外文翻譯--硬齒面齒輪

1、<p><b>　　附錄二：英文及譯文</b></p><p>　　Hardened Gear</p><p>　　一 on the gearbox input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft of the Stress Analysis of a variety of gear</p>&

2、lt;p>　　Growth of wind power gear box, and its bearings by leaf mass input from the axial force, torque and torque subversion. Intermediate shaft input gear bearing Chuan from the output of torque and braking from the

3、brake torque Chuan. Output shaft of the gear shaft bearing mass from the middle of the torque output at the same time bear the braking caused by brake torque.</p><p>　　二 On a common gear box gear materials a

4、nd their performance analysis</p><p>　　Wind power generation growth in the gear box, gear commonly used materials for low-carbon alloy steel, re-gear companies commonly used 20CrMnTi, 20CrMnMo, 17CrNiMo6 and

5、 other materials; 42CrMoA materials used inside the ring gear.</p><p>　　Carbon content of the surface affect the bending strength. The depth of carburized layer in some cases, the center increased the hardne

6、ss, bending strength increases; when the carburized layer at the same time organizations, to increase the depth of carburized layer, the flexural strength increased; in the carburized layer depth and the center the same

7、hardness, nickel steel flexural strength than other high strength steel bending; carburizing layer level increases the carbon content reduced fle</p><p>　　2、Multi-gear change of fatigue strength due to fatig

8、ue loads and damage, such as damage to the tooth root bending fatigue combined tooth surface contact fatigue damage. Factors that affect the fatigue damage are:</p><p>　?。?）The center of the hardness (streng

9、th) </p><p>　　（2）Carburization of the oxide layer when the carburizing steel containing titanium, silicon, manganese and alloy elements, such as, and in an atmosphere of endothermic carburizing carburizing o

10、f easily formed when oxides of these elements, they exist in the grain boundary or crystal internal tablets. Oxides of these elements in the vicinity of depleted, reducing the hardenability. This oxide will become the co

11、re of the product of high temperature change, resulting in the formation of quenching o</p><p>　?。?）Carburization of the carbide layer the number of carbon content, size, shape and distribution of carburizin

12、g steel contact fatigue and bending fatigue performance of both the impact will be significantly reduced mesh carbide carburizing bending fatigue properties of steel.</p><p>　　（4）Carburized layer of residual

13、 austenite of low intensity residual austenite itself, its existence is also beneficial to reduce the fatigue properties of the residual compressive stress, the carburizing layer residual austenite in fatigue performance

14、 will be reduced, but by rolling and will increase the fatigue strength of shot peening.</p><p>　　三 Hardened gears running characteristics and Notes</p><p>　　Chongqing Gearbox Co., Ltd., was bui

15、lt in the mid-sixties. The main design and manufacture of marine gear box, coupling, clutch and so on.</p><p>　　Ship, is the flow of water the city is a microcosm of a modern industrial country. Its high-per

16、formance, high-tech requirements, the decision of the gear box technology in the design and manufacture of other industrial sectors in the first follow-up the world's advanced level of technology. So the first few fr

17、om the plant in accordance with the manufacture of hardened gear design process with equipment.</p><p>　　Since reform and opening up, in order to adapt to the development of China's shipbuilding industry

18、, in the early eighties, late seventies, the introduction of the German Roman ? Stoltenberg Ford (short LUS) of the marine gear box drawings, standards, computer software and design and manufacturing technology; power pl

19、ants to address the issue of the introduction of torsional vibration Geislinger Austria's Geislinger coupling, vibration isolator design and manufacturing techniques and procedures f</p><p>　?。ㄒ唬?The adv

20、antages of high precision hardened gear</p><p>　　As we all know, the strength of the design of gear from the consideration of the tooth surface lubrication pressure and tooth root strength of the two areas.

21、With the technology and computer applications, the world tends to drive the development of technology using hardened. According to statistics, as a result of the use of hardened gears greatly contributed to the machine i

22、s light weight, small size and quality of performance so that the speed of the machine work of a grade. Such as high-speed</p><p>　　Center distance、Surface area、Weight、Rolling speed、Hardness.</p><

23、p>　　Gear quenched and tempered ：2400 100% 100% 30m/s HB360</p><p>　　Hardened Gear ：1695 34% 60% 90-120m/s HRC57＋4</p><p>　　Hardened in the nitride hardened, due to very shallow depth of the n

24、itrided layer, is not suitable for heavy-duty gear drive and vulgar, but also the cost of nitride process itself more expensive, so it is rarely used.</p><p>　　Surface hardening (such as high frequency or fl

25、ame hardening) of the hardened layer with non-hardened interface layer transition Obviously, the distribution of hardness tonsure too, at the same time the quality of non-uniform hardening, hardening Dedendum difficult a

26、nd easy generation of surface cracks, teeth lower surface hardness (HRC55 around), so the application of decreasing.</p><p>　　Deep carburization, quenching the high-precision grinding hardened gears, high pr

27、ecision, high surface hardness (HRC58 +4), tooth surface hardened layer uniform, and many other advantages, especially for low-speed heavy-duty gear. Its high surface hardness, contact strength quenched and tempered gear

28、s than doubled, while the bending strength quenched and tempered gears than an increase of approximately 50%. Therefore, FALK, (LUS), Ferrante company Citroen - Messiaen - Durant companies all use de</p><p>

29、　　Chongqing Gearbox Co., Ltd., started from the plant, due to the nature of their services the world's most advanced tracking technology, the use of alloy structural steel manufacturing Carburization - quenching - th

30、e high-precision grinding hardened gear teeth. Long-term practical application has proved that the wear resistance of gears and bearings can be comparable to the rolling surface without worrying about tooth wear and corr

31、osion, in the bending strength is also plenty of room left.</p><p>　?。ǘ?Gear strength calculation</p><p>　　The company introduced a program designed gears, and Shanghai Jiaotong University, Cho

32、ngqing University to develop, according to GB3480-83, AGMA, ISO, DIN, ZC, ABS, GL, Lioyd's, such as standards and norms for the calculation of the gear strength .</p><p>　　In order to increase the carryi

33、ng capacity of gear, use of computer gear geometry parameters and the coefficient, the optimum design. As a result of surface hardening technology used to improve the carrying capacity of gear, LUS practice through many

34、years of production that: For the gear tooth surface stress calculation, the small gear with Hertz stress formula can also be based on tooth surface contact area of the maximum compression. As for the number of large-sca

35、le, large-diameter gear with </p><p>　　Calculation of tooth root stress, the main consideration when the meshing tooth bending strength, compressive stress, shear stress, heat treatment effects and gear asse

36、mbly when the internal stress.</p><p>　　On the tooth surface using a computer synthesis of the tooth root stress calculation, considering the contact strength and bending fatigue strength to determine the ge

37、ar geometric parameters, materials, allowable gear fatigue strength and hardness of the tooth surface curve and the depth of the hardened layer.</p><p>　?。ㄈ?Material Selection</p><p>　　In order

38、 to improve the flexural strength of gears, we choose China-made high-quality alloy steel. These materials and the Federal Republic of Germany by the LUS material handling compared with the test furnace. Results show tha

39、t its mechanical properties, hardening, and hardened layer microstructure, hardness, carbon depth distribution of potential performance is slightly higher than the Roman with the performance of the corresponding material

40、.</p><p>　　The use of domestic materials, according to our standard profile (formerly introduced LUSI15) processing, heat treatment process to adopt the existing carburizing quenching and grinding gear teeth

41、 to create the test, and 711, Shanghai Jiaotong University, in cooperation made CL-100-type gear test machine contact fatigue tests. Precision gear tested 6HK (JB179-83), tests work in the GB3480-83 standard conditions,

42、in accordance with movements to determine the material fatigue limit, through the te</p><p>　　The use of domestic materials, according to our standard profile (formerly introduced LUSI15) processing, heat tr

43、eatment process to adopt the existing carburizing quenching and grinding gear teeth to create the test, and 711, Shanghai Jiaotong University testing, wide-tooth gear units, unit modulus circular edge on the 171. 62N /,

44、Gear K strength coefficient of access to 156kg/cm, by 5 × 107 cycles, all the test gear were no broken teeth and pitting phenomenon.</p><p>　　Marine engineering company and the Harbin Institute of Coope

45、ration for carburizing gear materials and process optimization of the pilot study, six commonly used for domestic carbon material distribution along the deep layer, the hardness distribution along the layer of deep and e

46、ffective hardened layer depth and heart layer Department of Organization, the conventional mechanical properties, fracture toughness, static bending properties, bending fatigue performance, the nature of contact fatigue,

47、</p><p>　　In actual use for many years, the gear manufacturing technology to withstand the rigorous test, but also provides us with a wealth of experience. We are convinced that as China's naval construc

48、tion, fisheries, shipping industry and building materials machinery and electricity, the development of metallurgy, gear box will be applied in more sectors, the national industry for the motherland to make greater contr

49、ibutions.</p><p><b>　　硬齒面齒輪</b></p><p>　　一 簡述齒輪箱輸入軸、中間軸和輸出軸上各種齒輪的受力分析</p><p>　　風力發(fā)電增速齒輪箱中，其輸入軸承受葉片傳過來的軸向力、扭矩和顛覆力矩。中間軸上的齒輪承受輸入端傳過來的力矩和輸出端剎車時傳過來的剎車力矩。輸出軸上的齒輪承受中間軸傳過來的扭矩，同時

50、也承受輸出端剎車時帶來的剎車力矩。</p><p>　　二 簡述齒輪箱齒輪的常用材料及其性能分析</p><p>　　風發(fā)電增速齒輪箱中，齒輪的常用材料為低碳合金鋼，重齒公司常用20CrMnTi、20CrMnMo、17CrNiMo6等材料；內齒圈用42CrMoA材料。 </p><p>　　面層碳含量都影響彎曲強度。在滲碳層深度一定的情況下，心部硬度增加時，彎曲強度

51、隨之增加；當滲碳層組織相同時，滲碳層深度增加，彎曲強度隨之增加；在滲碳層深度與心部硬度相同時，含鎳的鋼材彎曲強度比其他鋼材彎曲強度高；滲碳層面層碳含量增加時彎曲強度降低。</p><p>　　2、疲勞強度 齒輪多因變載荷作用而疲勞損壞，如齒根彎曲疲勞損壞合齒面接觸疲勞損壞。影響疲勞損壞的因素有：</p><p>　?。?）心部硬度（強度） </p><p>　?。?

52、）滲碳層內的氧化物 當滲碳鋼中含有鈦、硅、錳和等合金元素，并在吸熱性滲碳氣氛中滲碳時容易形成這些元素的氧化物，他們存在于晶界或晶粒內部。在氧化物附近這些元素貧化，降低了淬透性。這種氧化物還會成為高溫轉變產(chǎn)物的核心，導致淬火后在表面形成一些非馬氏體產(chǎn)物從而降低了最表面的硬度。</p><p>　?。?）滲碳層內的碳化物 碳含量的數(shù)量、大小、形狀和分布對滲碳鋼的接觸疲勞和彎曲疲勞性能都有影響，網(wǎng)狀碳化物會明顯降低滲碳

53、鋼的彎曲疲勞性能。</p><p>　?。?）滲碳層內的殘余奧氏體 殘余奧氏體本身強度低，它的存在還降低對疲勞性能有利的殘余壓應力，因此滲碳層組織中有殘余奧氏體會降低疲勞性能，但經(jīng)滾壓和噴丸強化會提高疲勞強度。</p><p>　　三 硬齒面齒輪的特點及運行注意事項</p><p>　　重慶齒輪箱有限責任公司，建于六十年代中期。主要設計制造船用齒輪箱、聯(lián)軸節(jié)、離合器

54、等。</p><p>　　船舶，是水中的流動城市，是一個國家現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)的縮影。它的高性能、高技術要求，決定了齒輪箱在設計制造技術方面要先于其它工業(yè)部門追蹤世界先進技術水平。所以公司從建廠開始幾按照硬齒面齒輪的制造工藝流程進行設計、配備設備。</p><p>　　改革開放以來，為適應我國造船工業(yè)的發(fā)展，在八十年代初，七十年代末，引進了德國羅曼?斯托爾福特公司（下簡稱LUS）的船用齒輪箱的圖紙

55、，標準、計算機軟件和設計制造技術；為解決動力裝置軸系扭振問題引進了奧地利蓋斯林格公司的蓋斯林格聯(lián)軸節(jié)、減振器的設計制造技術和扭轉振動電算程序；隨后船舶工業(yè)總公司又將引進瑞士蘇爾壽、德國曼恩、法國熱機學會、日本大發(fā)等柴油要的齒輪圖紙，標準轉放我公司，由我公司消化吸收生產(chǎn)制造。公司在自己設計制造硬齒面齒輪的經(jīng)驗基礎上，對引進技術進行消化吸收、移植、開發(fā)、創(chuàng)新。為保證先進技術和先進國際標準的貫徹執(zhí)行，公司不間斷的對工廠進行技術改造。三十多年的

56、發(fā)展，使重慶齒輪箱有限責任公司擁有世界先進硬齒面齒輪的設計計算技術；建立了以國際先進標準為主體的設計、制造、試驗、檢驗的標準、規(guī)范體系；擁有齊全配套的、保證先進標準、規(guī)范貫徹執(zhí)行的機械加工、熱處理、檢驗計量設備；同時造就出一批掌握先進技術的工程技術人員和操作先進設備的高級技師。成為我國能設計、制造高精度硬齒面齒輪的基地。</p><p>　　（一） 高精度硬齒面齒輪的優(yōu)點</p><p>

57、　　眾所周知，齒輪的強度設計是從考慮潤滑條件的齒面壓力和齒根強度兩個方面進行的。隨著技術的發(fā)展和計算機的應用，世界傳動技術的發(fā)展趨于采用硬齒面。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，由于硬齒面齒輪的采用大大地促進了機器的重量輕、小型化和質量性能的提高，使機器工作速度提高了一個等級。如高速線材軋機的軋制速度從過去的30m/s以下提高到90-120m/s。采用硬齒面齒輪傳動使傳動裝置的體積大大地減少，可以降低制造成本，一某軋機主減速機為例進行比較：</p>

58、<p>　　中心距 表面積 重量 軋制速度 硬度</p><p>　　調質齒輪 2400 100% 100% 30m/s HB360</p><p>　　硬齒面齒輪 1695 34% 60% 90-120m/s HRC57＋4</p><p>　　硬齒面中氮化硬齒面，由于氮化層深度很淺，不適合作低俗重載齒輪傳動，而且氮化工藝本身的成本較貴，所以很少采用。

59、</p><p>　　表面淬火（如高、中頻或火焰淬火）的淬硬層與非淬硬層過渡界面明顯，硬度的分布剃度太大，同時淬硬質量不均勻，齒根淬硬困難，易生成表面裂紋，齒面硬度較低（HRC55左右）所以應用也逐漸減少。</p><p>　　深層滲碳、淬火磨削的高精度硬齒面齒輪，精度高、表面硬度高（HRC58+4），齒面硬化層均勻等多方面的優(yōu)點，特別適用于低速重載齒輪傳動。它表面硬度高，接觸強度比調質齒

60、輪成倍增長，而彎曲強度比調質齒輪約增加50%以上。所以FALK、（LUS）、費蘭特公司、雪鐵龍-梅西安-杜朗公司等全部采用深層滲碳-淬火-磨齒齒輪。高精度硬齒面齒輪代表了工業(yè)用，船用齒輪傳動裝置的發(fā)展方向。</p><p>　　重慶齒輪箱有限責任公司，從建廠開始，由于其服務性質決定其跟蹤世界先進技術，采用合金結構鋼制造滲碳-淬火-磨齒的高精度硬齒面齒輪。長期的實際應用證明，齒輪的耐磨性可以與軸承滾動面媲美，無需擔

61、心齒面磨損和銹蝕，在彎曲強度上也留有很大余地。</p><p>　?。ǘ?齒輪強度計算</p><p>　　公司引進了齒輪的設計計算程序，并與上海交大、重慶大學等合作開發(fā)，可按GB3480-83、AGMA、ISO、DIN、ZC、ABS、GL、Lioyd′s等標準和規(guī)范對齒輪強度進行計算。</p><p>　　為了提高齒輪的承載能力，利用計算機對齒輪的幾何參數(shù)和變位

62、系數(shù)，進行優(yōu)化設計。由于表面硬化技術的采用，齒輪承載能力得到提高，LUS通過多年生產(chǎn)實踐認為：對于齒輪齒面應力的計算，對小型齒輪，用赫茲應力公式還可以，它基于齒面接觸區(qū)的最大表面壓縮。而對于大模數(shù)、大直徑的齒輪、用赫茲公式計算齒面壓應力強度，則不能真實反映齒輪的實際受力情況。因為隨著模數(shù)的增大，齒高和齒輪當時接觸半徑增大，應力的危險點已不在齒輪硬化層的表面層，而是在內部的某一個深度。例如：中心距A=1000（mm），I=3的齒輪箱的大齒

63、輪，應力危險齒面以下應力分布及其強度計算的研究，提出了“三向應力理論“：齒面以下受三向單個應力組成的合成應力作用，應用主延伸假設得到包括齒面應力在內的齒截面的應力分布曲線。能確切地反映齒面嚙合時的應力狀態(tài)。</p><p>　　計算齒根應力，主要考慮輪齒嚙合時的彎曲強度、壓縮應力、剪應力、齒輪熱處理效應及裝配時產(chǎn)生的內應力。</p><p>　　用計算機對齒面齒根合成應力的計算，綜合考慮接

64、觸強度和彎曲疲勞強度，確定齒輪的幾何參數(shù)、材料、許用疲勞強度及齒輪的硬度曲線和齒面的硬化層深度。</p><p><b>　　（三） 材料的選擇</b></p><p>　　為了提高齒輪的彎曲強度，我們選用國產(chǎn)優(yōu)質合金鋼。這些材料經(jīng)LUS與西德材料進行同爐處理對比試驗。結果證明其機械性能、淬硬性、硬化層金相組織、硬度、碳勢層深度分布等性能略高于羅曼現(xiàn)用相應材料的性能。

65、</p><p>　　利用國產(chǎn)材料，按我公司標準齒形（原引進的LUSI15）加工，采用現(xiàn)行熱處理工藝滲碳淬火并磨齒制造的試驗齒輪，與711所、上海交大合作，在國產(chǎn)CL-100型齒輪試驗機上進行接觸疲勞強度試驗。參試齒輪精度6HK（JB179-83），試驗驗證工作在GB3480-83規(guī)定的標準條件下進行，按升降法，測定材料的疲勞極限，通過試驗，推薦設計選用值為1450-1550N/ ，國際標準化組織ISO268文推

66、薦滲淬硬齒輪材料接觸疲勞強度極限框圖范圍在1300-1650kg/ ，我公司試驗齒輪材料在ISO268推薦框圖的中上限。</p><p>　　試驗時，齒輪單位齒寬、單位模數(shù)上的圓周力為171。62N/ ，齒輪接觸強度K系數(shù)為156kg/cm ，經(jīng)5×107次循環(huán)，所有被試齒輪均未發(fā)生斷齒和點蝕現(xiàn)象。</p><p>　　公司與哈爾濱船舶工程學院合作對滲碳齒輪材料及工藝進行優(yōu)選試驗

67、研究，對國內常用的六種材料進行碳含量沿層深分布、硬度沿層深的分布及有效硬化層深、滲層和心部組織、常規(guī)力學性能、斷裂韌性、靜彎性能、彎曲疲勞性能、接觸疲勞性質、耐磨性、工藝性、晶粒長大規(guī)律及組織遺傳、高溫回火溫度對調質組織和性能的影響等十八項專題研究，編制了公司對不同材質的不同的熱處理工藝規(guī)程和規(guī)范確保熱處理質量。</p><p>　　在多年實際使用中，齒輪制造技術經(jīng)受了嚴格的檢驗，也給我們提供了豐富的經(jīng)驗。我們深