外文翻譯--談?wù)撀糜慰沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展

1、<p><b>　　鄭州科技學院</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）</p><p><b>　　（外文翻譯）</b></p><p>　　題 目 欒川旅游資源開發(fā)模式探析 </p><p>　　學生姓名

2、 </p><p>　　專業(yè)班級 09旅游管理本科 </p><p>　　學 號 200832034 </p><p>　　院 （系 ) 工商管理學院 </p&g

3、t;<p>　　指導教師(職稱) 王金蕊（講師） </p><p>　　完成時間 2012年3月31日 </p><p>　　SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: TOURISM DEBATE</p><p>　　1 OBJECTIVES </p&

4、gt;<p>　　After reading this Unit you will be able to: understand the concept of sustainable development, know about some of the major developmental approaches, link the above mentioned objectives with tourism deve

5、lopment, and appreciate the role to be played by different segments of the tourism system for sustainable tourism development. </p><p>　　2 INTRODUCTION </p><p>　　In 1999, international tourist a

6、rrivals touched the 664 million figure. Out of this 62.1 per cent market share went to 15 countries. In terms of international tourism receipts of US $455 billion, with US having the largest share of US $ 74.4 billion. W

7、ell these figures are not just numbers as they demonstrate a variety of things. Massive movements of people also mean utilization and consumption of resources (both man-made and natural) and leaving behind impacts (socio

8、 -cultural, environmental, e</p><p>　　The Unit starts with describing the concept of sustainable development and goes on to explain some aches. Of course, the emphasis is on the tourism development. Why shou

9、ld the industry support the efforts for sustainable tourism development and what should be the role of consumers (tourists) and service providers (hosts) are the other questions which the Unit attempts to answer. In brie

10、f the Unit also discusses the views of WTO on the issue of sustainability in tourism development. It is expecte</p><p>　　3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT </p><p>　　The two alternative paths for develop

11、ment, i.e., you live in harmony with nature or you exploit nature have always been available to the human beings. Different societies, at different intervals have adopted either of the two paths. Some, on the other hand,

12、 adopted a middle path. There are village societies where while consuming the natural resources precautions were taken that the future generations should not be adversely affected. Decision making in such societies was d

13、one keeping in view the</p><p>　　In 1983, the UN established the World Commission on Environment and Development which was chaired by the Prime Minister of Norway, Gro Harlem Brundtland. The report of this c

14、ommission Sustainability is an integrative concept because it looks at the human use and management of resources in a manner that should not destroy or disturb the habitat that is the basis of survival. Socio- economic a

15、nd environmental dimensions thus become the focus of the management approach. </p><p>　　Changes in the views of the community and its attitudes towards development are relegated to a secondary position. For

16、the first time an effort was made at the international level in 1990 during the Globe 90 Conference (Vancouver, Canada) to link tourism and travel with sustainable development. The Tourism Stream Action Strategy Commissi

17、on of the conference prepared an Action Strategy for Sustainable Development. Further, the United Nations Conference on Environment and </p><p>　　Development came with the famous Rio declaration (June 1992).

18、 Some of the highlights of this declaration are: </p><p>　　In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection should constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be

19、considered in isolation from it.(Principle 4). </p><p>　　All States and all people shall cooperate in the essential task of eradicating poverty as an indispensable requirement for sustainable development, in

20、 order to decrease the disparities in standards of living and better meet the needs of the majority of the people of the world (principle 5). </p><p>　　The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equ

21、itably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future organizations (principle 3), etc. </p><p>　　4 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AND DEVELOPMENT </p><p>　　The concept of sustainability

22、has become a fundamental issue in tourism development and growth after the debate at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. Seeing the rapid changes in tourism and the world trends, we are now examining geopolitical, socio-econom

23、ic, technological and environmental impacts of contemporary tourism. It was realized that tourism requires an agenda of its own, and not as a part. </p><p>　　“Sustainable tourism means achieving a particular

24、 combination of numbers and types of visitors, the cumulative effect of whose activities at a given destination, together with the actions of the servicing businesses, can continue into the foreseeable future without d

25、amaging the quality of the environment on which the activities are based.” </p><p>　　The scope of environment in this definition is quite large and (Practical Environmental Policies in Travel and Tourism,)t

26、hinks that tourism is concerned environment “quality of natural resources such as landscape, air, sea water, fresh water, and the quality of built and cultural resources judged to have intrinsic value and be worthy of c

27、onservation.” </p><p>　　Achieving sustainability for tourism, according to them requires that: “the cumulative volume of visitor usage of a destination and the associated activities and impacts of servicing

28、businesses should be managed below the threshold level at which the regenerative resources available locally become incapable of maintaining the environment.” </p><p>　　Here, we must also take note of Richar

29、d’s view (1994), which differentiates between sustainable tourism and sustainable development in the context of tourism. Sustainable tourism, according to him, is tourism in a form that can maintain its viability in an a

30、rea for an indefinite period of time, whereas sustainable development in the context of tourism is tourism that is developed and maintained in an area in such a manner and at such a scale, that it remains viable over an

31、 indefinite period and</p><p>　　We can say that for sustainable tourism development, environment conservation and management of visitor usage and servicing businesses are interlinked concepts. They are susce

32、ptible to the impacts of: Tourist/host behavior and attitudes, the policies of the servicing businesses, the government policies, the changes in technology. </p><p>　　None of the above four can be described

33、 as static and hence, the management of sustainable tourism is also a dynamic activity.</p><p>　　As globalization and the World Trade Organization demolish protective barriers, we have to renew our commitmen

34、ts to: </p><p>　　1) The conservation and enhancement of ecological processes and set our priorities so that in the new world order we may not be subject to non-tariff barriers. </p><p>　　2) Pr

35、otection of our bio-diversity as the extinction of any species is the first alarm call for human beings.</p><p>　　3) Inter-and intra-generational equity, which involves the rights of the child, youth, the e

36、lderly, the poor and women, and particularly indigenous communities whose survivor is so closely tied with the survival of our bio-diversity. </p><p>　　4) Integration of economic, social, political, cultura

37、l and environmental concerns, which will help to bring about a holistic model of tourism that represents our ethics and culture.</p><p>　　5 APPROACHES </p><p>　　Development means different thing

38、s to different people. It is a combination of differing values, both material and ethical. It covers the present and the future, but uses the past to show the way to compare and to evaluate the nature of social change th

39、at includes economic and technological changes as well as the cultural and geo-political context of change. Consequently, there has not only been a debate on the nature and structure of development, but approaches have b

40、een suggested on how to mea</p><p>　　Modernization theories see societies passing through a series of stages, from lower to higher levels of development. The highest level is where the role of innovation and

41、 entrepreneurship is of great importance, as the developed areas of the world have demonstrated. Investments in such projects in partnership with the private sector have been encouraged in all developing countries. In In

42、dia the state owned Ashok group of western style hotels in metros, urban areas and even remote destinations wa</p><p>　　As tourism moves into the twenty-first century, the enterprise will have to make the en

43、vironment a priority. Because tourism is now the world’s largest industry, the environment is taking center stage in tourism development. Tourism is not only a powerful economic force but a factor in the physical environ

44、ment as well. Because more attention will be paid to the environment in the future, projects that are economically feasible but not environmentally desirable will remain not build. The environm</p><p>　　Ecot

45、ourism, nature tourism and green tourism, low-impact tourism, adventure tourism, alternative tourism, environmental preservation, symbiotic development, responsible tourism ,soft tourism, appropriate tourism ,quality tou

46、rism, new tourism ,sustainable development ,and sustainable tourism all are monikers for similar types of tourist activities and developments. Of all the terms, ecotourism and sustainability are most frequently used. The

47、 principle of both is to sustain or even enhance the qua</p><p>　　Ecotourism is environmentally friendly travel that emphasizes seeing and saving natural habits and archeological treasures.</p><p&

48、gt;　　Ecotourism is a tool for conservation.</p><p>　　Ecotourism is ecologically responsible tourism.</p><p>　　Ecotourism is a form of travel that responds to a region’s ecological ,social，and ec

49、onomical needs. It also provides an alternative to mass tourism. It encompassed all aspects of travel, from airlines to hotels to ground transportation to tour operator. That is，each component of the ecotourism product i

50、s environmentally sensitive. </p><p>　　1) The Product Approach：In this approach sustainability is regarded as an alternative to or replacement of conventional mass tourism by developing new green products

51、. </p><p>　　2) The Industry Approach ：Considering that mass tourism is inevitable because of the tourist demand the requirement is to make all forms of tourism more sustainable.</p><p>　　Susta

52、inable Tourism Development: Guide for Local Planners, What Tourism Managers Need to Know: Indicators of Sustainable Tourism, </p><p>　　For achieving sustainable development it lays stress on three aspects: &

53、lt;/p><p>　　1) An Environmental Planning Approach </p><p>　　2) Community based tourism, and </p><p>　　3) Concept of quality tourism. </p><p>　　The first takes into a

54、ccount all elements of environment before going for development ,the second focuses on community involvement in planning and the third “refers to tourist attractions, facilities and services that offer good value for mon

55、ey, protect tourism resources and attract the kinds of tourists who would respect the local environment and society.” </p><p>　　6 The principles of sustainable development</p><p>　　(1) Human bei

56、ngs are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature. </p><p>　　(2) The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equ

57、itably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations. </p><p>　　(3)In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of th

58、e development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it. </p><p>　　(4)States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Ear

59、th's ecosystem. </p><p>　　(5)To achieve sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all people, States should reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumption. &l

60、t;/p><p><b>　　談?wù)撀糜慰沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展</b></p><p><b>　　1目的</b></p><p>　　讀完這篇論文后，你會了解到可持續(xù)發(fā)展的概念，了解主要的旅游發(fā)展方法，把以上提到的論文目的和旅游發(fā)展結(jié)合起來，了解旅游可持續(xù)發(fā)展的旅游行業(yè)各個部門的角色。</p><p><b&

61、gt;　　2引言</b></p><p>　　在1999年，國際游客達到664,000,000余人，62.1%去過15個國家，國際旅游收入達到4450億美元，而美國占據(jù)的份額最大，達到744億美元，這么多的游客流量不僅代表很多事情， 更多的是證明了自然和人文資源的使用和消費，同時也帶來了社會文化，環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟的影響，如果再加上國內(nèi)游客數(shù)量，那么社會文化，環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟影響將難以想象。既有積極影響也有消極影響

62、，然而，富裕的發(fā)達國家有能力減緩負面影響，而貧窮的發(fā)展中國家卻要仍然受此負面影響，考慮到這兩個因素，可持續(xù)發(fā)展的概念仍是今天人們討論的話題，這也說明了發(fā)展這個話題仍是今天論文討論的首要問題的原因。</p><p>　　本論文討論了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的概念和其他的一些問題，但是重點仍是旅游的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，為什么該行業(yè)要支持旅游可持續(xù)發(fā)展和游客和景點東道主的職責是什么是本論文討論的關(guān)鍵，本論文也討論了世界貿(mào)易組織在旅游可持續(xù)發(fā)

63、展方面的觀點，希望本論文的論點可以被應(yīng)用到實踐當中。</p><p><b>　　3可持續(xù)發(fā)展</b></p><p>　　對于發(fā)展，有兩種選擇，要么與自然和諧相處，要么破壞自然，這兩種選擇一直影響著人類，不同的社會層次采取不同的方法，同時，另一方面，另外一些人采取了中間措施，如，一些鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)，在開發(fā)資源時，也采取一些預(yù)防措施，以防影響后代人的需求，當下社會就是不僅僅

64、考慮當代人的需求，也考慮后代人的需求，不僅僅是當代人的需求。因此，用現(xiàn)代術(shù)語解釋的可持續(xù)發(fā)展概念對于歷史學的學生來說就不是一個新的概念?？傆嬘嘘P(guān)于可持續(xù)發(fā)展的概念有300種，每一種多宣稱是“綠色”概念。其實，用發(fā)展的概念來定義可持續(xù)性并不是一件容易的工作。隨著資源保護意識和環(huán)保意識的增強，也有助于形成一種現(xiàn)代化的可持續(xù)概念。其中，被廣泛接受的是于1987年在Bruntland 會議上宣稱的概念，即可持續(xù)概念是一種資源開發(fā)，投資者方向，科

65、技使用和政治變革都必須和當代人，后代人需求相一致的過程，一種滿足現(xiàn)代人的需求而又不致?lián)p害后代人需求的過程。在1983年，聯(lián)合國創(chuàng)辦了世界環(huán)境開發(fā)委員會，由挪威總理掌管，Gro Harlem Brundtland.在此委員會看來，可持續(xù)是一個綜合性的概念，它把人類使用和資源開發(fā)看成一種不致?lián)p害和破壞人類賴以生存的棲</p><p><b>　　4旅游可持續(xù)發(fā)展</b></p>&

66、lt;p>　　在1992年的里約熱內(nèi)盧地球峰會討論后， 可持續(xù)概念已經(jīng)成為旅游增長和發(fā)展的一個基本因素。目睹著旅游和世界趨勢的巨大變化，我們也在考察著當代旅游的地理，社會經(jīng)濟，科技和環(huán)境影響。我們也意識到旅游的發(fā)展需要一個議程而不僅僅是一部分的規(guī)劃?？沙掷m(xù)旅游意味著實現(xiàn)游客數(shù)量和類型，在指定旅游目的地活動的綜合影響，服務(wù)行業(yè)行為的綜合。我們能夠堅持在不損害活動所依賴的環(huán)境前提下發(fā)展旅游。再次概念中環(huán)境的定義是非常廣泛的。旅游環(huán)境政

67、策認為旅游應(yīng)該考慮環(huán)境質(zhì)量，自然景觀的質(zhì)量，如山水景觀，空氣，海水，清潔水資源的質(zhì)量，和被鑒定為有保護價值的文化資源的質(zhì)量?？沙掷m(xù)旅游在他們看來，一個旅游目的地的游客容量，相關(guān)活動，以及服務(wù)行業(yè)的行為應(yīng)該設(shè)置在當?shù)乜稍偕Y源維持當?shù)丨h(huán)境的門檻下。</p><p>　　在這里，我們必須采納Richard Buller的觀點，他認為在旅游這一概念中，可持續(xù)旅游和可持續(xù)發(fā)展是不同的概念，在他看來，可持續(xù)旅游時一種能在一

68、個不確定時期保證其可行性的旅游形式 ，可持續(xù)發(fā)展是這樣一種形式，它在不確定時期，一個地區(qū)，以這樣的行為和這樣的規(guī)模開發(fā)，仍保持其可行性和不破壞其形成的環(huán)境。</p><p>　　我們可以這樣說，可持續(xù)旅游發(fā)展，環(huán)境保護和游客量，服務(wù)行業(yè)的管理都是相聯(lián)的。它們會對以下方面造成影響：</p><p>　　游客和東道主行為和態(tài)度；</p><p><b>　　服

69、務(wù)行業(yè)多的政策；</b></p><p><b>　　政府的政策；</b></p><p><b>　　科技變革；</b></p><p>　　以上四個方面都不是一成不變的，因此，可持續(xù)旅游的管理仍是一個動態(tài)的形式。</p><p>　　全球和世貿(mào)組織拆除了保護性障礙，我們也必須更新我們

70、的理念：</p><p>　　(1) 生態(tài)過程必須延伸，優(yōu)先考慮生態(tài)過程，以至于我們在新的世界秩序中不受到非關(guān)稅障礙的影響。</p><p>　　(2) 隨著一些種類的絕種，保護生物多樣性是給人類敲得第一個警鐘。</p><p>　　(3) 包括一代代人在內(nèi)，包括小孩，成年人，老年人，窮人和婦女在內(nèi)以及當?shù)氐纳鐖F都與生物多樣性保障息息相關(guān)。</p>&

71、lt;p>　　(4) 經(jīng)濟，社會，政治，文化和環(huán)境的融合可以幫我們形成一種代表我們倫理價值和文化的整合的旅游形式。</p><p><b>　　5途徑</b></p><p>　　發(fā)展，對于不同的人來說有不同的概念，它是一種不同價值高的綜合，無論是從物質(zhì)的角度還是從精神的角度。它包含現(xiàn)在和將來，它援引過去的行為，形成一種模式，來比較和評估社會變革的性質(zhì)，包括經(jīng)濟

72、的，科技的，文化的和政治的變革，這兒不僅討論了發(fā)展的性質(zhì)和結(jié)構(gòu)，也指出了發(fā)展方法，一方面測量旅游和其影響，另一方面，也可以形成表達平衡理念的觀點。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代理論認為社會采取了一系列措施，無論是低級發(fā)展還是高級發(fā)展措施，最高級的形式在于創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)業(yè)者發(fā)揮了至關(guān)重要的作用，當然發(fā)達國家已經(jīng)采取了此類措施，和私有行業(yè)的投資已經(jīng)在發(fā)展中國家得到大力提倡，在印度，國有的Ashok 就是一個典型的現(xiàn)代化形式，融

73、合了西方的風格。</p><p>　　隨著旅游進入二十一世紀，企業(yè)不得不優(yōu)先考慮環(huán)境這個因素。因為旅游時當代世界最大的行業(yè)，環(huán)境在旅游發(fā)展中占據(jù)核心作用。旅游不僅僅是一個強大的經(jīng)濟動力，同時，它也是影響環(huán)境的一個因素。由于在以后會越來越多的考慮環(huán)境因素，因此在經(jīng)濟上可行的，環(huán)境上不可行的項目是無法建設(shè)的。環(huán)境是旅游產(chǎn)品的核心。旅游的效益在于維護游客想去參觀和探險的旅游目的地的吸引之處</p><

74、;p>　　生態(tài)旅游，自然旅游，綠色旅游，影響小的旅游，冒險旅游，有選擇性的旅游，互惠發(fā)展，責任旅游，輕松旅游，合適的旅游，質(zhì)量旅游，新型旅游，可持續(xù)發(fā)展，可持續(xù)旅游，都是旅游活動和發(fā)展的旅游形式名稱。在這所有的種類中，生態(tài)旅游和可持續(xù)旅游是經(jīng)常使用的。這兩種旅游形式的原則都是為了保持和加強自然環(huán)境的吸引之處。</p><p>　　生態(tài)旅游是一種反應(yīng)區(qū)域的生態(tài)，經(jīng)濟和社會需求的形式。同時，它也給旅游者提供了一

75、種其他的選擇。它包括旅游的各個方面，從航線到旅館，到交通，到旅游經(jīng)營者，也就是說，生態(tài)旅游產(chǎn)品的各個環(huán)節(jié)都必須是環(huán)保的。</p><p><b>　?。?）產(chǎn)品策略</b></p><p>　　可持續(xù)是傳統(tǒng)大眾旅游的替代。可以開發(fā)綠色產(chǎn)品。</p><p><b>　?。?）行業(yè)策略</b></p><

76、p>　　由于游客的需求，大眾旅游是不可避免的，因此，就要求各種旅游形式是可持續(xù)的。</p><p>　　可持續(xù)旅游的發(fā)展：當?shù)亻_發(fā)者的向?qū)?，而旅游?jīng)營者需要了解的就是，可持續(xù)旅游的指示，實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)旅游需要注重以下三個方面：環(huán)境規(guī)劃；旅游社團；質(zhì)量旅游的概念。在發(fā)展之前首要考慮的因素就是環(huán)境，第二就是在規(guī)劃方面相關(guān)社團的加入，第三就是旅游景點的吸引之處，設(shè)施和能夠帶來經(jīng)濟效益的服務(wù)，從而能夠保護當?shù)芈糜钨Y源和

77、吸引被當?shù)丨h(huán)境所吸引的游客。</p><p><b>　　6可持續(xù)原則</b></p><p>　　(1) 人類是可持續(xù)發(fā)展的核心，人類理應(yīng)獲得健康的，充滿活力的生活形式。</p><p>　?。?）發(fā)展道路必須實現(xiàn)，從而能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)現(xiàn)代人和后代的環(huán)境和發(fā)展需要。</p><p>　?。?）為了實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，環(huán)境保護必須是