外文翻譯--遠(yuǎn)程教育與虛擬實驗室

1、<p>　　Distance Education and Virtual Laboratories</p><p>　　The rapid development of Internet technology and its wide range of applications, making it the carrier of all kinds of information. Internet vi

2、rtual laboratory has become the new 21st century model of distance education, much attention in the reform of traditional teaching methods, education, resource sharing, to improve the standard of teaching in the areas of

3、 conservation investment in education is important.</p><p>　　Keywords:Internet, Distance education virtual ,Laboratory</p><p>　　Ⅰ Introduction</p><p>　　Distance education is to over

4、come the traditional face-to-face mode of education for certain deficiencies (enrollment is limited, inflexible teaching methods, education, waste of money, etc.) a new mode of education. The first long-distance educatio

5、n is distance education; then a radio station from broadcasting the University of the dissemination of information; when the popularity of television, the TV University came into being. Of the three methods of distance e

6、ducation to the best teaching m</p><p>　　In less than 20 years, the Internet in the world have achieved rapid development in the world today has become the largest coverage, information resources, the most a

7、bundant computer information network. Distance education as the key - the teaching of information transmission, the Internet no doubt has a clear advantage. Virtual laboratory is based on Internet-based on the informatio

8、n carrier, and its people have demonstrated to the information age, a new way of education and scientific research</p><p>　　ⅡFuture development of education in the mainstream</p><p>　　Correspond

9、ence, radio, television and other distance learning modes, all the features on the Internet can be realized easily. As long as the establishment of an educational Web site, users will not longer be subject to time restri

10、ctions, visit the education web site will be able to receive long-distance education. But not limited to give full expression to the Internet to disseminate the message of a powerful feature. Internet-based virtual labor

11、atory the emergence of distance education will be </p><p>　　Virtual Lab (Virtual Laboratory) the concept of the University of Virginia by the United States (University of Virginia) ? William Wolf (WilliamWol

12、f) Professor in 1989, first put forward, and it describes a computer network-based virtual laboratory environment to in different tools to build an integrated information and technology, network-based integrated environm

13、ent. In this environment, users can very effectively use a variety of the world distribution of data, information, apparatus, equipme</p><p>　　Virtual Laboratory of the original made for the purpose of facil

14、itating scientific research, the researchers engaged in research on the remote can work: the use of instruments and equipment, shared data resources, such as the exchange of information. Virtual Laboratory in essence is

15、a distributed computer system, in which the system is equipped with remote control, remote sensing study of the capacity of the network equipment and data acquisition platform for collaborative activities support a v<

16、/p><p>　　Different professional disciplines have their own virtual laboratory characteristics. But whether it is a virtual laboratory professional disciplines are by their respective virtual machines (Virtual I

17、nstrumentation), composed of. Virtual instrument is the process through the application of computer hardware and function combine user-friendly graphical interface to operate computers, thereby completing the object of t

18、he test data collection, analysis and judgments, such as display and data stora</p><p>　　Virtual instrument compared with the traditional instruments, has its side of the same, and different side. The same p

19、oint: the virtual machines with the same three main functions, namely, data collection, data analysis, results showed. Virtual instruments in a transparent manner to computer resources and equipment monitoring and contro

20、l hardware combined with the ability to realize the function of the operation of equipment. With the traditional instruments is different: in a given computing ca</p><p>　　To sum up, the virtual instrument i

21、s defined by the user's own, a free combination of computing platforms, hardware, software and complete system composed of the necessary annexes. Virtual instrument is a function of the characteristics of fixed separ

22、ation between the traditional instruments are not available.</p><p>　?、骉he development of virtual laboratories in the status quo at home and abroad</p><p>　　Put forward the concept of virtual la

23、boratory more than a decade since the only time, but because of their attractive application prospects in developing countries, some progress has been made.</p><p>　　At present, the virtual laboratory has be

24、en very common in developed countries. United States, as today's scientific and technological power, in order to continue to maintain its science and technology in the field of leadership, with particular emphasis on

25、 information technology research and has been a virtual laboratory for research and development in their strategic planning. At the end of 1991, the United States Science Foundation, the United States-owned National Coun

26、cil for Scientific Rese</p><p>　　As first proposed the concept of virtual laboratory, and has strong technological strength and strong financial resources of the United States, from the very beginning attach

27、ed great importance to research and development of virtual laboratories, research in this field has a leading position. Virtual instrument system and its graphical programming language has become a science and engineerin

28、g students of the University of a required course, and its popularity is quite extensive. Some foreign uni</p><p>　?、?the features of virtual laboratory </p><p>　　Virtual laboratory can not be c

29、ompared with traditional laboratory features to determine its scientific research, education (especially long-distance education) in a good application prospects.</p><p>　　(1) Transparency</p><p&g

30、t;　　Virtual Laboratory for all databases, hardware, or even integrated into a system staff, using the standard functions of a unified command to achieve the service, which determines the transparency of the structure of

31、the transparent characteristics of virtual laboratory.</p><p>　　(2) Shared resources</p><p>　　The establishment of a virtual laboratory is one of the purposes of resource sharing in order to do

32、so. To this end, the need to establish a unified standard inquiry e-libraries, databases, intelligent retrieval system, database and other application software, users can share data, software, hardware and other related

33、resources. This feature can reduce duplication of investment, a significant investment cost savings.</p><p>　　(3) Interaction interoperability</p><p>　　Once the virtual laboratory, opening up, t

34、hat is, interactive, remote users can operate the same local laboratory and at the same time the exchange of information between users. Remote users is required to open a series of hardware and software support, they are

35、 an integral part of the Virtual Laboratory.</p><p>　　(4) User autonomy</p><p>　　Users can develop their own virtual instrument used in a way that allows users to take the necessary measures to

36、protect their data, information, the user has sufficient autonomy.</p><p>　　(5) Expansion</p><p>　　In today's information age, the very rapid rate of knowledge update, new, better performanc

37、e of the instruments and equipment update cycle becoming shorter and shorter. Therefore, the virtual laboratory must be kept up to date hardware and software to upgrade at any time, the service function at any time to in

38、crease the performance of virtual laboratory must have the upgrade, the service functions of the characteristics of increased.</p><p>　　遠(yuǎn)程教育與虛擬實驗室</p><p>　　因特網(wǎng)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展及其廣泛的應(yīng)用,使之成為各種信息的載體。因特網(wǎng)虛擬實驗室

39、已成為21世紀(jì)新型的遠(yuǎn)程教育模式,備受人們的重視,在改革傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)方法、教育資源共享、提高教學(xué)水平、節(jié)約教育投資等方面具有重要意義。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞:虛擬實驗室 遠(yuǎn)程教育 因特網(wǎng)</p><p><b>　　一、引言</b></p><p>　　遠(yuǎn)程教育是為克服傳統(tǒng)的面對面教育模式的某些不足(招生人數(shù)有限、教育方法不靈活、教育資金浪費(fèi)

40、等)而產(chǎn)生的一種新型教育模式。最初的遠(yuǎn)程教育是函授教育;此后出現(xiàn)了由廣播電臺傳播信息的廣播大學(xué)；當(dāng)電視普及以后，電視大學(xué)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。在上述三種遠(yuǎn)程教育方法中，以電視大學(xué)的教學(xué)方式最優(yōu)。不僅能聽到聲音，而且可以看到圖像。近些年來，隨著計算機(jī)技術(shù)與通信技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了教育多媒體系統(tǒng)，它能夠交互地同時處理、傳輸、管理文本、圖形、圖像、語言、視頻、動畫等多種形式的信息。多媒體遠(yuǎn)程教育系統(tǒng)在一定程度上彌補(bǔ)了電視大學(xué)的某些不足，但仍不能實現(xiàn)實驗

41、操作。網(wǎng)上虛擬實驗室的出現(xiàn)，使遠(yuǎn)程教育更趨完善，為教育發(fā)展史寫下了光輝的一頁。</p><p>　　在不足20 年時間里，因特網(wǎng)在全球得到了迅速發(fā)展，已成為當(dāng)今世界上覆蓋面最大、信息資源最豐富的計算機(jī)信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)。作為遠(yuǎn)程教育的關(guān)鍵-教學(xué)信息的傳遞，因特網(wǎng)無疑具有明顯的優(yōu)勢。虛擬實驗室正是建立在以因特網(wǎng)為信息載體的基礎(chǔ)上，它的產(chǎn)生向人們展示了信息時代一種全新的教育方式和科學(xué)研究方式。</p><p

42、>　　二、虛擬實驗室是今后高層次遠(yuǎn)程教育的發(fā)展主流</p><p>　　函授、廣播、電視等遠(yuǎn)程教育模式的所有功能，在因特網(wǎng)上均能輕易實現(xiàn)。只要建立一個教育網(wǎng)站，用戶就不再受時空的限制，訪問教育網(wǎng)站就能夠接受到遠(yuǎn)程教育。但僅限于此還不能充分體現(xiàn)出因特網(wǎng)強(qiáng)大的信息傳遞功能?；谝蛱鼐W(wǎng)的虛擬實驗室的出現(xiàn)，將遠(yuǎn)程教育提升到更高的層次上。</p><p>　　虛擬實驗室(Virtual Lab

43、oratory) 概念，是由美國弗吉尼亞大學(xué)(University of Virginia) 的威廉·沃爾夫(WilliamWolf) 教授于1989 年首先提出的，它描述了一個計算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的虛擬實驗室環(huán)境，致力于構(gòu)筑一個綜合不同工具和技術(shù)的信息化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的集成環(huán)境。在這個環(huán)境里，用戶可以非常有效地利用世界上分布的各種數(shù)據(jù)、信息、儀器設(shè)備及人力等資源。</p><p>　　虛擬實驗室提出的初衷是為了方便

44、科學(xué)研究工作，科研人員在遠(yuǎn)程即可從事研究工作:使用儀器設(shè)備、共享數(shù)據(jù)資源、交流信息等。虛擬實驗室實質(zhì)上是一個分布式計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，在該系統(tǒng)中，配置有遙控、遙測能力的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化研究設(shè)備和數(shù)據(jù)采集平臺，有支持協(xié)作活動的各種工具，建有可以支持?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)共享的數(shù)字式圖書館。</p><p>　　加入到因特網(wǎng)的虛擬實驗室可視為建立了一個可以演示、操縱、控制實驗的特殊網(wǎng)站。用戶可以在任何時候，從任何地點訪問虛擬實驗室網(wǎng)站。它的建立大大提高

45、了實驗教學(xué)的伸縮性和適應(yīng)性。</p><p>　　不同的學(xué)科專業(yè)的虛擬實驗室有各自的特點。但無論是學(xué)科專業(yè)的虛擬實驗室都是由各自的虛擬儀器(Virtual Instrumentation) 組成的。虛擬儀器是指通過應(yīng)用程序?qū)⒂嬎銠C(jī)與功能化硬件結(jié)合起來，用戶通過友好的圖形界面來操作計算機(jī)，從而完成了對被測對象的數(shù)據(jù)采集、分析、判斷、顯示和數(shù)據(jù)存儲等。</p><p>　　虛擬儀器與傳統(tǒng)儀器相

46、比，有其相同的一面，又有不同的一面。相同點是:虛擬儀器同樣具有三大功能，即數(shù)據(jù)采集、數(shù)據(jù)分析處理、結(jié)果顯示。虛擬儀器以透明的方式把計算機(jī)資源和儀器硬件的測控能力結(jié)合起來，實現(xiàn)儀器的功能運(yùn)作。與傳統(tǒng)儀器不同的是:在給定計算機(jī)運(yùn)算能力和必要的儀器硬件以后，構(gòu)造和使用虛擬儀器的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)在于軟件，“軟件即儀器”。應(yīng)用軟件程序?qū)⒖蛇x硬件(如GPIB、VXI、RS - 232 、DAQ 等) 和可重復(fù)使用源碼庫函數(shù)等軟件結(jié)合起來實現(xiàn)模塊間的通信、定

47、時與觸發(fā)，源碼庫函數(shù)為用戶構(gòu)造自己的虛擬儀器系統(tǒng)提供了基本的軟件模塊。當(dāng)用戶的學(xué)習(xí)目的或測試要求改變時，可以方便地由用戶自行增減硬軟件模塊或重新配置系統(tǒng)以滿足測試要求。</p><p>　　綜上所述，虛擬儀器是由用戶自己定義、自由組合的計算機(jī)平臺、硬件、軟件以及完成系統(tǒng)功能的必需附件組成的。虛擬儀器的這個特點是功能固定、彼此分離的傳統(tǒng)儀器所不具備的。</p><p>　　三、虛擬實驗室在國

48、內(nèi)外發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀</p><p>　　虛擬實驗室概念的提出至今僅為十余年的時間，但因其誘人的應(yīng)用前景，各國均在大力開發(fā)，已經(jīng)取得了一些進(jìn)展。</p><p>　　目前，虛擬實驗室在發(fā)達(dá)國家已十分普及。美國作為當(dāng)今的科技強(qiáng)國，為繼續(xù)保持其在科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)先地位，尤其重視信息技術(shù)的研究，并已將虛擬實驗室列入其科研發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃。在1991 年底，美國科學(xué)基金會、美國國家科學(xué)研究顧問委員會所屬的計

49、算機(jī)與遠(yuǎn)程通信部組成了一個“全國(科學(xué)) 合作實驗室委員會”，其任務(wù)是調(diào)查科學(xué)家對信息技術(shù)的需求，協(xié)調(diào)科研合作關(guān)系，組織并實施具體的信息技術(shù)開發(fā)。此后，美國聯(lián)邦政府投入資金在海洋學(xué)、天體物理學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)三大領(lǐng)域建造了各自的虛擬實驗室作為示范工程，開展了一系列探索性研究并取得了實質(zhì)性進(jìn)展。美國一些政府部門，如能源部，正在制定計劃將其所屬的科研機(jī)構(gòu)過渡到虛擬實驗室環(huán)境中。目前，越來越多的科學(xué)家正投身于構(gòu)筑一個覆蓋全美國的虛擬實驗室的工作中

50、來。</p><p>　　作為首先提出虛擬實驗室概念，并具有雄厚的科研實力和強(qiáng)大財力的美國，從一開始就十分重視虛擬實驗室的研究與開發(fā)，在該領(lǐng)域的研究已處于領(lǐng)先地位。虛擬儀器系統(tǒng)及其圖形編程語言已成為各大學(xué)理工科學(xué)生的一門必修課，其普及程度是相當(dāng)廣泛的。國外的一些大學(xué)已組建了遠(yuǎn)程虛擬實驗室。德國的漢諾威大學(xué)建立了虛擬自動化實驗室;西班牙大學(xué)電子系開發(fā)了電子儀器虛擬工作平臺;意大利帕瓦多大學(xué)建立了遠(yuǎn)程虛擬教育實驗室;

51、新加坡國立大學(xué)開發(fā)了遠(yuǎn)程示波器實驗和壓力容器實驗。</p><p>　　四、虛擬實驗室的功能特點</p><p>　　虛擬實驗室具有傳統(tǒng)實驗室無法比擬的功能特點，決定了它在科研、教育(特別是遠(yuǎn)程教育) 中的良好應(yīng)用前景。</p><p><b>　　(1) 透明性</b></p><p>　　虛擬實驗室的所有數(shù)據(jù)庫、硬件

52、，甚至人員集成于一個系統(tǒng)，使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的統(tǒng)一命令來實現(xiàn)功能服務(wù)，這種</p><p>　　透明的結(jié)構(gòu)決定了虛擬實驗室的透明特征。</p><p><b>　　(2) 資源共享性</b></p><p>　　建立虛擬實驗室的宗旨之一就是為了做到資源共享。為達(dá)到此目的，需要建立統(tǒng)一查詢標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電子圖書館、數(shù)據(jù)庫、智能化檢索系統(tǒng)、應(yīng)用軟件庫等，用戶可以共享

53、數(shù)據(jù)、軟件、硬件等相關(guān)資源。這個特性能夠減少重復(fù)投資，大大節(jié)約投資成本。</p><p><b>　　(3) 互動操作性</b></p><p>　　虛擬實驗室一旦開放，即具有互動性，遠(yuǎn)程用戶同樣可以操作本地實驗室，同時用戶之間可以交流信息。開放遠(yuǎn)程用戶程序需要有一系列軟硬件的支持，它們都是虛擬實驗室的組成部分。</p><p><b&g

54、t;　　(4) 用戶自主性</b></p><p>　　用戶可以制定自己使用的虛擬儀器的方式，允許用戶采取必要的措施保護(hù)自己的數(shù)據(jù)、資料，用戶具有充分的自主性。</p><p><b>　　(5) 擴(kuò)展性</b></p><p>　　在當(dāng)今的信息時代里，知識更新速度十分迅速，新型的、性能更優(yōu)的儀器設(shè)備更新周期越來越短。因此，虛擬實驗