speed is not normally

13、 accompanied by a proportional reduction in the tangential grinding force, and thus results in an increase in process power. Reducing the length of time the abrasive grain is in contact with the work piece can reduce the

14、 quantity of heat into the work piece. An increase in the machining rate of the process is necessary for this to happe</p><p>　　Experimental results [3] illustrate that increasing the cutting speed by a fact

15、or of two while maintaining the same metal removal rate leads to a reduction in the tangential force but, unfortunately, leads to an increase in the amount of work done. Owing to constant grinding time, there is an incre

16、ase in the process energy per work piece and, subsequently, in the total thermal energy generated. When the material removal rate is also increased the rising tangential force results in a further incr</p><p&g

17、t;　　There are three fields of technology that have become established for high-speed grinding. These are</p><p>　　1. High-speed grinding with CBN grinding wheels.</p><p>　　2. High-speed grinding

18、 with aluminum oxide grinding wheels.</p><p>　　3. Grinding with aluminum oxide grinding wheels in conjunction with continuous dressing techniques (CD grinding).</p><p>　　Material removal rates r

19、esulting in a super proportional increase in productivity for component machining have been achieved for each of these fields of technology in industrial applications [4,5] (Fig. 1). High equivalent chip thickness of bet

20、ween 0.5 and 10 mm are a characteristic feature of high-speed grinding. CBN high-speed grinding is employed for a large proportion of these applications. An essential characteristic of this technology is that the perform

21、ance of CBN is utilized when high cu</p><p>　　3. Grinding tools for high-speed grinding</p><p>　　CBN grinding tools for high-speed machining are subject to special requirements regarding resista

22、nce to fracture and wear. Good damping characteristics, high rigidity, and good thermal conductivity are also desirable. Such tools normally consist of a body of high mechanical strength and a comparably thin coating of

23、abrasive attached to the body using a high-strength adhesive. The suitability of cubic boron nitride as an abrasive material for high-speed machining of ferrous materials is attribute</p><p>　　High cutting s

24、peeds are attainable above all with metal bonding systems (Fig. 2). One method that uses such bonding systems is electroplating, where grinding wheels are produced with a single-layer coating of abrasive CBN grain materi

25、al. The electro-deposited nickel bond displays outstanding grain retention properties. This provides a high-level grain projection and large chip spaces. Cutting speeds of 280 m s-1 are possible [6]. The service life end

26、s when the abrasive layer wears out.</p><p>　　The high roughness of the cutting surfaces of electroplated CBN grinding wheels has disadvantageous effects. The high roughness is accountable to exposed grain t

27、ips that result from different grain shapes and grain diameters. Although electroplated CBN grinding wheels are not considered to be dressable in the conventional sense, the resultant workpiece surface roughness can neve

28、rtheless be influenced within narrow limits by means of a so-called touch-dressing process. This involves removing the </p><p>　　Multi-layer bonding systems for CBN grinding wheels include sintered metal bon

29、ds, resin bonds, and vitrified bonds. Multi-layer metal bonds possess high bond hardness and wear resistance. Profiling and sharpening these tools is a complex process, however, on account of their high mechanical streng

30、th. Synthetic resin bonds permit a broad scope of adaptation for bonding characteristics. However, these tools also require a sharpening process after dressing. The potential for practical application o</p><p&

31、gt;　　The selection of the appropriate grade of vitrified CBN grinding wheel for high-speed grinding is more complicated than for aluminium oxide grinding wheels. Here, the CBN abrasive grain size is dependent on specific

32、 metal removal rate, surface roughness requirement, and the equivalent grinding wheel diameter. As a starting point when specifying vitrified CBN wheels, Fig. 4 shows the relationship between CBN abrasive grain size, equ

33、ivalent diameter, and specific metal removal rate for outside dia</p><p>　　vitrified bond used in the grinding wheel. Table 2 shows the wheel grade required for a variety of workpiece materials that are base

34、d on crankshaft and camshaft grinding operations. </p><p>　　The stiffness of the component being ground has a significant effect on the workpiece/wheel speed ratio. Fig. 5 demonstrates the relationship betwe

35、en this ratio and the stiffness of the component. Steels such as AISI 1050 can be ground in the hardened and the soft state. Hardened 1050 steels are in the range 62±68 HRc. They are burn sensitive and as such wheel

36、s speeds are limited to 60 m sÿ1. The standard structure contains the standard bonding system up to 23 vol.%. Whereas the abrasive grain v</p><p>　　In addition to the need to select the appropriate bond

37、ing system for grinding wheels in accordance with the requirements of the application concerned, the strength of the body of the grinding wheel requires optimization with high cutting speeds. In the case of very high cut

38、ting speeds, conventional grinding wheel designs involving a rectangular body and a bore often leads to excessive and irregular extensions of the body and cracking of the abrasive coating. In order to eliminate the possi

39、bility</p><p>　　CBN [8,9] and electroplated CBN grinding wheels [10].</p><p>　　4. High-speed machine tool development</p><p>　　The advantages of high-speed CBN grinding can only be

40、realised in an effective manner if the machine tool is adapted to operate at high cutting speeds. In order to attain very high cutting speeds, grinding wheel spindles and bearings are required to operate at speeds in the

41、 order of 20 000 rpm. The grinding wheel/spindle/motor system must run with extreme accuracy and minimum vibration in order to minimise the level of dynamic process forces. Therefore, a high level of rigidity is required

42、 for t</p><p>　　Another important consideration is the level of drive power required when increases in rotational speed become considerable. The required total output is composed of the cutting power, Pc, an

43、d the power loss, Pl:</p><p>　　The cutting power is the product of the tangential grinding force and the cutting speed:</p><p>　　The power loss of the drive is comprised of the idle power of the

44、 spindle, PL, and power losses caused by the coolant, PKSS, and by spray cleaning of the grinding wheel, PSSP, thus</p><p>　　The power measurements shown in Fig. 6 confirm the influence of the effect of cutt

45、ing speed on the reduction of cutting power. However, idling power has increased quite significantly. The grinding power, Pc, increases by a relatively small amount when the cutting speed increases and all other grinding

46、 parameters remain constant. However, this means that the substantial power requirement that applies at maximum cutting speeds results from a strong increase in power is due to rotation of the grind</p><p>　

47、　The quantities and pressures of coolant supplied to the grinding wheel and the wheel cleaning process are the focus of attention by machine tool designers. This is shown in Fig. 7 [11]. The power losses associated with

48、the rotation of the grinding wheel are supplemented by losses associated with coolant supply and wheel cleaning. The losses are dependent on machining parameters implying that machine settings and coolant supply need to

49、be optimised for high-speed grinding.</p><p>　　In addition to the advantage of effectively reducing the power required for grinding, optimisation of the coolant supply also offers ecological benefits as a re

50、sult of reducing the quantities of coolant required. Various methods of coolant supply are available such as the free-flow nozzle that is conventionally used, the shoe nozzle that ensures `reduced quantity lubrication

51、9;, and the mixture nozzle that ensures `minimum quantity lubrication'. The common task is to ensure that an adequate supply</p><p>　　A shoe nozzle, or supply through the grinding wheel, enables coolant

52、to be directed into the workpiece±wheel contact zone. A substantial reduction in volumetric flow can be achieved in this way. In comparison to the shoe nozzle, supply through the grinding wheel requires more complex

53、 design and production processes for the grinding wheel and fixtures. An advantage of this supply system is that it is independent of a particular grinding process [13]. Both systems involve a drastic reduction in su<

54、/p><p>　　5. Factors affecting quality</p><p>　　The aim of high-speed CBN grinding is to substitute conventional machining operations such as milling, turning, and surface broaching. The high-speed

55、grinding process focuses on machining large volumes of material in the shortest possible time. This may lead to workpiece quality becoming impaired as the equivalent chip thickness increases in proportion to grinding for

56、ces [10,15] The machine tool must be able to absorb such large forces. It is possible to reduce the amount of heat in the grinding</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　高速研磨技術(shù)的應(yīng)用與展望</p>

57、<p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　基本原理和應(yīng)用技術(shù)在高速研磨上占有相當(dāng)?shù)牡匚?。除了發(fā)展高速切削的相關(guān)技術(shù)外，磨床、冷卻系統(tǒng)、磨輪也需要適應(yīng)高速加工。文章最后提出了當(dāng)前和今后的研究發(fā)展方面的高速磨削，發(fā)展用立方淡化硼砂輪的高速磨床。</p><p><b>　　引子</b></p><p>

58、　　經(jīng)過多年的高速機(jī)的發(fā)展，其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域不斷擴(kuò)大，從古典磨削加工工藝，一直到完成高性能機(jī)械加工過程中。高速磨削發(fā)揮了重要作用，而且生產(chǎn)出的產(chǎn)品優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)。其中一個(gè)因素是在創(chuàng)新的過程中，必須提高生產(chǎn)力的常規(guī)整理過程。在發(fā)展過程中顯然高速磨削加工工藝過程與初步理論基礎(chǔ)的配合接近完成，使配置過程順序與新的高性能能力提高。同時(shí)采用適當(dāng)?shù)墓ぞ邫C(jī)、研磨機(jī)，還有可能擴(kuò)大到高性能軟材料切削機(jī)的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　首先，在討論

59、原理的基礎(chǔ)研究過程中，磨軟材料的有關(guān)配置工具也需要達(dá)到要求，實(shí)施有效的環(huán)保制冷系統(tǒng)，調(diào)查工作也同時(shí)是適合高速磨削技術(shù)影響的一個(gè)變數(shù)。</p><p><b>　　高速磨削的理論基礎(chǔ)</b></p><p>　　由于隨機(jī)分配切割邊緣和尖銳部分的隨機(jī)分布，得以使統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的方法應(yīng)用于切割機(jī)原理。使得平均厚度改變，hcu ，平均長(zhǎng)度的控制，都被認(rèn)為是造型的變數(shù)用來描述的。改變

60、的厚度取決于Cstat和幾何構(gòu)造等變量，相當(dāng)于：</p><p>　　這些的工作是速度vs即砂輪的速度、砂輪直徑deq、另還有大于零α、β、γ等參數(shù)，根據(jù)這種關(guān)系，假設(shè)所有其他條件不變，可以認(rèn)為增加切割速度，將減少切削厚度的轉(zhuǎn)變。機(jī)械與材料片工作大量磨料接觸。同時(shí)，由于一些材料磨損老化，這導(dǎo)致了高速磨削的優(yōu)勢(shì)特點(diǎn)得以減少，工作表面粗糙度增加。因此，提高的砂輪速度可以增加工作的質(zhì)量，或者增加了生產(chǎn)力，這一進(jìn)程取決于

61、技術(shù)特點(diǎn)和對(duì)質(zhì)量要求。</p><p>　　隨著切削速度的增加，產(chǎn)生的熱量隨之增加。增加切削速度一般不是伴隨著磨削力的比例減少而減少，從而導(dǎo)致磨削過程增加力的大小。 縮短研磨時(shí)間同樣是可以減少熱量的一種方式。切削率增加了必要的過程，同樣是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，在磨料厚度增加的過程中用降低切割速度來降低超載的砂輪負(fù)荷。</p><p>　　試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，切割速度提高了兩個(gè)要素，同時(shí)保持相同的金屬

62、清除率可降低導(dǎo)致的壽命短縮，但同時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致增加過多的工作量。由于經(jīng)常在速度提高時(shí)都伴隨有增加能量的過程，每一次工作完成，隨后產(chǎn)生的總熱能都增加。當(dāng)然金屬清除率提高了，同時(shí)也提高了磨削機(jī)的工作能力。熱能數(shù)量引進(jìn)工作是一件和最初時(shí)的情況一樣的工作，適用于機(jī)器工作片數(shù)量雖然減少速度但保持較高的速度增長(zhǎng)的金屬。這些因素表明，產(chǎn)量可提高機(jī)械使用高速磨削熱而不接受不良影響部分。</p><p>　　目前的高速機(jī)有如下三個(gè)方面的

63、技術(shù)，這些是：</p><p>　　1. 高速研磨機(jī)，CBN砂輪機(jī)。</p><p>　　2. 高速磨削與研磨氧化鋁車輪。</p><p>　　3. 氧化鋁研磨機(jī)床。</p><p>　　金屬清除率超比例增加，導(dǎo)致的生產(chǎn)力部分機(jī)械已達(dá)到每個(gè)領(lǐng)域的工業(yè)應(yīng)用技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，如第五章附圖1。芯片相當(dāng)于0.5至10微米厚度的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是高速磨床。高速磨削大部

64、份就是采用了這樣的應(yīng)用。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的一個(gè)重要特點(diǎn)是使用時(shí)的表現(xiàn)是切削速度高。</p><p><b>　　3.高速磨削工具機(jī)</b></p><p>　　CBN高速切削阻力方面有特別的要求，需要良好阻尼特性、高硬度，也需要良好的導(dǎo)熱性能。這些工具通常包括一組具有很高的結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度和薄涂層的磨料用高粘合劑附在剛體上。含有立方氮化硼作為磨料適合于高速磨削黑色物質(zhì)，因?yàn)樗挠捕雀?/p>

65、和具有極好的耐磨性和耐熱性。</p><p>　　首先實(shí)現(xiàn)高切割速度與金屬焊接系統(tǒng)(附圖2)。方法之一，這種系統(tǒng)是利用電鍍的方式，使機(jī)輪與生產(chǎn)單一層次的涂層材料鍍?cè)谄浔砻?。這就構(gòu)成了一個(gè)高性能的、切削速度可達(dá)到280米每秒的磨具，一直到磨料層磨損完后使用壽命才結(jié)束。</p><p>　　零件表面粗糙度對(duì)切割機(jī)磨輪也有不利的影響。粗糙度對(duì)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量有非常重要的影響，造成產(chǎn)品不同的形位誤差。雖

66、然CBN切削磨輪并不算是傳統(tǒng)意義上的磨削工具，結(jié)果工件表面粗糙度也可能在影響范圍內(nèi)，通過微小切削過程，這將使周邊材料的磨料涂層通過很小的步驟使切削深度減2至4微米，從而有效地減少粗糙度。</p><p>　　CBN切削磨輪包括砂輪金屬連接、樹脂連接、玻璃化連接，多層金屬高硬度連接等特有連接和穿阻力。分析這些工具，更是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程，但由于其結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度高，合成樹脂的連接在允許的范圍內(nèi)具有廣泛的適應(yīng)性相結(jié)合的特點(diǎn)，使得

67、這些工具也需要一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的處理化過程，玻璃化實(shí)際應(yīng)用的潛力還沒有得到充分的發(fā)揮。配合適當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)，保證新發(fā)展的速度超過砂輪允許的速度范圍。相對(duì)于其他類型的連接方式，連接的玻璃化形式很容易在同時(shí)擁有高抗性。與樹脂和金屬不透水連接相比，砂輪玻璃化連接的調(diào)整可以應(yīng)用于廣泛的不同制造過程和設(shè)計(jì)過程中。圖 3顯示了一個(gè)典型的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)砂輪白玻璃化。</p><p>　　選擇適當(dāng)?shù)牟ＡЩ拜喐咚倌ハ鞅蠕X基輪氧化更為嚴(yán)重，在這里

68、，所含磨料金屬顆粒大小取決于其具體的金屬清除率、表面粗糙度要求。直徑相當(dāng)?shù)纳拜?，玻璃化?shí)際上為突破口，圖4顯示的是含有磨料顆粒大小不同的關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于直徑和金屬遷移率的具體行動(dòng)外直徑的關(guān)系。然而，選擇也取決于磨料表面粗糙度的要求，粗糙度是有限制的，具體的金屬清除率也有要求。</p><p>　　除了要按照適當(dāng)?shù)脑磉x擇適當(dāng)機(jī)制的規(guī)定的適用問題外，組織結(jié)構(gòu)，以及優(yōu)化的要求需要滿足砂輪切割速度高的特點(diǎn)。對(duì)于高切割速度、

69、砂輪的常規(guī)設(shè)計(jì)和組織結(jié)構(gòu)，都往往導(dǎo)致過度延伸的引起不規(guī)則裂痕及的磨料涂層的磨損。為了消除高速機(jī)床可能出現(xiàn)的問題，工件與磨具形狀必須能配合以達(dá)到高切割速度。</p><p>　　4、高速機(jī)床的發(fā)展前景</p><p>　　高速機(jī)床所具有的優(yōu)勢(shì)是能實(shí)現(xiàn)有效調(diào)整，機(jī)床切割速度高。為了達(dá)到很高的速度，砂輪軸承運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)速度必須達(dá)到一定大小，砂輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)必須極度平穩(wěn)，以減少震動(dòng)。因此，必須很好的固定整個(gè)機(jī)

70、床。保持高速磨輪高的切削速度，必須對(duì)磨輪進(jìn)行平衡，這些技術(shù)措施，使更多的工件和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量得到保持。</p><p>　　另一項(xiàng)重要因素是驅(qū)動(dòng)力需要增加時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)速變得很大。因而必須削減由PC、功耗等引起的功率：</p><p>　　其中由切割速度引起的功率：</p><p><b>　　功率損失，由：</b></p><p>

71、　　測(cè)量圖6所示，確認(rèn)了影響切割速度的因素。然而，更多的能耗在空轉(zhuǎn)中。切割機(jī)的電力、PC、相對(duì)少量的速度增長(zhǎng)，并使所有其他切割機(jī)參數(shù)保持不變。不過，這意味著需要大量的電力，適用于最大切割速度產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)勁的電力需要是因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的砂輪、冷卻液供應(yīng)以及修整砂輪。</p><p>　　制冷量和供應(yīng)的壓力，砂輪清洗過程中，重點(diǎn)是機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)。如圖所示，除了電力損失與換輪的損失外，砂輪與冷卻劑清洗磨輪以及供應(yīng)都引起能量損失。加工的工藝

72、參數(shù)取決于能耗，需最佳發(fā)揮高速磨床的切削能力。</p><p>　　除了有效降低機(jī)器所需的電力，更要符合理想的生態(tài)環(huán)保效益，同時(shí)供應(yīng)冷卻的系統(tǒng)也需要使其數(shù)量減少。各種方法都可使供應(yīng)的冷卻液等自由從噴頭流通，用傳統(tǒng)的噴頭確保潤(rùn)滑液流量減少，混合噴頭可保證最低數(shù)量潤(rùn)滑油浪費(fèi)，共同的任務(wù)是確保有足夠制冷系統(tǒng)的砂輪裝置，如圖7所示。</p><p>　　噴頭或通過砂輪供應(yīng)，也可將其用于與制冷裝置接

73、觸不多的磨輪區(qū)。體積流量大幅減少，這樣才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。通過供應(yīng)砂輪的噴頭設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)工藝比較復(fù)雜，需要的設(shè)備及砂輪。利用這一系統(tǒng)提供的，是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的過程中特別嚴(yán)重的現(xiàn)象。 兩種方式有減少供應(yīng)砂輪的加速冷卻效果，更要有效地減少制冷劑的數(shù)量及制冷效果。供應(yīng)量很小，達(dá)每小時(shí)幾毫升冷卻液。由于冷卻效果降低，以現(xiàn)代化的接觸方式將噴嘴配到專用區(qū)，。目前國(guó)內(nèi)冷卻系統(tǒng)用于高速磨輪的方式已經(jīng)審查通過。</p><p><b>　

74、　5. 品質(zhì)因素</b></p><p>　　以高速切削取代傳統(tǒng)加工等業(yè)務(wù)，高速磨削加工過程可在最短的時(shí)間完成大量零件的加工。這樣可能導(dǎo)致質(zhì)量受損，成為等同機(jī)晶片厚度增加。機(jī)床必須要能夠承受這樣大的力量，可以減小砂輪的工作速度。但是，迄今為止的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，并不是所有的材料在高速磨削時(shí)其機(jī)械特性都好。在極其惡劣的條件下，用耐高溫的材料，如鎳合金的基礎(chǔ)上，增加了工作的進(jìn)程，以至于因此無法避免微觀結(jié)構(gòu)破壞