戰(zhàn)略柔性一個(gè)世界級制造業(yè)新的現(xiàn)實(shí)外文翻譯 (2)

1、<p><b>　　中文3845字</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）</p><p>　　外 文 翻 譯</p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　Strategic flexibility: a new reality for world-cl

2、ass manufacturing</p><p>　　The development of the concept of flexibility has been slow in the manufacturing literature because of the relatively stable market structure and minimal competitive pressure prior

3、 to the 1960s. In fact, manufacturing was not considered particularly important in the formulation of business strategy. As the competitiveness problems increased, practitioners and academicians began to recognize that m

4、anufacturing strategy was vital in supporting changes of corporate strategy. Consequently, a number </p><p>　　Flexibility is often regarded as one of the competitive priorities, along with cost, quality, and

5、 innovation. Just as low cost and high quality have already become a requirement for market entry, flexibility might ultimately be the key to enhancing a firm's competitive ability. While uncertainty can be a threat

6、to some firms, it provides opportunity to those with higher degrees of flexibility, either market-oriented or resources-oriented. Firms that are able to deal with uncertainties that their</p><p>　　By combini

7、ng these two concepts, Figure 1 shows the dominant competitive priorities corresponding to the firm's ability to cope with uncertainties. Not only can world-class manufacturing firms adapt to the changing environment

8、 swiftly, but they also can influence market demand (e.g., by creating uncertainties or customer expectations that competitors cannot deal with). Both reactive and proactive approaches have proved to be equally important

9、 and require different types of flexibility. Instead o</p><p>　　In a stable competitive environment like decades ago, a competitive strategy simply involved defining a competitive position and then defending

10、 it. Since the competitive environment has changed rapidly and unpredictably, however, new knowledge and capabilities are needed to support any strategy to create a sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, the goal

11、of the latest developments in manufacturing strategy is to attain strategic flexibility. Competitive advantage commonly refers to the cre</p><p>　　Competitive advantage through economies of scale is best ill

12、ustrated by mass production. Furthermore, Henry Ford's dictum that "customers can have any color as long as it's black" still convinces many manufacturers that they must choose between standardization a

13、t low cost or flexibility at high cost. This has been disproved by Japanese automobile and electronics manufacturers who achieve an optimal balance of product standardization and manufacturing flexibility. </p>&l

14、t;p>　　The dynamics of today's competitive environment suggest that economies of scale and product or process technology will be a diminishing source of competitive advantage. As a result, manufacturers are turning

15、 their attention to building the skills and knowledge of their workforce. World-class manufacturers also realize that competitive advantage can be created only when the manufacturing strategy is well integrated with othe

16、r functional strategies, which together support the overall corporate str</p><p>　　Given the dynamic nature of the marketplace, flexibility has already become the most important competitive priority of the 1

17、990s. Flexibility is usually classified broadly as product or service-related (such as volume, product mix, and modification) and process technology-related (such as changeover, scheduling, and innovation). While these s

18、ources of flexibility are essential to provide competitive advantage to manufacturers, they tend to be operational or tactical in nature. To acquire a susta</p><p>　　Strategic flexibility allows a manufactur

19、ing firm to shift from one dominant strategy to another, from one competitive priority to another, but also implies a long-term commitment of resources and a plan of action. Progress, therefore, depends on the current st

20、ate of the firm's resources and capabilities. Generally, strategic flexibility is attained through a three-step process: awareness, understanding, and implementation.</p><p>　　Phase 1: Be aware that only

21、 strategic flexibility will provide sustainable competitive advantage over the long run. During the last two decades, quality improvement, automation, and advanced manufacturing techniques, to name a few, have often been

22、 perceived as a path to competitive advantage. While they may lead to positive outcomes, a number of empirical studies suggest that many firms found them ineffective. Many manufacturers focused too much on the form or me

23、chanics of such programs while ov</p><p>　　Phase 2: Understand that the manufacturing function's performance links directly to corporate performance and survival. Understanding the importance of the manu

24、facturing function and its link to corporate performance provides a focal point for management to think more proactively about building capabilities for the future. The poor performance of many major manufacturing firms

25、during the last two decades was no surprise to many researchers. Companies that develop a clear linkage between business</p><p>　　Phase 3: Formulate and implement strategies that center on the development of

26、 skills, manufacturing capabilities, and lean organizational structures. The outdated manufacturing strategy based on mass production is not responsive enough to cope with rapidly changing markets and shortened product l

27、ife cycles. In addition, production jobs have become more challenging and conceptual, as routine and repetitive tasks are performed by automated equipment. The full benefit of technology can be exploited</p><p

28、>　　* Skills and knowledge </p><p>　　A productive work force today must be highly skilled and flexible, characteristics that can only be developed through extensive training and experience in a variety of

29、job assignments. Therefore, the workplace must be reorganized to promote continuous learning, which must become a normal part of work life. Evidence suggests that not many manufacturers, particularly in the United States

30、, give high priority and commit sufficient resources to training their front-line workers. Management needs to r</p><p>　　Complex computer-based production systems are likely to prevail. Training people to c

31、onceptualize, design, and use new production technology is as crucial as adopting the technology itself. Technology is often perceived as a way to replace workers, it does not mean that human resources are no longer impo

32、rtant in achieving competitiveness. Indeed, the only way for manufacturers to maximize their investment in new technology is to upgrade the skill levels of their workforce. As production becomes </p><p>　　*

33、Manufacturing Capabilities </p><p>　　Strategic flexibility is not just about a flexible workforce; it requires an augmentation of the workforce with advanced process and information technologies to satisfy c

34、ustomer demands. Advanced process technology, such as flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) and computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM), is crucial for achieving mass customization. An FMS can manufacture assorted product

35、s using the same group of machines linked by automated materials handling systems and controlled by a computer</p><p>　　Ample evidence suggests that product designs can be significantly simplified if cross-f

36、unctional design teams are used. A cross-functional design team will help facilitate a modular approach to product design. This approach provides a viable product design strategy to meet changing demand with the advantag

37、e of standardization. Modular design is the creation of products from some combination of existing, standardized components; it requires much creativity and communication across the company. Ja</p><p>　　* Or

38、ganizational Transformation </p><p>　　The ultimate success of strategic flexibility requires a redefinition of traditional organizational functions, including links with suppliers and customers. Deep organiz

39、ational hierarchies, as found in major manufacturing firms, impede cooperation and communication. In recent years, many corporate restructuring efforts have moved to flatten organizational structures to focus on cross-fu

40、nctional integration and employee participation. Corporate communication is then facilitated by a structure tha</p><p>　　Mass production of standardized products is no longer a feasible way to meet the chall

41、enge of changing market demand and shortened product life cycles. In fact, the usual method of first identifying a fixed competitive priority, such as cost, quality, time, flexibility, or innovation, and then devoting al

42、l resources to meet it will no longer provide a sustainable competitive advantage. World-class manufacturers must obtain strategic flexibility to cope with more uncertainties than just changing </p><p>　　Sou

43、rce: Lau, R.S.M.“Strategic flexibility: a new reality for world-class manufacturing”. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 1996(3):P11-15.</p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　戰(zhàn)略柔性：一個(gè)世界級制造業(yè)新的現(xiàn)實(shí)&

44、lt;/p><p>　　由于20世紀(jì)60年代前期相對穩(wěn)定的市場結(jié)構(gòu)和較小的競爭壓力，柔性概念的發(fā)展已經(jīng)逐漸運(yùn)用到制造業(yè)文化中。事實(shí)上，制造業(yè)并沒有認(rèn)為商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略的制定特別重要。隨著競爭力問題的增多，從業(yè)者和學(xué)者開始意識到制造業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略在支持企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略的變化上是至關(guān)重要的。因此，許多分析模型和實(shí)證研究開始發(fā)展起來，以提高制造柔性。據(jù)Suarez, Cusumano和Fine（1995）所說，絕大部分關(guān)于制造柔性的實(shí)證研究都服

45、務(wù)于下面的目標(biāo)之一：（1）發(fā)展柔性的分類；（2）調(diào)查柔性與績效的關(guān)系；（3）涵蓋柔性的歷史與經(jīng)濟(jì)分析；（4）發(fā)展柔性戰(zhàn)略框架。Carlsson (1989)，Sethi (1990)，Hyun and Ahn (1992), 和 Upton (1994)的研究僅僅只是提供更多關(guān)于柔性的文學(xué)評論的研究作品。</p><p>　　柔性常常與成本、質(zhì)量和創(chuàng)新一起被認(rèn)為是競爭優(yōu)先的標(biāo)志之一。正如低成本，高品質(zhì)，已經(jīng)成為進(jìn)

46、入市場的要求，柔性很可能成為公司提高競爭能力的關(guān)鍵。雖然不確定性對許多公司來說是一種威脅，但是它也能為那些具有高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)柔性的公司提供機(jī)會(huì)，無論是以市場為導(dǎo)向還是以資源為導(dǎo)向。這些公司有能力處理不確定性，然而，他們的競爭者卻沒有市場導(dǎo)向的靈活性。通過減少市場的不確定性或增加對顧客的期望的影響，企業(yè)有更多的戰(zhàn)略選擇和可以采取更主動(dòng)的方式來競爭。擁有高度靈活的生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的公司具有資源導(dǎo)向柔性，并且可以更好地響應(yīng)不斷變化的市場。</p>

47、<p>　　通過結(jié)合這兩個(gè)概念，圖1顯示了含有不確定性的競爭優(yōu)勢相對應(yīng)的重點(diǎn)企業(yè)的應(yīng)對能力。世界一流的制造企業(yè)不僅能夠適應(yīng)迅速變化的環(huán)境，而且他們可以影響市場需求（如通過創(chuàng)建競爭對手不能處理的不確定性或顧客的期望）。無論被動(dòng)和主動(dòng)方法都已經(jīng)被證明是同樣重要的，需要不同類型的柔性。代替?zhèn)戎赜谌嵝缘囊粋€(gè)特定的層面，世界級的制造企業(yè)需要的是戰(zhàn)略角度的柔性—能夠迅速調(diào)整自己的競爭目標(biāo)，以滿足新的業(yè)務(wù)條件。</p>&

48、lt;p>　　在一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的競爭環(huán)境，比如十年前，一種競爭戰(zhàn)略僅僅涉及競爭位置的確定，然后捍衛(wèi)它，但是，由于競爭環(huán)境發(fā)生了迅速、難以預(yù)測的變化，新的知識和能力被需要來支持任何戰(zhàn)略以創(chuàng)造一個(gè)可持續(xù)的競爭優(yōu)勢。因此，在制造業(yè)的最終發(fā)展目標(biāo)是實(shí)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略柔性。競爭優(yōu)勢一般是指競爭者創(chuàng)造一個(gè)具有獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢的生產(chǎn)分配系統(tǒng)，。 實(shí)現(xiàn)競爭優(yōu)勢并不意味著公司必須始終做到在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域都比競爭者好。 關(guān)鍵是要在大多數(shù)領(lǐng)域中做好某一件事。決定哪個(gè)領(lǐng)域作為目標(biāo)是

49、競爭優(yōu)先的一個(gè)中心問題。</p><p>　　規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的競爭優(yōu)勢最好是通過大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)說明的。此外，亨利福特的名言“客戶可以有任何顏色，只要它是黑色的”仍然說服了許多制造商，他們必須在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的低成本和柔性化的高成本之間做出選擇。這一直是被那些實(shí)現(xiàn)了產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和制造柔性的最佳平衡的日本汽車和電子制造商所否定的。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)今競爭環(huán)境的動(dòng)態(tài)變化表明經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模和產(chǎn)品或技術(shù)流程將會(huì)是競爭優(yōu)勢

50、削弱的一個(gè)因素。因此，制造商正在把注意力轉(zhuǎn)移到建筑工人的技能和知識上。世界級的制造商也認(rèn)識到，競爭優(yōu)勢只有在生產(chǎn)戰(zhàn)略與其他職能戰(zhàn)略相協(xié)調(diào)，以支持整個(gè)企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略時(shí)才能建立。它表明戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)變對于適應(yīng)競爭環(huán)境的變化和組織本身是必須的。因此，沒有最好的制造戰(zhàn)略，所有相互競爭的制造商應(yīng)該根據(jù)需要為實(shí)現(xiàn)從一種戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪环N戰(zhàn)略做好準(zhǔn)備。相應(yīng)的策略取決于企業(yè)的長處和弱點(diǎn)。兩家制造公司可能會(huì)發(fā)展出不同的競爭策略，即使雙方都在同樣的市場成功。相反，堅(jiān)持用一

51、種戰(zhàn)略（無論成功與否）往往會(huì)在基礎(chǔ)條件改變時(shí)產(chǎn)生問題。</p><p>　　由于市場的動(dòng)態(tài)性質(zhì)，柔性已經(jīng)成為20世紀(jì)90年代最重要的競爭優(yōu)先權(quán)。柔性經(jīng)常被歸類為與產(chǎn)品或者服務(wù)相關(guān)的（如數(shù)量、產(chǎn)品組合和更改）和工藝技術(shù)有關(guān)的（如轉(zhuǎn)換，調(diào)度和創(chuàng)新）。這些資源的靈活性為制造商提供了必不可少競爭優(yōu)勢同時(shí)，使他們更傾向于具體操作和戰(zhàn)術(shù)的性質(zhì)的研究。為了獲得持續(xù)的競爭優(yōu)勢，管理部門必須制定戰(zhàn)略的柔性，這需要長期的承諾和重要資

52、源開發(fā)。請注意，沒有特定的制造技術(shù)或改善計(jì)劃均包括在內(nèi)。相反的，重點(diǎn)是發(fā)展技能，如知識，能力，以及組織結(jié)構(gòu)的柔性。這些都是適應(yīng)需要允許未來變化的戰(zhàn)略柔性的基礎(chǔ)；最重要的是，他們獨(dú)特的性質(zhì)意味著沒有其他人能輕易地“復(fù)制”他們。</p><p>　　戰(zhàn)略柔性允許制造公司從一個(gè)優(yōu)勢戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)戰(zhàn)略，從一個(gè)競爭力優(yōu)先到另一個(gè)，同時(shí)也意味著資源的長期承諾和行動(dòng)計(jì)劃。因此，進(jìn)步取決于企業(yè)資源和能力的當(dāng)前狀態(tài)。一般來說，戰(zhàn)

53、略柔性是通過三個(gè)步驟實(shí)現(xiàn)的：認(rèn)識，理解和執(zhí)行。</p><p>　　第一階段：認(rèn)識到戰(zhàn)略柔性將會(huì)提供長期穩(wěn)定的競爭優(yōu)勢。在過去的二十年，質(zhì)量改進(jìn)，自動(dòng)化，先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)等等，往往被視為競爭優(yōu)勢的路徑。雖然他們可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致積極的結(jié)果，然而許多實(shí)證研究表明，許多公司發(fā)現(xiàn)它們失效。許多制造商過度地關(guān)注這些項(xiàng)目的形式或結(jié)構(gòu)，而忽略了技能和能力的發(fā)展需要適應(yīng)變化。如果管理層忽視了變化的必要性，改革的阻力就越大。只有管理層充分認(rèn)

54、識到長期競爭優(yōu)勢的需要，才能明確的投入時(shí)間、人力和費(fèi)用，發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略柔性。</p><p>　　第二階段：理解制造函數(shù)的性能直接鏈接到企業(yè)的業(yè)績和生存。理解制造函數(shù)的重要性以及它與公司業(yè)績的聯(lián)系為管理層提供了一個(gè)關(guān)注點(diǎn)以更加主動(dòng)地考慮關(guān)于未來的建設(shè)能力。在過去的20年間，許多主要的制造業(yè)企業(yè)業(yè)績表現(xiàn)不佳并不使一些研究者感到吃驚。那些明確商業(yè)與生產(chǎn)戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)系的企業(yè)往往更加成功，獲得更多利潤。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)證實(shí)了一個(gè)說法，制造業(yè)

55、是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的競爭變量，尤其是那些顧客逐漸提高成本和質(zhì)量意識的行業(yè)。</p><p>　　第三階段，制定和實(shí)施以技能、生產(chǎn)能力和依賴組織結(jié)構(gòu)為中心的各種戰(zhàn)略。基于大量生產(chǎn)的過時(shí)的制造戰(zhàn)略不足以應(yīng)付瞬息萬變的市場和產(chǎn)品生命周期的縮短。此外，生產(chǎn)工作變得更加具有挑戰(zhàn)性和概念性，而常規(guī)和重復(fù)作業(yè)則用自動(dòng)機(jī)器來執(zhí)行。只有當(dāng)工人理解和控制大部分的生產(chǎn)流程時(shí)，科技的巨大收益才能被利用。</p><p>

56、<b>　　*技能和知識</b></p><p>　　今天一個(gè)富有成效的工作力量必須是高度熟練和靈活的，只能在不同種類的工作任務(wù)中通過廣泛的培訓(xùn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)來形成某種作業(yè)特點(diǎn)。因此，工作場所必須進(jìn)行改組以鼓勵(lì)持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)，它必須成為一個(gè)正常的工作生活的一部分。有證據(jù)表明，很多制造商并不會(huì)高度重視和投入足夠的資源來培養(yǎng)他們的前線員工，尤其是在美國。管理部門需要認(rèn)識到的是，維護(hù)和升級他們的勞動(dòng)力的技能是至

57、關(guān)重要的競爭策略。管理必須著眼于多技能工人的培養(yǎng)，停止把他們訓(xùn)練成為可更換的部件或者是被控制的成本。在試圖找出為什么柔性的提高變得如此難以捉摸的嘗試中，阿普頓（1995）指出“大多數(shù)經(jīng)理把太多的信心放在機(jī)器和技術(shù)上，而沒有日常管理的信仰”（第75頁）。技能發(fā)展項(xiàng)目的基本主題是鼓勵(lì)整個(gè)公司不斷地學(xué)習(xí)。應(yīng)制定培訓(xùn)方案的方式是精心確定的目標(biāo)和資源情況相一致。更重要的是，管理層應(yīng)該能預(yù)見未來的技術(shù)需要，而不僅僅是眼前的。</p>

58、<p>　　復(fù)雜的計(jì)算機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)的生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)很可能占有優(yōu)勢。訓(xùn)練人們概念化，設(shè)計(jì)，使用新的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和采用這項(xiàng)技術(shù)本身一樣關(guān)鍵。技術(shù)通常被作為一種取代工人的方式，這并不意味著，人力資源在實(shí)現(xiàn)競爭力上不再重要。事實(shí)上，制造商最大限度地提高他們在新技術(shù)上的投資的唯一方法是提升其員工的技能水平。由于生產(chǎn)變得越來越具有挑戰(zhàn)性和觀念性，因?yàn)樽詣?dòng)化機(jī)械執(zhí)行了大多數(shù)例行和重復(fù)性的任務(wù)，在勞動(dòng)力技能發(fā)展上的投資也就日益重要了。</p>

59、<p><b>　　*制造能力</b></p><p>　　戰(zhàn)略柔性不只是有關(guān)于靈活的勞動(dòng)力，它需要一個(gè)具有先進(jìn)的工藝和信息技術(shù)的勞動(dòng)力，以滿足客戶的需求增強(qiáng)。先進(jìn)的工藝技術(shù)，如柔性制造系統(tǒng)（FMS）和計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造（CIM）是實(shí)現(xiàn)大規(guī)模定制的關(guān)鍵。一個(gè)柔性制造系統(tǒng)可以生產(chǎn)使用由處理系統(tǒng)和由計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)控制的自動(dòng)機(jī)的材料的配套產(chǎn)品。自動(dòng)和預(yù)先工作站是為不同的操作而相連，以確保零件的

60、所有家庭成員無論何時(shí)需要都可以生產(chǎn)。隨著柔性制造系統(tǒng)的安裝，通用電氣可以在三天而不是三個(gè)星期內(nèi)提出一個(gè)定制電路盒。同樣的，摩托羅拉公司生產(chǎn)定制設(shè)計(jì)的電子傳呼機(jī)只要三個(gè)小時(shí)不到。</p><p>　　充足的證據(jù)表明如果使用跨功能的設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)，產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)可以大大的簡化。一個(gè)跨功能的設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)將有助于促進(jìn)這個(gè)模塊化方法來進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)。這種方法提供了一個(gè)可行的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)策略以滿足隨著標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化優(yōu)勢而不斷變化的需求。模塊化設(shè)計(jì)是一些

61、從現(xiàn)有的，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的部件組合的產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)造，它需要大量的創(chuàng)造力和整個(gè)公司的溝通交流。日本汽車制造商們已經(jīng)投入巨資到設(shè)計(jì)部件，這些部件在許多模型中能夠用不同的方法組合并可交替使用。雖然模塊化設(shè)計(jì)可能會(huì)增加工具和模具的成本，但是它也有利于更快地推出新汽車模型，并大幅度降低了產(chǎn)品開發(fā)成本。</p><p><b>　　*組織變革</b></p><p>　　戰(zhàn)略柔性的最終成功要求

62、對傳統(tǒng)的組織職能進(jìn)行重新定義，包括與供應(yīng)商和消費(fèi)者的聯(lián)系。深層次的組織，就像從主要的制造業(yè)企業(yè)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的，會(huì)阻礙合作與交流。近年來，許多企業(yè)重組的努力已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)向從組織結(jié)構(gòu)扁平化到集中于跨功能整合和員工參與。公司交流是由從部門界限和限制中解脫出來的結(jié)構(gòu)中得到促進(jìn)。最終目的是把整個(gè)生產(chǎn)流程轉(zhuǎn)變成模塊，并創(chuàng)造一個(gè)具有技能和能力的動(dòng)態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，使資源快速整合來定制產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。</p><p>　　大眾產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化已不再是滿足

63、不斷變化的市場需求的挑戰(zhàn)，縮短產(chǎn)品生命周期的可行辦法。事實(shí)上，通常的方法即首先確定一個(gè)固定的競爭優(yōu)勢，如成本，質(zhì)量，時(shí)間，靈活性，或創(chuàng)新，然后投入所有資源來實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，將不會(huì)再提供一個(gè)可持續(xù)的競爭優(yōu)勢。世界級的制造商必須實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略柔性，以應(yīng)付更多的不確定性，而不僅僅是改變需求模式和產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量。戰(zhàn)略柔性不是一個(gè)改善方案，而是適應(yīng)能力和變革準(zhǔn)備度。戰(zhàn)略柔性的目標(biāo)是提供更多的選擇，以便企業(yè)能夠從當(dāng)前的制造戰(zhàn)略向另一個(gè)具有成本、時(shí)間、業(yè)績最小損失