機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯--機(jī)器人

1、<p><b>　　Robot</b></p><p>　　the industrial robot is a tool that is used in the manufacturing environment to increase productivity.It can perform jobs that mights be hazardous to the human wo

2、rker.One of the first industrial robots was used to replace the nuclear power plants.The industrial robot can also operate on the assembly line such as placing electronic components on a printed circuit board .Thus ,the

3、human worker can be relieved of the routine operation of this tedious task .Robots can also be programmed to defuse bo</p><p>　　A robot is a reprogrammable,multifunctional manipulator designed to more parts,

4、materials tools or special devices through variable pregrammed locations for the performance of a variety of different tasks.</p><p>　　Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accompli

5、sh work.At some of these locations ,the robot will stop and perform some operation,such as assembly of parts,spray painting,or welding.These ppreprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled late

6、r for continous operation.Furthermore,these preprogrammed locations,as well as other program data,can be changed later as the work requirements change .Thus ,with regard to this programming feature,an industr</p>

7、<p>　　The robotic system can also control the work cell of the operating robot.The work cell of the robot is the total enviroment in which the robot must perform its task.Included within this cell may be the robot m

8、anipulator,controller,a work table ,safety features,or a conveyor.In addition, signals from outside device can communicate with the robot.</p><p>　　The manipulator,which does the physical work of the robotic

9、 system,consists of two sections:the mechanical section and the attached appendage.The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.The base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the wor

10、k area.Sometimes,through,the base may be movable.In this case,the base is attached to either a rail or a track,allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to another.</p><p>　　the manipulator is m

11、ainly composed of the hand and the motion. The hand is uses for to grasp holds the work piece (or tool) the part, according to is grasped holds the thing shape, the size, the weight, the material and the work request has

12、 many kinds of structural styles, like the clamp, the request hold and the adsorption and so on. The motion, causes the hand to complete each kind of rotation (swinging), the migration or the compound motion realizes the

13、 stipulation movement, changes is graspe</p><p>　　The appendage is the arm of the robot.It can be either a straight,movable arm or a jointed arm and gives the manipulator its various axes of motion.The joint

14、ed arm is also known as an articulated arm.At the end of the arm,a wrist is connected.The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange.The wrist flange allows therobot user to connectdifferent tooling to the wr

15、ist for different jobs.The manipulator’saxes allow it to perform work within acertain area.This area is called the work cel</p><p>　　The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuators, or drive syste

16、m can use electric,hydraulic,or pneumatic power.The energy developed by the drive system is convered to mechanical power by various mechanical drive systems.The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages.These

17、 linkages,in turn,drive the different axes of the robot. The mechanical linkages may be composed of chains,geas,and ball screws.</p><p>　　The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’movements as

18、well as to control peripheral components within the work cell.The user can program themovements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hand-held teach pendant.This information is stored in the memory

19、 of the controller for later recall.</p><p>　　The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell.For example,a controller has an input line.When the machine cycle i

20、s completed,the input line turns on ,telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part.Then ,a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine.Next,the contr

21、oller signals the machine to start operation.</p><p>　　The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events.This type of controller operates with simple robotic

22、system.The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art electronics.That is,they are microprocessor-operated.This power allows the controller to be very fle

23、xible in its operation.</p><p>　　The controller can send electric signals over communication lines.This two- way communication between the robot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of

24、the location and the operation of the system.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computer.The communication link establishes the robot as part of a computer-assisted manufacturing(CA

25、M)system.The microprocessor-based systems operate in conjunction with solid-state memory devices.These mem</p><p>　　The power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator.Two

26、types of power are delived to the robotic system.One type of power is the Acpower for operation of the controller.The other type of power is used for driving the various axes of the manipulator.For example,if the robot m

27、anipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives,control signals are sent to these devices,causing motion of the robot.</p><p>　　Industrial robots vary widely in size ，shape，number of axes，degrees o

28、f freedom，and design configuration .Each factor influences the dimensions of the robot’s working envelop or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task.A broader classification of robot

29、s can been described as below.</p><p>　　Fixed-and Variable-Sequence Robots .The fixed-sequence robot(also called a pick-and place robot)is programmed for a specific sequence of operqtions.Its movements are f

30、rom point to point ,and the cycle is repeated continuously.The variable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be reprogrammed to perform another sequence of operation.</p>

31、<p>　　Playback Robot.An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effector through the deired path .The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually witho

32、ut any further action or guidance by the operator.</p><p>　　Numerically Controlled Robot.The numerically cantrolled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine .The robot is

33、servocontrolled by digital data ,and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.</p><p>　　Intelligent Robot.[3]The intelligent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks

34、carried out by human beings .It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.</p><p><b>　　機(jī)器人</b></p><p>　　工業(yè)機(jī)器人是一種提高制造業(yè)生產(chǎn)力的工具，它可以承擔(dān)那些對(duì)人類(lèi)可能有危險(xiǎn)的工作。如安裝印刷電

35、路板上的電子元器件。這樣，人們九可以從單調(diào)的工作中解脫出來(lái)。機(jī)器人還能拆除炸彈，為傷殘人服務(wù)，為我們的社會(huì)做各種各樣的工作。</p><p>　　機(jī)器人是一個(gè)可以重復(fù)編程的、多功能的工作機(jī)構(gòu)，可以在各個(gè)預(yù)編程位置移動(dòng)零件、材料、工具或其他特殊裝置，完成各種不同的工作。</p><p>　　預(yù)編程位置是指機(jī)器人完成工作時(shí)必須遵循的路徑。在某些預(yù)編程位置，機(jī)器人會(huì)停下來(lái)進(jìn)行一些操作，例如安裝零

36、件、噴漆或焊接。這些預(yù)編程位置存儲(chǔ)在機(jī)器人的存儲(chǔ)器中以便隨時(shí)調(diào)出進(jìn)行連續(xù)的操作。如果工作要求改變了，這些預(yù)編程位置連同其他的編程數(shù)據(jù)也能隨之改變。這些編程特征使得工業(yè)機(jī)器人與計(jì)算機(jī)非常類(lèi)似。</p><p>　　機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)可以控制工作機(jī)器人的工作單元。機(jī)器人的工作單元是機(jī)器人執(zhí)行任務(wù)時(shí)的工作環(huán)境，工作單元包括機(jī)器人的機(jī)械手、控制臺(tái)、工作臺(tái)、安全裝置機(jī)器傳動(dòng)裝置。此外，機(jī)器人應(yīng)該能與外界信號(hào)進(jìn)行交流。</p&

37、gt;<p>　　機(jī)械人的機(jī)械手完成機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)的具體工作，它包括兩個(gè)部分：機(jī)械部分和附屬部分。附屬部分安裝在機(jī)械手的基座上。機(jī)座固定在工作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的地板上。但有時(shí)機(jī)座也是可以移動(dòng)的，在這種情況下，機(jī)座安放在軌道上，用于把機(jī)械手從一個(gè)位置移到另一個(gè)位置。</p><p>　　機(jī)械手主要由手部和運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)組成。手部是用來(lái)抓持工件（或工具）的部件，根據(jù)被抓持物件的形狀、尺寸、重量、材料和作業(yè)要求而有多種結(jié)構(gòu)形式

38、，如夾持型、托持型和吸附型等。運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，使手部完成各種轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)（擺動(dòng)）、移動(dòng)或復(fù)合運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)定的動(dòng)作，改變被抓持物件的位置和姿勢(shì)。運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的升降、伸縮、旋轉(zhuǎn)等獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)方式，稱(chēng)為機(jī)械手的自由度 。為了抓取空間中任意位置和方位的物體，需有6個(gè)自由度。自由度是機(jī) 械手設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān) 鍵參數(shù)。自由 度越多，機(jī)械手的靈活性越大，通用性越廣，其結(jié)構(gòu)也越復(fù)雜。一般專(zhuān)用機(jī)械手有2～3個(gè)自由度。 </p><p>　　附屬部分是機(jī)器人的手

39、臂。它可能是一個(gè)直的可以移動(dòng)的手臂，也可能是一個(gè)鉸鏈?zhǔn)直?，為機(jī)械手提供多根工作軸。鉸接的手臂也就是有關(guān)節(jié)連接的手臂。手臂的端部連有一個(gè)手腕，手腕裝在另一根軸上并裝有法蘭盤(pán)。在法蘭盤(pán)上可以連接不同的工具完成不同的工作。機(jī)械手上的軸允許機(jī)械手在一個(gè)特定的區(qū)域里工作。這個(gè)區(qū)域叫做機(jī)器人的工作單元，它的大小取決于機(jī)械手的大小。如果機(jī)器人的尺寸增加，工作單元的尺寸也會(huì)增加。</p><p>　　機(jī)械手的運(yùn)動(dòng)由驅(qū)動(dòng)器或驅(qū)動(dòng)系

40、統(tǒng)控制。它們驅(qū)動(dòng)各軸在工作單元內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)。驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可以是電力的、液壓的，也可以是氣動(dòng)的。驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)力經(jīng)各種不同的機(jī)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化成機(jī)械能。各種驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)經(jīng)機(jī)械傳動(dòng)裝置相連。這些有鏈條、齒輪和滾珠絲杠組成的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)裝置驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)器人的各軸。</p><p>　　控制器用于控制機(jī)械手的運(yùn)動(dòng)和工作單元內(nèi)的外部設(shè)備?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)懸掛的手持鍵盤(pán)把機(jī)械手的運(yùn)動(dòng)程序輸入器。這些數(shù)據(jù)儲(chǔ)存在控制器的內(nèi)存中以備將來(lái)調(diào)用。</p>&l

41、t;p>　　控制器還要能與工作單元內(nèi)的外部設(shè)備進(jìn)行通信，例如，控制器有一條輸入線(xiàn)路。加工完成時(shí)輸入線(xiàn)路接通，告訴控制器讓機(jī)械手在指定的位置挑出加工好的零件。機(jī)械手把一個(gè)新的零件送入機(jī)器后，控制器發(fā)出信號(hào)，重新開(kāi)始加工。</p><p>　　有些控制器由機(jī)械操作的磁鼓組成，內(nèi)部輸入一些事件執(zhí)行的順序。這些控制器一般用于非常簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)。多數(shù)機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)的控制器要復(fù)雜的多，反映了電子技術(shù)的最新發(fā)展。它們又微處

42、理控制，操作起來(lái)更加靈活。</p><p>　　控制器可以在通信線(xiàn)路上傳送電信號(hào)。這種機(jī)械手和控制器之間的雙向通信不斷地更新系統(tǒng)的位置和操作?？刂破鞯墓ぷ鬟€包括與不同設(shè)備的計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行通信。這種通信連接使機(jī)器人成為計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造系統(tǒng)的一部分。微處理器系統(tǒng)用固態(tài)存儲(chǔ)裝置。這些存儲(chǔ)裝置可能是磁泡、隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器、軟盤(pán)及磁帶。</p><p>　　控制器和機(jī)械手的動(dòng)力由動(dòng)力源供給。機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)一般使用兩

43、種動(dòng)力：一種是提供給控制器的交流電；另一種是動(dòng)力源用于驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)械手的各軸。例如，如果機(jī)械手是由液壓或氣動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)控制的，這些裝置將接收控制信號(hào)，使機(jī)器人產(chǎn)生運(yùn)動(dòng)。</p><p>　　工業(yè)機(jī)器人在尺寸、形狀、坐標(biāo)數(shù)量、自由度和設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)上都多種多樣。每個(gè)因素都影響著機(jī)器人的工作范圍或它能夠運(yùn)動(dòng)和執(zhí)行指定任務(wù)的空間區(qū)域。廣義的機(jī)器人分類(lèi)如下所述。</p><p>　　固定順序和可變順序的機(jī)器人。固定

44、順序機(jī)器人（也稱(chēng)為拾取和定位機(jī)器人）是為完成一系列特定的操作而進(jìn)行編程的操作進(jìn)行編程實(shí)現(xiàn)的。它的運(yùn)動(dòng)是點(diǎn)到點(diǎn)的，并且可以不斷循環(huán)?？勺冺樞驒C(jī)器人是為完成特定順序機(jī)器人是為完成特定順序的操作進(jìn)行編程實(shí)現(xiàn)的，可可以為其他系列操作重新編程。</p><p>　　學(xué)演機(jī)器人。操作者可以按照期望路徑引導(dǎo)學(xué)演機(jī)器人和其終端執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)。機(jī)器人可以記憶和記錄運(yùn)動(dòng)的順序和路徑，并能在沒(méi)有操作者的進(jìn)一步引導(dǎo)和示范的情況下連續(xù)重復(fù)這

45、些動(dòng)作。</p><p>　　數(shù)字控制機(jī)器人。數(shù)字控制機(jī)器人的編程和操作非常類(lèi)似于數(shù)控機(jī)床。這種機(jī)器人由數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)伺服控制，運(yùn)動(dòng)順序可以相對(duì)容易進(jìn)行改變。</p><p>　　智能機(jī)器人。智能機(jī)器人能夠執(zhí)行一些人才能完成的功能和任務(wù)。它可以配備各種傳感器以具備視覺(jué)和觸覺(jué)功能。</p><p>　　[1]Keramas.Robot Technology Fundamen